Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Date: 2001-02-05
Copyright 2001, Canadian Light Source Inc. This document is the property of
Canadian Light Source Inc. (CLS). No exploitation or transfer of any information
contained herein is permitted in the absence of an agreement with CLS, and
neither the document nor any such information may be released without the
written consent of CLS.
Canadian Light Source
107 North Road
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada
Signature
Date
Page i
REVISION HISTORY
Revision
Date
Description
Author
2000-08-15
Original Draft
Harbans Aulakh
2000-10-20
Harbans Aulakh
2001-02-05
Original Issue
Harbans Aulakh
2001-02-05
Page ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0
PURPOSE.........................................................................................................1
2.0
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1
3.0
4.0
DESIGN DOCUMENTS..................................................................................2
4.1
Drawings ................................................................................................2
4.2
Schedules ..............................................................................................7
4.3
Design Briefs (design notes) ...............................................................8
4.4
Electrical Specifications and Equipment Data Sheets.....................8
4.5
Commissioning Documents.................................................................8
5.0
6.0
DESIGN PHISOLOPHY..................................................................................9
6.1
Utility Requirements ..............................................................................9
6.2
Power Supply...................................................................................... 10
6.3
System Voltage and Frequency ....................................................... 11
6.4
Steady-state Utilization Voltage Levels ........................................... 11
6.5
Insulation Co-ordination..................................................................... 12
6.6
Bus Ratings......................................................................................... 13
6.7
Nameplate Voltage Ratings of Standard Induction Motors ........... 13
6.8
Electrical Clearances......................................................................... 14
6.9
Reliability............................................................................................. 14
6.10 Provision for Future Expansion......................................................... 14
6.11 Spare Capacities............................................................................... 14
6.12 Isolation Philosophy ........................................................................... 15
6.13 Motor control....................................................................................... 15
6.14 Load Classification............................................................................ 16
6.15 Critical Loads ..................................................................................... 16
6.16 Design Factors................................................................................... 16
6.17 Protective Devices............................................................................. 17
6.18 Allowable Steady-state AC Voltage Drops..................................... 18
6.19 AC Voltage drop due to motor starting ............................................ 20
6.20 Allowable DC Voltage Drops............................................................ 21
6.21 Working Clearances for Substation Equipment ............................. 21
6.22 Separation Criteria/Maintained Spacing......................................... 21
6.23 Critical AC System............................................................................. 23
6.24 Control Circuits................................................................................... 23
6.25 Metering .............................................................................................. 27
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
Alarms ................................................................................................. 28
Grounding System.............................................................................. 30
Lighting ................................................................................................ 32
Welding Outlets .................................................................................. 35
Raceway System................................................................................ 36
Power Factor Correction................................................................... 45
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems .................................................. 46
Communication Systems .................................................................. 46
Heat Tracing (Freeze Protection) ..................................................... 46
Hazardous Locations ......................................................................... 46
Lightning Protection........................................................................... 47
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
APPENDICES
Appendix A Abbreviations
Appendix B Glossary
Appendix C Units Of Measure
-1-
1.0
PURPOSE
1.1
The purpose of this design criteria is to provide the basis for developing
the detail design of the electrical services and associated systems for the
Canadian Light Source project by establishing general considerations,
recommended practices and specific precautions based on referenced
standards and industry practices.
1.2
1.3
The design criteria will contain the salient design goals for accomplishing
complete system design. As system descriptions are developed
producing greater detail for the system, the applicable portion will be
referenced by the design criteria to avoid duplication.
2.0
INTRODUCTION
2.1
2.2
The design criteria will attempt to recommend the lowest cost sizing
without lowering reliability, future expansion or safety to limit the installed
cost and minimize future spare costs.
2.3
2.4
2.5
System protective devices (relays, fuses, breaker trip units, etc.,) will be
selected and co-coordinated to ensure that the interrupter nearest the
point of short circuit (or high overload) will open first and minimize
disturbances on the rest of the system.
2.6
-2-
2.7
2.8
3.0
3.1
The latest editions of the applicable codes and standards of the following
organizations will be used as guidelines in the design of electrical systems
and equipment; and where required by law, such systems and equipment
will conform to applicable standards.
CSA - Canadian Standards Association
CEC - Canadian Electrical Code
SES - Saskatchewan Electrical Amendments
EEMAC - Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers Association of Canada
4.0
DESIGN DOCUMENTS
The electrical design will include but not be limited to the following
documents:
4.1
Drawings
4.1.1 All drawings will be sent to Technical Safety Services Branch of the
Department of Industry and Labour, Province of Saskatchewan, for review
during the design stage.
4.1.2 Drawings will be reviewed by a Professional Engineer with input from the
Client. The actual procedure will be developed and agreed to by the Client,
and included in the Project Implementation Manual.
-3-
4.1.3 Drawings requiring the Clients approval will be defined in the Project
Implementation Manual.
4.1.4 The following drawings will be prepared for the project:
4.1.4.1
4.1.4.2
-4-
4.1.4.3
4.1.4.4
Lighting layout
4.1.4.5
Grounding layout
4.1.4.6
4.1.4.7
Schematic diagrams
Most schematic diagrams are based on the functions
defined by the control logic diagrams. Therefore, the control
-5-
-6-
4.1.4.9
4.1.4.10
Logic
diagrams
showing
all
input-output
relationships.
4.1.4.11
4.1.4.12
4.1.4.13
-7-
4.2
4.1.4.14
4.1.4.15
Schedules
The MCC cubicle number feeding the load and its vertical cubicle
dimension
Horsepower rating, service factor, the full load current (FLA), locked
rotor current (LRA), and feeder cable size for motor load
Control point, whether local or remote, from which the load can be
controlled
number of cables in the tray for all power, control, alarm and
instrument circuits
equipment identification
equipment location
-8-
Device location
Manufacturers name
Motor List
4.4
Electrical installation
4.5
Commissioning Documents
prior
to
-9-
equipment specifications
commissioning procedures
AMBIENT CONDITIONS
5.1
5.2
Altitude:
Maximum Temperatures:
40oC
Minimum Temperatures:
-40oC
Relative Humidity:
Indoor 25-50%
Outdoor 20-100%
Unusual Conditions:
5.3
6.0
DESIGN PHISOLOPHY
6.1
Utility Requirements
- 10 -
6.1.3 Maximum and minimum short circuit contribution from utility source will be
provided by the U of S Facilities Management.
