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Silica fume , also known as microsilica or silica dust, has been world widely used for many years in the area where
high strength and durable concrete were required. Silica fume improves the properties of both fresh and harden
concrete.
Lower the ingress of movement of water or chemicals; lower the adverse reactions such as sulfate attack,
reinforcement corrosion.
The reaction between silica fume and the calcium hydroxide, released as the cement hydrates, provides a dense
impermeable pore structure. Although the total porosity of the silica fume concrete is similar to the OPC concrete the
average pore size is much finer, conducting to a large reduction of permeability.
The use and deterioration of concrete in environments containing sulfates has led to the development of special
sulfate resisting cements.
It has also spawned significant research into the use of supplementary cementitious materials to improve sulfate
resistance.
The utility of Silica fume for enhancing the resistance of concrete to sulfate attack has been widely studied.
Sulfate resisting cements have a low C3A content to minimize the risk off sulfate attack. However, this does not
necessarily provide immunity:
- As certain sulfate react with hydrated lime and the calcium silicate hydrate the sulfate resisting cement provide less
protection than expected.
- Low C3A cements are more susceptible to reinforcement corrosion attack.
The second principle cause attack is the acid interaction of sulfates ions and calcium hydroxide, causing gypsum
formation.
Calcium Hydroxide + sulfate + water ==> Gypsum
It has been shown that the cation (calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Ammonium) of the sulfate salt affects the type
and the severity of the attack.
Some studies conducted in several countries proved that Type 1 cements (with high C3A content) blended with
Silica fume used in combination with a high range water reducer provide high durable performance against chlorideinduced reinforcement corrosion and against sulfate attack.
The summarize:
- Silica fume reduces the permeability of the concrete. Water and chemicals ingress are thus reduced.
- The ability of high C3A cement to complex with chlorides results in the formation of insoluble compound, able to
reduce the mobility of free chloride ion to the reinforcement-concrete surface.
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