6.1.4 Utility power metering will be provided as described in section 6.25.
6.2
Power Supply
6.2.1 Power supply to the CLS facilities will be provided by two independent
sources (different incoming distribution lines). The minimum capacity of
each supply feeder will be sufficient to supply 120% of the maximum
operating load for non-transformer loads plus 100% of the sum of the fullload maximum site ratings of the connected transformers.
6.2.2 Power supply interface with the CLS facilities will be at the 25 kV bus of
the main switchgear (primary selective). The 25 kV bus will be double
ended, connected via a normally open tie-breaker that may be manually
closed upon loss of one feeder. All feeders from main switchgear to the
CLS facilities will be radial.
6.2.3 The power supply to the facilities will be metered using Demand-Energy
type metering.
6.2.4 Where possible, power to the electronic load equipment will be provided
at higher voltage (600Y/347V) instead at the actual equipment utilization
voltage (208 Y/120V) to achieve the following benefits.
- 11 -
6.2.6 Electronic load equipment will be powered through dedicated feeder cable
circuits consisting of phase conductors, neutral conductor (where
applicable) and insulated equipment grounding conductor(s) in effectively
grounded and bonded metallic conduit, raceway or cable assemblies.
6.2.7 Where shared feeder cable circuits or busway (with taps) are used to
serve electronic load equipment, a separately derived source (such as an
isolation transformer or other power conditioner) will be specified for each
tap serving electronic load equipment.
6.2.8 Where interface of electronic load equipment to the building electrical
distribution system branch circuit is necessary, a dry-type shielded
isolation transformer (or other power enhancement device) will be installed
to provide system voltage matching and also create a separately derived
source.
6.2.9 For any voltage drop exceeding 25% for second, the facilities will
require a new start up. An automatic re-acceleration of motors or a restart
of equipment will not be provided.
6.3
6.3.1 The alternating current frequency for power system will be 60 Hertz.
Nominal system voltage and the respective grounding will be as per the
following table.
Nominal Voltage
25000
600Y/347
600
480Y/277
480
208Y/120
120
Phase
Three
Three
Three
Three
Three
Three
Single
Configuration
Three Wire
Four Wire
Three Wire
Four Wire
Three Wire
Four Wire
Two Wire
Grounding
Solidly Grounded
Solidly Grounded
Solidly Grounded
Solidly Grounded
Solidly Grounded
Solidly Grounded
Solidly Grounded
- 12 -
480 V
480 V
208 V
120 V
460 V
115 V
25 kV
600 V
600 V
347 V
120 V
25 kV
600 V
120 V
300 V
300 V
600 V
120 VAC
125 V DC
48 V DC
24 V DC
4160 V
600 V
208 V
Insulation Co-ordination
- 13 -
125 kV
150 kV
50 kV
28 kV
1 kV
0.6 kV
Bus Ratings
25 kV Load Interrupter Switchgear
(existing switchgear supplied by U of S)
600 Volts MCCs
6.7
600 A
2500 A
Nameplate Voltage
115
- 14 -
208
480
600
6.8
200
460
575
Electrical Clearances
Clearances will be in accordance with the applicable sections of the CEC.
6.9
Reliability
6.9.1 The design of the power system will be based on the need to provide a
stable source of electrical power and to minimize any down time
associated with the system as a whole or the individual components
thereof.
6.9.2 The reliability of the system will be enhanced by:
6.10.1 Sufficient power capacity will be installed to service the expected peak
loads for the ensuing five years. As the forecast for future energy
increases, additional equipment may be required to install.
6.10.2 Any increase in capacity will be achieved through the installation of
additional equipment as opposed to replacement with larger sizes.
6.10.3 All switchgear (low, medium and high voltage) and operator control panels
will be manufactured and installed to permit future additional cubicles to be
easily added to the lineup.
6.11
Spare Capacities
6.11.1 For transformers, the initial (actual calculated) running load will not exceed
80 percent of the self cooled (OA) rating with the maximum rating used for
sizing the cabling or bus duct.
6.11.2 Main breakers and busses will be sized to allow use of the transformers
maximum capacity for transformers 1000 kVA and larger.
6.11.3 A reserve allowance of 50% (exclusive of future expansions) will be
allowed for main distribution space requirements
- 15 -
6.11.4 Future space for breakers and MCCs will be specified as a percentage of
the installed equipment or a number of certain sizes. Since fully equipped
spares are expensive, spaces equipped with necessary hardware are
more economical to provide. A minimum of one spare space will be
provided in switchgear, two spare spaces in medium voltage MCCs and
20% spare spaces in low voltage MCCs.
6.11.5 The bus will be sized to allow for 20% more loads. Also MCCs will be
purchased and arranged so that additional sections can be added to both
ends.
6.11.6 Lighting panels feeding office areas will not be filled more than 70% and
laboratory areas will not be filled more than 60%.
6.11.7 Larger spare capacity factors may be necessary in the beginning stages
of the project when the loads are uncertain. For calculating loads to allow
for undetermined loads that usually show up later in the project, 1
horsepower = 1 kVA will be used for all motors.
6.12
Isolation Philosophy
6.12.1 All packaged equipment will have provision to disconnect from its power
supply locally.
6.12.2 All motors will have provision to be disconnected from its power supply
either locally or at the MCC.
6.12.3 All power feeders will be isolated through the use of breakers and/or
switches in the switchgear/MCC/switchboard.
6.12.4 All lighting panels will have a breaker to disconnect it from its power
supply.
6.12.5 All control panels will have a switch to disconnect it from its power supply.
6.12.6 Motor stop circuit will be hard-wired from MCC via interposing relays to the
facilities safeguarding (emergency shutdown) system.
6.12.7 Emergency shutdown of equipment, if required, will be possible
irrespective of any PLC/microprocessor failure.
6.13
Motor control
6.13.1 Electric motor drives will receive start and stop commands in the field,
local to the motor drive.
6.13.2 Operational start and stop commands will be provided via DCS/PLC.
- 16 -
6.13.3 Emergency stop commands will be provided via the facilities safeguarding
(emergency shutdown) system.
6.14
Load Classification
Critical Loads
Design Factors
- 17 -
6.16.6 Voltage drop at motor terminals during starting is not to exceed 20%.
6.16.7 Voltage drop on a feeder bus during starting is not to exceed 5% (10% for
large motors with infrequent starts). Appropriate measures like capacitor
assisted starting, reduced voltage starting, soft start and transformer onload tap changers will be selected so as not to exceed voltage drops
6.16.8 Motors greater than 20 kW will be provided with reduced voltage closed
transition, autotransformer starters, or load controlled solid-state soft-start
starters.
6.16.9 Motors in excess of 40 kW will be provided with local power factor
correction.
6.16.10
Where motor anti-condensation heaters are utilized, the control circuit will
be designed for automatic operation of heaters whenever the motor is off
and, in the case of medium voltage motors, when the switchgear is in the
racked-out position.
6.16.11
6.16.12
The power circuit breakers will be manually operated for non-motor loads.
Static trip devices will be furnished on all load center power circuit
breakers.
6.16.13
6.16.14
6.17
Protective Devices
6.17.1 Protective devices will be provided for the electrical system to permit
isolation of faulted or overloaded equipment and cables as quickly as
possible to minimize equipment damage and limit the extent of system
outages. Major components such as the HV switchgear and large
transformers will be provided with back-up protection. Current and
potential transformers will be connected to provide overlapping zones of
protection.
6.17.2 Protective and isolation devices for HV switchgear will be operated from
independent circuits of the 125 V dc system.
- 18 -
6.17.3 Faults that have a high probability of not self-clearing will trip and lock out
appropriate breakers and devices. Manual system restoration will be
permitted for faults of a temporary nature.
6.17.4 Protective devices will be selected considering the maximum and
minimum available fault currents.
6.17.5 Current sensing relays will be of the drawout case type to permit testing
and calibration without disruption of the current transformer secondary
circuit.
6.17.6 The overcurrent protective devices for electronic load equipment located in
switchboards and panelboards will be true RMS type.
6.17.7 To avoid damage to electronic load equipment due to single-phasing
(since most three-phase electronic load equipment can not tolerate singlephase power to its input), electronic phase-failure or voltage unbalance
relays will be specified, where required, to mitigate single-phasing events
in addition to fuses or circuit breakers (fuses and circuit breakers generally
do not prevent all types of single-phasing conditions).
6.17.8 Feeders to radial substations with transformer fault pressure relaying (63)
or neutral backup relaying (51 G), or both, will be transfer tripped through
lockout relays (86T) at the substation. The lockout relays will be provided
with mechanical or electrical means for manual initiation. If there is no
control power battery at the radial substation, shunt type lockout relays may
require local capacitors to assist in tripping.
6.17.9 Time and instantaneous phase over-current tripping will be provided for
feeder breakers requiring relaying except that instantaneous tripping will
be omitted if relaying exists downstream without significant intervening
impedance. If the only downstream protection with which the feeder
relaying must co-ordinate is fuses, instantaneous phase over-current
tripping will be furnished if selectivity can be achieved. This requires that
the instantaneous trip setting be 70% of the peak let-through current of the
largest anticipated fuse, and that fuse be current limiting at the fault level of
the system where it is located.
6.17.10
6.18
- 19 -
6.18.1 Voltage drop on cables will be considered with respect to the allowable
limits for equipment and motors. Cable size may be increased to reduce
voltage drop.
6.18.1.1
6.18.1.2
6.18.1.3
6.18.1.4
6.18.1.5
- 20 -
6.18.1.6
6.19
a.
b.
c.
d.
Voltage dips at utilization devices other than motors will not exceed
15% of nominal system voltage.
- 21 -
6.20
6.21
Maximum total voltage drop for main, feeder, and branch circuits
will not exceed 5%.
The maximum voltage drop in branch circuits will not exceed 2%.
6.21.1 Unless greater clearances are specified by CEC, the following minimum
clearances will be maintained:
6.22
6.22.1 Raceway layout and cable installation will be based on the CEC and
DCS/PLC equipment manufacturers requirements.
6.22.2 Medium voltage power cables (above 600 V) will be installed in raceways
separate from low voltage power and control cables and low-level signal
cables. In vertically stacked trays, the highest voltage cables will be in the
highest position in the stack.
- 22 -
6.22.3 Low voltage power cables (600 V and below) in vertically stacked trays will
be located below the medium voltage power cables.
6.22.4 Control cables in vertically stacked trays will be located below the power
cable trays. Control cables may be mixed with low voltage power cables if
their respective conductor sizes do not differ greatly. When this is done in
trays, the power cable will be derated as if all cables in the tray were
power cables, because position and grouping are not controlled.
Complete separation of control cable from power cable is the preferred
practice.
6.22.5 Low-level analog signal cables in vertically stacked trays will be located
below the control trays.
6.22.6 Low level analog signal cables will be run in instrument raceways separate
from all power and control cables and unshielded cables carrying digital or
pulse type signals. Unshielded digital or pulse type signals will be routed in
control trays
6.22.7 Thermocouple cable rated at 300 V will be routed in the same raceway
and share the same enclosures (boxes) as 600 V cable, provided the
maximum applied voltage of the 600 V cable does not exceed 300 V.
6.22.8 Maintained spacing is the preferred method for installing medium voltage
cables and large 600 V and 480 V load center cables in tray.
6.22.9 Trays carrying large cables will be sized for a maintained spacing of one
diameter of the largest adjacent cable. There will be no other cable types
routed in these trays.
6.22.10
6.22.11
To ensure that the field installation does in fact allow the generated heat to
be dissipated, cable spacers or cable ties will be utilized in order to
maintain the required spacing and a note will be placed on the cable
schedule stating that this cable is to be installed maintain spacing.
6.22.12
6.22.13
- 23 -
6.23
Critical AC System
6.23.1 An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) will be provided for critical loads
such as critical field instrumentation necessary for monitoring and safe
shutdown of operations.
6.23.2 UPS will include an inverter, static transfer switch, and manual bypass
switch. A failure or fault within the inverter will result in an automatic
transfer of the UPS loads to a nonregulated back-up power supply.
6.23.3 The manual bypass switch will be used to transfer the UPS load to the
back-up source for maintenance on the inverter.
6.23.4 To compensate for harmonics created by the connected equipment, the
continuous rating of the UPS systems will support 100% unbalanced and
100% non-linear loads, with a crest factor of three.
6.24
Control Circuits
6.24.1.2
6.24.1.3
c.
6.24.1.4
- 24 -
6.24.1.5
6.24.1.6
6.24.1.7
6.24.1.8
6.24.1.9
6.24.1.10
6.24.1.11
6.24.1.12
6.24.1.13
- 25 -
6.24.2.2
6.24.2.3
6.24.2.4
6.24.2.5
HAND:
b.
OFF:
c.
AUTO:
6.24.2.6
6.24.2.7
- 26 -
6.24.2.9
6.24.2.10
6.24.2.11
6.24.2.12
6.24.2.13
- 27 -
6.25
6.24.2.14
6.24.2.15
6.24.2.16
6.24.2.17
6.24.2.18
Metering
Harmonic Analysis
Transient Capture
Waveform Recording
Voltage Sag and Swell
- 28 -
6.25.3 All units will be networked via Ethernet TCP/IP communication with
embedded Modbus protocol to CLSs EPICS monitoring and control
system.
6.25.4 Any required interface between revenue meters and the Facilities
Managements central control facility will be configured and provided by
Facilities Management.
6.25.5 Where current transformers supply remote device such as ammeters or
wattmeters mounted on control house panels (or similar panels), it is
preferred that a transducer be provided at the current transformer location
to supply a low-level signal to operate the remote device. Remote devices
may be supplied directly from current transformers and when so supplied,
a legible warning nameplate will identify the secondary leads of the current
transformers. The nameplate will be located at all circuit terminal points on
the panel and on the rear of the instrument.
6.25.6 Use of current transformers to supply remote devices requires the
approval of Owner.
6.25.7 Remote devices will not be directly supplied from current transformers that
are connected to protective relaying. Any one of the following may supply
them.
a.
b.
c.
Alarms
6.26.1 An annunciator or individual alarm units will be located in the CLS control
room to supervise each of the alarm conditions.
6.26.2 Transformers rated 500 kVA and larger will be provided with an alarm as
follows:
a.
- 29 -
The
b.
c.
d.
b.
c.
6.26.5 Motor alarms will be provided as per project requirements. Alarms will be
located in the CLS control room unless specified otherwise.
6.26.6 Motor winding high temperature alarms when required will be set to
operate when the normal or anticipated motor load is exceeded and
before the overload relay setting is reached.
6.26.7 Operating sequence of motor-off alarm for critical motors will be as
follows:
a.
b.
c.
- 30 -
6.26.8 A positive pressure ventilation alarm will be provided for each pressureventilated building or room as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
The alarm will be actuated by a switch sensitive to air flow and will
give abnormal indication whenever there is no airflow from the
inside to the outside of the building or room.
The airflow switch will be a Dwyer Photohelic differential pressure
switch (range 0 to 6 mm H2O).
The switch will be mounted indoors on an outside wall
approximately 2 m above floor level. The opening to the outside will
be protected to minimize the effect of wind and prevent entrance of
water.
The alarm will have sufficient time delay to avoid indication during
momentary losses of air flow such as occur when the building door
is opened for entrance or exit of personnel.
6.26.9 A single alarm will be located in the CLS control room to supervise
substation alarm conditions.
6.26.10
6.27
Grounding System
- 31 -
6.27.4 The grounding system will ensure safety to personnel in relation to touch
and step voltages and protect equipment against damage associated with
rise of potential.
6.27.5 A grounding system consisting of a grid of network of medium-hard drawn
bare copper conductors will be provided.
6.27.6 Ground grid conductors will be sized to withstand maximum expected
future fault current for 0.5 seconds.
6.27.7 The system will be designed to limit the overall resistance to earth to two
(2) OHMS or less, measured during the dry season.
6.27.8 All major electrical equipment rated 600 volts and above, such as
transformers, switchgear, large motors, motor controllers, etc., will be
connected to the ground with a minimum of two separate grounding
connections.
6.27.9 A main ground grid consisting of bare stranded copper cable and
compression connections will be provided below grade throughout the
facilities area. Cable risers will be brought above grade from the grid at
two or more locations near each site structure. These grounding systems
will consist of the conductive metal of approved raceway systems, such as
conduit and cable tray, and different sizes of bare stranded copper cable.
6.27.10
6.27.11
Columns and beams not directly connected to the grounding system will be
considered to be effectively grounded if they can be traced to a grounded
column through a series of metal-to-metal connections. Conductive
coatings at the connections will be considered as an adequate and
effective ground path.
6.27.12
- 32 -
6.28
Lighting
6.28.1 General
6.28.1.1
6.28.1.2
6.28.1.3
6.28.1.4
6.28.1.5
6.28.1.6
6.28.1.7
6.28.1.8
6.28.1.9
- 33 -
6.28.1.10
6.28.1.11
6.28.1.12
6.28.1.13
6.28.2.2
6.28.2.3
6.28.2.4
6.28.2.5
- 34 -
6.28.3.2
6.28.3.3
6.28.3.4
6.28.3.5
6.28.3.6
6.28.3.7
6.28.3.8
6.28.3.9
- 35 -
6.28.3.10
6.28.3.11
6.28.3.12
6.28.3.13
6.29
6.28.3.14
6.28.3.15
6.28.3.16
Welding Outlets
- 36 -
6.29.4 Location of outlets will provide adequate coverage throughout the unit area
for portable welding machines. Anticipated runs of DC welding cables
with the use of welding outlets will not exceed 30 m.
6.29.5 When outlets are provided, welding terminal boxes will not be furnished
unless specified.
6.29.6 Feeders supplying welding outlets will be sized based on a 0.4 demand
factor.
6.30
Raceway System
Material
Span
Deflection
Fittings
Bonding
Support structures
6.30.1.2
6.30.1.3
6.30.1.4
6.30.1.5
If covers are used, the weight of the cover will be taken into
account and added to cable tray loading. For outdoor
applications, wind and snow loading will be added to the
weight of the cables, thereby reducing cable tray load
capacities.
6.30.1.6
- 37 -
TABLE 1
Type of Installation
Cable Tray (trough or ladder type)
Power cables only (3-inch deep tray)
Power cables only (4-inch deep tray)
Power and control cables combined
Control and electronics cables only
Cable Tray (solid bottom)
Power and control cables combined
(3-inch deep tray)
Control and electronics cable only
(6-inch deep tray)
Wireway
Conduits and Ducts
One cable
Two cables
Three or more cables
30
40
20
53
31
40
6.30.1.7
6.30.1.8
6.30.1.9
6.30.1.10
6.30.1.11
- 38 -
6.30.1.12
Trays will be located so that the lowest part of the cable tray
support assembly is at least 2.1 metres above floors to
maintain minimum headroom requirements. Trays in cable
spreading rooms may need to be less than 2 metres due to
the high concentration of cables in the area.
6.30.1.13
6.30.1.14
6.30.1.15
6.30.1.16
6.30.1.17
6.30.1.18
6.30.1.19
6.30.1.20
- 39 -
6.30.1.21
6.30.1.22
6.30.1.23
6.30.1.24
6.30.1.25
6.30.1.26
6.30.1.27
6.30.1.28
- 40 -
6.30.1.30
6.30.1.31
6.30.1.32
6.30.1.33
6.30.1.34
6.30.1.35
- 41 -
6.30.1.36
6.30.1.37
Power cables rated over 600 volts will not occupy the same
tray with conductors or systems of 600 volts or less, unless
the cables rated over 600 volts are kept physically
separated from those rated 600 volts or less by a solid,
noncombustible, fixed barrier installed in the tray.
6.30.1.38
The 600 volt insulated conductors used for control, relay, and
metering circuits may occupy the same tray as 600 volt
insulated power circuit conductors. When this is done, the
ampacity of the power cables will be reviewed carefully
since position and grouping of the power cables in the tray is
not controlled.
6.30.1.39
6.30.1.40
6.30.1.41
6.30.1.42
- 42 -
6.30.1.43
6.30.1.44
6.30.1.45
6.30.1.46
6.30.1.47
6.30.1.48
6.30.1.49
6.30.2 Wireway
6.30.2.1
- 43 -
6.30.2.3
6.30.2.4
6.30.2.5
6.30.3 Conduits
6.30.3.1
6.30.3.2
6.30.3.3
6.30.3.4
6.30.3.5
- 44 -
6.30.3.6
6.30.3.7
6.30.3.8
If the conduit size is not known at the time, a sleeve size will
be specified, the designer will size the sleeve for the largest
conduit size that may be required.
6.30.3.9
The inside radius of conduit bends will not be less than six
times the inside diameter of the conduit nor that determined
by dividing the cable pulling tension out of the bend by the
maximum allowable sidewall pressure for the cables (200 is
recommended and 300 is the maximum sidewall pressure).
6.30.3.10
6.30.3.11
6.30.3.12
6.30.3.13
6.30.3.14
6.30.3.15
- 45 -
6.30.4.2
6.31
6.30.4.3
6.30.4.4
6.30.4.5
6.31.1 Improvements in power factor may be desired for financial reasons (to
lower utility costs associated with power factor penalties) or operational
reasons (to lower system losses, increase system reserve capacity, or
improve voltage conditions).
- 46 -
Communication Systems
6.34.1 Electrical heat tracing (freeze protection) will be provided for water-filled
piping and instrument sensing lines routed outdoors that are subject to
freezing. Water lines will be designed to maintain flow, where practical.
Lines not normally self-draining or drained during normal shutdown will be
freeze-protected. Self-draining lines include such services as drains and
discharges to sumps and sump pump discharges to grade. Electrical heat
tracing will be the self-regulating type, wherever possible, and will be
provided with necessary power distribution equipment.
6.35
Hazardous Locations
- 47 -
6.35.3 Each equipment enclosure will be suitable for the respective area
classification in which it is installed.
6.36
Lightning Protection
A 6 metre copper-clad steel ground rod c/w access ground well and
chemical electrodes filled with conductive electrolytes to provide
better grounding conductivity (if required to reduce grounding
resistance to acceptable level).
- 48 -
7.0
7.1
Equipment and materials selected for the CLS project will reflect the
expected life span of 25 years and operating and environmental conditions
to be experienced.
7.2
Least capital cost will be the main governing criterion for selection of major
equipment such as transformers, switchgears, MCCs, motors and any
other electrical equipment.
7.3
In certain unique situations, such as in cases where the owner may have
required (and/or paid for) existing equipment, low loss transformers or high
efficiency motors, the economic criterion needs to expand beyond least
capital cost. In such cases, bidders will be evaluated on losses as follows:
[no load + load losses] * [$XXXXIkW] + capital cost.]
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
If actual load data is available, the maximum operating load used for
calculations involving portions of existing facilities will not exceed the
maximum 15 minute or 30 minute demand measured over a minimum of a
one-year period. Depending on the nature of the loads, the maximum
operating load may be substantially less than the total connected load.
- 49 -
8.0
8.1
HV Switchgear
8.1.1 Existing HV switchgear from Preston substation will be used for CLS
facilities.
8.1.2 HV switchgear will be outdoor, metal-enclosed, load interrupter with
vacuum break equipment and dead-front structures grouped together for
centralized control.
8.1.3 Spare circuit breaker and/or interrupter switch cubicles will be fully
equipped for future addition of circuit breakers and/or interrupter switches
without further modification to the assembly.
8.1.4 Control circuits, protective relaying and operating mechanisms of circuit
breakers and/or disconnect switches will be 125 Vdc supplied from a
battery charger located inside the main building.
8.2
Power Transformers
8.2.1 The main transformers will be outdoor, oil-immersed type, 3-phase delta
connected primary and wye connected solidly grounded secondary with
externally operated no-load full capacity tap changers on the high voltage
winding and metal oxide lightning arresters on the low voltage side.
8.2.2 Dual temperature rise transformers will be specified to limit initial
maximum load below 80% of site-rated self-cooled rating of the
transformer. This will allow for load growth or changes from the time of
purchase to project completion. For self-cooled transformers, an
assessment will be made to determine if the load data are preliminary or
firm. If preliminary, a 20 percent margin will be provided for potential load
growth between transformer procurement and project completion. If client
or contract commitments require a specific margin at project completion,
this will be accounted for. Demand load factors, if not specifically known,
will generally be 80 percent for 600 V loads.
8.2.3 Ambient temperatures affect load capacities of transformers.
Transformers are rated for 30 C average over 24 hrs, 40 C maximum.
Standard transformers have a 55 degree C rise, but dual rated 55/65 C
transformers will be specified, for 12 % extra margin to account for
harmonics as data is not available.
8.2.4 The short circuit capacities of power systems can be controlled, within
limits, by the proper selection of transformer impedance. For example the
standard impedance for a 1000 kva, 25 kV/600 Volt transformer is 5.75%
- 50 -
8.2.9 Dry type transformers will be equipped with over-voltage protection when
connected to systems above 600 Volts.
8.2.10 For liquid filled transformers; the type of liquid preservation system will be
specified.
8.2.11 Enclosed terminals and connections are required for all power
transformers except as follows:
a.
b.
8.2.12 The use of transformers with open terminals and connections requires the
approval of Owner.
8.2.13 Power transformers without on-load tap changing will have four 2.5% full
capacity taps for de-energized operation. Taps will be arranged to have
an adjustment both up and down so that rated voltage may be obtained at
the secondary terminals when normal primary voltage is applied. For
average conditions, an arrangement of two taps above and two taps below
rated primary voltage is suitable. If the rated secondary voltage is the
same as the utilization device rated voltage, then all taps will be below
rated primary voltage. Tap changer will be externally operable from grade
level.
- 51 -
8.2.14 In radial distribution, primary-fused transformers 500 kVA and larger will
be protected against single-phasing by one of the following:
8.2.15 Fault pressure relaying (63) will be furnished on transformers larger than
1500 kVA where it is possible to trip primary breaker or controller.
8.2.16 Deletion of ground fault relaying on transformers smaller than 500 kVA
requires the approval of Owner.
8.2.17 Transformers will be specified with manufacturers standard impedance
except when other values are required to meet voltage drop limitations or
cost saving by the use of switchgear with lower interrupting rating.
8.2.18 Electrostatically shielded isolation type transformers will be specified for
interfacing between the building electrical distribution system and
electronic load equipment.
8.2.19 To minimize voltage waveform distortion due to non-linear electronic load
equipment and to improve voltage regulation of the transformer, dry-type
isolation transformers will be specified with an impedance range of 3-5%
as calculated at the nominal line frequency. The impedance will not
exceed 6% in any case.
8.2.20 The transformer neutral bus will be rated at 200% of the secondary full load
ampere rating to accommodate the large neutral currents resulting from
triplen harmonics and phase imbalance.
8.2.21 For calculating K-factor, harmonic profiles of load currents will be
measured and recorded at main transformers serving the load rather than
at individual loads downstream locations, to avoid the tendency of
calculating a higher than necessary K-factor.
8.2.22 The transformers will be specified with a rated K-factor of equal to or
larger than the load K-factor. If the load K-factor is not known at the time, a
- 52 -
K-factor of 20 will be specified. In any case, the K-factor will not be less
than 13.
8.2.23 Derating of conventional transformers (if required) will be in accordance
with IEEE Standard C57.10.
8.3
Circuit Breakers
8.3.6 Phase overcurrent relays or direct acting trip devices are required for all
substation main secondary and incoming breakers to provide main bus
fault protection. Ground fault overcurrent protection is also required for
breakers of substations with low resistance or solidly grounded neutrals.
8.3.7 Circuit breakers, switches and contactors whose load side terminals can
be energized when in the position from a source outside their own
switchgear or control center assembly will be identified by a legible
nameplate mounted on the front of their compartment.
8.3.8 Molded-case breakers used for branch circuit protection must have an
interrupting rating of at least 90% of the theoretically available symmetrical
fault current from all sources. The low-voltage motor contribution is
calculated as:
- 53 -
Buses
8.4.1 Standard bus bracing has increased over the years especially at the 480
volt level. For example 65,000 amp bracing is the norm now in MCCs
while 22,000 amps was standard in years past. Bus bracing can be a
safety issue so it is important to have some extra margin.
8.4.2 When adding load to existing busses both the added current and any
increase in the short circuit level will be considered.
8.4.3 For buses between equipment of less than 1200 amps the cost of using
cable or cable bus will be compared.
8.5
Cables
8.5.1 Feeders to busses and power transformers above 600 volts will be sized
to withstand short circuit thermal stress without damage to the feeders.
The maximum short circuit level of the supply and clearing time of the
feeder protective device will be used to determine this condition. Cable at
600 V and below, and feeders to motors above 600 V, will not be
increased in size because of short circuit duty.
8.5.2 Motor feeders will have an ampacity not less than 1.25 times the motor full
load current and the minimum size will be 4 mm2 (No. 12 AWG).
8.5.3 Lighting feeders feeding lighting panels will have an ampacity not less than
the adjusted maximum demand of the load. The minimum size of branch
feeder will be 4 mm2 (No. 12 AWG).
8.5.4 Minimum conductor sizes will be determined based on permissive current,
ambient temperature, grouping factor, installation method, voltage drop
and available short-circuit current.
8.5.5 Power cables will be rated for 90C continuous conductor temperature,
130C emergency overload temperature, and 250C short-circuit
temperature. A cable rated at these conditions can withstand 90C
continuously as well as emergency overload of 130C for 100 hours in any
- 54 -
given 12 months and not more than 500 hours for the entire life of the
cable. The 250C short-circuit rating is the temperature of the conductor
during a one second ground fault.
8.5.6 Cable ampacities will be based on the rated conductor temperature using
the applicable tables and derating factors from the CEC. Where the CEC
does not cover a specific application, such as with certain duct bank
configurations, the IEEE/ICEA tables and associated methods of derating
cables will be used. Required ampacities will be based on the following
loading criteria:
Transformer feeders
Motor feeders
Insulation XLPE or PVC for 0 to 1,000 volts and EPR or XLPE for
1,000 volts to 35,000 volts
Sheath-Steel Armour (aluminum armour is not acceptable)
Shielding Overall shield for 25 kV power cables.
Individual pairs and overall shield for instrumentation
cables.
- 55 -
All cables #1/0 AWG and larger will be specified with uncoated conductors
to take advantage of cost savings, lower conductor resistance and lower
cable weight.
8.5.14 Uncoated conductors whose ends (at the termination points) are exposed
to the atmosphere will form copper-oxides that can be identified by their
characteristic green coloration due to hydrogen sulphides and dull brown
appearance. Since for small size wires (#16 AWG and smaller) this
corrosion may be detrimental, these sizes will be specified as coated
conductors. It should be noted that this is the normal cable manufacturer
practice.
8.5.15
Cable bending radii will not be less than that recommended by the
manufacturer.
8.5.16
8.6
8.6.1 Motor control centers (MCC) are available with horizontal busses rated
from 600 to 2500 amps and vertical busses from 300 to 1200 amps. 800
amp horizontal bus and 300 amp vertical bus are commonly specified so
- 56 -
as not to concentrate too many motors on one bus. Front mounted only
MCCs come with 300 amp vertical bus standard while back-to-back
MCCs are normally supplied with 600 amp bus as standard. Most
manufactures supply 65,000 amp minimum bus bracing as standard.
8.6.2 Motor control centres consisting of assemblies of combination starters are
preferred. When the starter is withdrawn from its stationary enclosure, the
line side will be disconnected. Consideration will be given to mounting
motor control centres on 100 mm (4 in.) channel iron sections (or concrete
sill) to ensure that there is adequate space at the bottom for wiring and
conduit seals; however, with the use of non-explosion-proof seals
(compound bushings), the additional space is likely not needed.
8.6.3 Manually operated air-break starters locally mounted near motors and
supplied from separate circuit breakers are acceptable only for fractional
horsepower, single-phase motors in service where tripping on undervoltage is not desired. Manual starters will be located in sight of and near
the motor in a position providing safe and convenient operation.
8.6.4 Motor starter circuit breakers will be rated to interrupt or safely close on the
system fault current.
8.6.5 Motor starter will be capable of interrupting motor locked rotor current.
8.6.6 An individual circuit breaker will be provided for each motor controlled by a
starter. An exception is that a common circuit breaker may be used to
supply starters for two or more motors under the following conditions,
provided that use of the common circuit breaker does not reduce the
flexibility of maintenance or operation:
a.
b.
c.
d.
8.6.7 All motor control centers will be specified as class 1 type B with type
enclosures.
- 57 -
Motor Starters
8.7.2.2
8.7.2.3
- 58 -
Motors
8.8.1 Motors are sized by the driven equipment suppliers, but the motor
specification will address how fully loaded a motor may run.
8.8.2 A motors power factor and efficiency are highest at three-quarters to full
load. A motors life is greatly reduced by overloading. Motors generally
are sized to run at 85% to 100% of full load with the service factor not
used. It is common for the motors to be capable of running a pump with the
next larger size impeller and at the furthest point on the curve. This can
cause a pump motor to run lightly loaded. Load factors of 0.6 to 0.8 are
common under these circumstances. The sizing criteria will be
coordinated with Mechanical.
8.8.3 Motors used with solid-state drives need to be carefully coordinated with
the drive supplier. They will be supplied together. This is because of the
added heating caused by the harmonics of the drive system and loss of
cooling due to reduced fan speed. This is a particular concern where
motors are installed in hazardous areas.
8.8.4 Induction motors will be suitable for full voltage on line starting. Motors
larger than 188 kW will have provision for differential protection relay
(current transformer mounted within the terminal box).
8.8.5 Motors will generally be the squirrel-cage-induction type that are designed
for full voltage starting, except where the specific application dictates
otherwise. Generally, 600 V motors will be totally enclosed fan-cooled.
Weather-protected NEMA Type II enclosures will be provided for all
outdoor medium voltage motors.
8.8.6 Motors will be rated for continuous operation at full load, 1.0 service factor,
and at least a Class F insulation with a Class B temperature rise. Motors
may be stamped as 1.15 service factor as long as (maximum) brake
horsepower requirements do not exceed the 1.0 service factor rating.
8.8.7 Motors will produce starting torque to accelerate the connected machine to
rated speed at 90% of motor nameplate voltage rating without any thermal
or other damages.
8.8.8 As a minimum, motors located outdoors and rated 67 kW or larger will be
furnished with space heaters that are automatically energized when the
motor is idle.
- 59 -
8.8.9 Full voltage starting will be used for all motors providing the following
conditions are met:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.10
8.10.1 UPS like all solid state devices have limited short circuit and overload
capabilities. In most UPS systems however this is not a problem since
- 60 -
they usually supply instrument loads. UPS will be sized initially for loading
at no more than 80% of capacity (125% of normal present plus future
planned loads) since they support important security, reliability and safety
of loads. Short time peak loads will be limited to 90% of system capacity.
8.10.2 The neutrals will be oversized to handle loads where harmonics are
present.
8.10.3 Transient voltage depressions to 80% of rated supply voltage will not affect
the performance of the equipment.
8.10.4 The rectifier will be a static power converter, constant voltage, and current
limiting full wave thyristor controlled converter.
8.10.5 Cooling will be by natural circulation. The converter will be equipped with
output filters allowing for load to be supplied without exceeding limits for
ripple when the batteries are disconnected.
8.10.6 Rectifier control circuits will monitor the output voltage and maintain a
constant preset voltage output under float or boost conditions. Control will
also prevent against overloading.
8.10.7 The rated output current of the rectifier will equal the inverter load plus the
battery charger current allowing for 80% capacity in 8 hours from a
discharged condition.
8.10.8 During transient input voltage depressions of up to 20% of nominal
voltage, rectifier output value will be such that will prevent battery
discharge.
8.10.9 There will be provisions for on-line adjustment of the set values of float
charge voltage by access to the relevant control circuit card.
8.10.10
8.11
The inverter will not exceed a frequency deviation of 0.5 Hz with a source
limit of 1.0 Hz. With stabilized input, source inverter output will not
exceed 0.5 Hz per second rate of change.
Batteries and Battery Chargers
8.11.1 Existing batteries from Preston Substation will be used for the control of 25
kV switchgear.
8.11.2 Batteries will be installed in a room or enclosure accessible only to
authorized personnel.
8.11.3 Batteries will not be subjected to ambient temperature greater than 45C
or less than the freezing point of the electrolyte or 10C whichever is less.
- 61 -
8.12.1 Standby generator intended for use with electronic load equipment will be
specified to meet IEEE Standard 446 requirements.
8.12.2 Standby generator systems generally have much higher impedance than
the utility system and therefore, voltage waveform distortion typically
increases when loads are fed by the standby generator power. Standby
generator when supplying non-linear loads, will be specified to have the
following characteristics to minimize adverse interactions:
- 62 -
9.0
SYSTEM STUDIES
9.1
General
9.2.1 A Short Circuit Study will be performed to cover three phase, single line to
ground, line to line, and line to line to ground faults in time frames of first
cycle, one to four cycles and 30 cycles. The Short Circuit Study will focus
on:
9.2.2 Short circuit studies will be performed assuming the maximum ultimate
transient fault-current availability or minimum ultimate source impedance.
9.2.3 The maximum short-circuit current will be limited to a value no greater than
95 percent (90 percent during preliminary design) of the fault current rating
at the point of common coupling assuming the following conditions:
9.2.4 Values obtained from worst-case analysis will be used to size and
purchase electrical equipment.
- 63 -
9.2.5 Unless load flow analysis or actual system operating practices dictates
differently, all transformer tap settings will be assumed to be at the midpoint.
9.3
Voltage Regulation
- 64 -
9.4
9.4.1 Motor Starting Study will be completed using both static and dynamic
motor starting models to cover:
9.5
- 65 -
9.6
Harmonic Analysis
10.0
APPENDICES
Appendix A Abbreviations
Appendix B Glossary
Appendix C Units of Measure
-1-
Appendix A Abbreviations
1.0
1.1
Document Abbreviations
AC
AI
ALM
Amp
AO
DC
DCS
DI
DO
ESD
FD
HOA
HP
HVAC
Hz
I/O
ICS
IND
KW
KWH
LAN
mA
MW
PF
PSD
PTT
PVC
SCADA
SI
SIS
SUB
V
VHF
Alternating Current
Analog Input
Alarm
Ampere
Analog Output
Direct Current
Distributed Control System
Digital Input
Digital Output
Emergency Shut-Down
Fire Detection
Hand-Off-Auto
Horse Power
Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
Hertz
Input and Output
Integrated Control System
Indicator (meter, display)
Kilowatt
Kilowatt-Hour
Local Area Network
Milli-Ampere
Megawatt
Power Factor
Process Shut-Down
Push to Test
Polyvinyl Chloride
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
International System of Units
Safety Interlock System
Substation
Volts
Very High Frequency
-2-
1.2
Equipment Abbreviations
Beamline
End Station
Mirror
Monochromator
Ammeter
Alarm
Ammeter Switch
Battery
Breaker
Cable (has special numbering)
Crate (CAMAC, NIM, VME, VXI, etc.)
Current Transformer
Cable Tray
Disconnect
Distribution Panel
Emergency Generator
Electrical Submersible Pump
Enclosure (contactor, fuse,starter, switch)
Ionization Smoke Detector Head
-3-
FDT
FTB
HTR
IND
JB
LMP
LPNL
MCC
MPR
MTR
P
PE
PLC
PS
PTX
R
RES
RTD
RTU
SBD
SPK
SPLT
SUB
SW
SWF
SWG
SWL
SWP
SWT
T
TB
TH
TLT
TV
TX
UPS
VAR
VFD
VM
VSD
VSW
Air Conditioner
Air Handling Unit
-4-
CH
CMP
CV
DR
DX
EXT
F
FC
FCV
FLM
FLT
HE
MV
PCV
PM
PT
STR
VNT
WP
Chiller
Air Compressor
Control Valve
Air Dryer
Direct Expansion Chiller Unit
Expansion Tank
Fan
Fan Coil
Flow Control Valve
Flow Meter
Flow Transducer
Heat Exchanger
Manual Valve
Pressure Control Valve
Pressure Meter
Pressure Transducer
Strainer
Vent
Water Pump
Bremsstrahlung Shield
Beam Stop (electron or photon)
Filter
Girder
Survey Monument
Absorber
Accelerator Section
Bending Magnet (dipole or septum)
Bump Magnet
Beam Stop (electron or photon)
Chopper
Collimator
Collimator (horizontal)
Collimator (vertical)
Gun
Insertion Device
Kicker Magnet
Orbit Corrector (horizontal & vertical)
Orbit Corrector (horizontal)
Orbit Corrector (vertical)
-5-
QD
QF
QFA
QFB
QFC
SAO
SBO
SD
SF
SOL
ST
STH
STV
VD
Quadruple Defocusing
Quadruple Focusing
Quadruple Focusing (family A)
Quadruple Focusing (family B)
Quadruple Focusing (family C)
Sextupole With Orbit Corrector (family A)
Sextupole With Orbit Corrector (family B)
Sextuple Defocusing
Sextuple Focusing
Solenoid Magnet
Steering Magnet (horizontal & vertical)
Steering Magnet (horizontal)
Steering Magnet (vertical)
Video Deflector
Attenuator
Buncher
RF Cavity
Circulator
Directional Coupler
RF Envelope Detector
Klystron
Modulator
RF Phase Detector
Phase Shifter
RF Load
Subharmonic Buncher
RF Switch
WaveGuide
WaveGuide Hybrid (Magic T, etc.)
Bellows
Cold Cathode Gauge
Cryogenic Valve
Convection Gauge
Cryogenic Pump
Fast Valve
Fast Valve Sensor
Hot Cathode Gauge
Ion gauge
Ion Pump
Residual Gas Analyzer
Roughing Port
-6-
TMP
TSP
VAC
VVM
VVR
WND
-1-
Appendix B Glossary
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Dirty Power - power source that serves general loads such as lighting,
heating, ventilation, air conditioning and process cooling equipment. The
current flow over the grounding system is uncontrolled due to multiple
ground paths.
1.5
1.6
Firm Load Data the load data derived from actual equipment
performance characteristics and duty cycles.
1.7
1.8
Load Factor the ratio of the average load over a designated period of
time to the peak load occurring in that period.
1.9
Power Tray any tray that contains a circuit that will be energized for
continuous operation (it is not intermittent like a motor operated valve) and
has either a current of 10 A or more or a voltage of 150 V or more AC or
DC.
2.0
-2-
2.1
2.2
Usable Tray Depth the inside dimension of the tray from the top of the
rung (cable bearing surface) to the top of the tray siderail.
2.3
Dedicated Circuit a circuit that has a separate neutral conductor for the
circuit, has one or more devices connected to it, and has an equipmentgrounding conductor that may or may not be common to other circuits.
2.4
2.5
-1-
by
to obtain
English Units
Frequency
Electric Current
Electric Charge
Electric Potential
Electric Capacitance
Electric Resistance
Electric Conductance
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux Density
Inductance
Luminous Flux
Illuminance
Noise
Rotational Speed
Soil Resistivity
Area
Dimensions
Hz
A
C
V
F
S
Wb
T
H
lm
lx
dB
rpm
ohm -cm
ha
M2
m
mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.0929
----------------0.3937
2.4711
10.7639
3.2808
0.0394
Hz
A
C
V
F
S
Wb
T
H
lm
ft-candle
dB
rpm
ohm -in
acres
ft2
ft
in
Velocity
Volume
m/s
m3
L
kg
tonne
C
kPa
kg/m 3
mPa.s
mm 2/s
N/m
kJ/kg- C
W/m- C
J
GJ/h
W/m 2
kJ/kg
W/m 2- C
mm
N
kW
N.m
3.2808
6.2898
0.2642
2.2046
1.1023
x 1.8 + 32
0.1450
0.0624
1.0000
1.0000
1000
0.2390
0.5778
9.486 x 10-4
0.9486
0.3173
0.4303
0.1763
0.0394
0.2248
1.3410
0.7376
ft/s
barrel
gallon
lb
ton
F
psi
lb/ft3
cP
cSt
dynes/cm
Btu/Lb- F
Btu/h-ft- F
Btu
MMBtu/h
Btu/h-ft2
Btu/Lb
Btu/h-ft2- F
in
lbf
hp
ft.lb
Quantity
Mass
Temperature
Pressure/Pressure Drop
Density
Dynamic Viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity
Surface Tension
Heat Capacity
Thermal Conductivity
Energy
Heat Duty
Heat Flux
Latent Heat
Heat Transfer Coefficient
Wall Thickness (P/L)
Force
Power (Electrical)
Torque