Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. What is the distinction between the Ordinary and the Proper of the Mass?
The Ordinary (the texts sung at each service), and the Proper (those which change
to the season or saint being celebrated).
Ordinary:
Kyrie elesion
Gloria in excelsis
Sandctus and Benedictus
Agnus Dei
Proper:
Introit
Gradual or Alleluia
Alleluia or Tract
Offertory
Communion
2. In an isorhythmic motet, what is the talea, and how does it relate to the color?
Isorhythm
Isorhythmic Motet
A form of motet of the medieval and early Renaissance eras that is based on a
repeating pattern found in one or more of the voices. The tenor is normally the voice
with the repeating rhythmic structure.
Talea and Color
Instrument
Definition
Archlute
Bagpipe
WIND INSTRUMENT
Bandora
Ceterone
Chittarone
Citole
Cittern
Course
Courtaut, Courtaud
Crumhorn, Krumhorn
Curtlal, Dulcian
Duct Flute
WIND INSTRUMENT
Hurdy-Gurdy
Kamanja, Kamanche
Kithara
Lira da Braccio
Lute
STRING INSTRUMENT
Lyre, Lira
Pandora, Pandoura
Pipa
Psaltry
Qanun
Rebec
Recorder
WIND INSTRUMENT
Sackbut
BRASS INSTRUMENT
Sordun
Theorbo
Vihuela
Viol
STRING INSTRUMENTS
Violone
Zither
Things to NOTE
How nicely Dufay exploits the similarities between the ABA forms of both the
Kyrie and LHomme Arme melody.
The first line of LHomme Arme is the cantus firmus of the first Kyrie, the
second line, the Christe and the third line, the return of the Kyrie
The work is clearly in an early Renaissance style
As befits the style there is little to no imitation between the individual
polyphonic voices, long melismas in the vocal line and a general lack of
coordination between text and music
The words stretched out over long melismas and the text is nearly
incomprehensible
Dufay and other composers of the Early Renaissance tend to place more
importance on contrapuntal (horizontal) relationship of the individual voices
than on the harmonic relations (the vertical relations) between the individual
voices
In the other movements of the Missa LHomme Arme, Dufay uses both more
esoteric
In 1440, French poet Martin Le Franc lauded two composers, Dufay and
Binchois, whose beautiful melodies and new practice of making lively
consonance made their music better than that of all their predecessors in
France
He attributed the marvellous pleasingness of their music to the adoption of
what he called contenance angloise (English guise or quality) and their
emulation of English composer John Dunstable
A generation Johannes Tinctoris looked back to the 3 composers as the
founders of a new art
The influence of English music on Continental composers in the early 15 th
century has become a central theme of music history of this era, alongside the
6. Give TWO ways in which the English Reformation had an effect on music.
The Reformation
When the 16th century began, Christians were united from Poland to Spain
and from Italy to Scotland, all shared allegiance with Rome
Midcentury, this changed
European society was disrupted by the Protestant Reformation, as central and
western Europe entered a century of religious wars
Sacred music was affected
Leader of the Reformation wanted to involve worshippers more directly,
through congregational singing and services presented in the vernacular
rather than in Latin
These changes led to new types of religious music in each branch of
Protestantism
Includes the chorale and chorale settings in the Lutheran Service in the
Anglican church
The Catholic Church also took reforms, but continued to use Gregorian chant
and polyphonic masses and motets in styles that extended the tradition of
Josquins generation
3 main branches of the Reformation
o Lutheran movement, led by Martin Luther, Northern Germany and
Scandinavia
o Calvinist movement led by Jean Calvin, spread from Switzerland and
the Low Countries to France and Britain
o Church of England, organised by King Henry VIII for political reasons
but ultimately influenced by Reformation ideals
7. In what way does Palestrina's Pope Marcellus Mass fit into the spirit of
Renaissance humanism and the concerns of the Council of Trent?
8. What is a Galliard?
Renaissance musicians often grouped dances in pairs or threes
A favourite combination was a slow dance in duple meter followed by a fast
one in triple meter on the same tune
The music of the second dance being a variation of the first
The Pavan and the Galliard are one such pair, was a favourite in 16 th century
France and England
The Pavan was a stately dance in three repeated strains (AABBCC)
The more lively Galliard follows the same form with a variant of the melody
9. But let them be assured concerning consonances and dissonances that there
is a different way of considering them from that already determined, which
defends the modern manner of composition with the assent of reason and of
the senses
a. Who is the author?
b. To whom is he responding?
11.What was significant about the opening of the Teatro San Cassiano in 1637?
Venice
First public opera house when it opened in 1637
Until then musical theatre depended on individual aristocratic or ecclesiastical
patrons, but now it was presented for and supported in part by the paying
public
Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo, opened as the last new theatre of the
century
Mass in B Minor
Cantata No.147 Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben
Magnificat, for 5 voices, in D major
St. John Passion
St. Matthew Passion
The Innovation
17. Identify THREE ways in which Beethoven's symphonies differ from those by
Haydn and Mozart. Make mention of specific symphonies by Beethoven in your
answer.
Wagnerian principle.
In an opera or music drama, a motive, theme or musical idea associated
with a person, thing, mood, or idea, which returns in original or altered
form throughout
By the early 1860s he had already become identified with a conservative view
of music, chiefly as a result of his signing a manifesto which deplored the
Neue Zeitschrifts support of the views of Liszt and Wagner
He thus became tarred with a brush in a misleading way since his
conservatism was more apparent than real
Made an offer to conduct in Vienna much more appealing as Vienna was the
centre of traditionalism
Wagner
The World Expo brought performances by groups from around the world
Was exposed to all sorts of music
Javanese Gamelan the static harmony within the music
Russian music- sounded exotic to a European ear, use of tritones and tritone
relationships, evident in Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
Beethoven has a constant theme running through his symphonies: e.g. Fate
theme in Beethovens symphony No.5
Beethoven starts his symphonies in new harmonic ways: e.g. Beethovens
Symphony No.1 in C starts with a C7 chord
Mozart and Haydn have small breaks between each movement in their music,
Beethoven did not and continues from 3 to 4 with no break (this had not
previously been done but became popular)
Happens also in Symphony No.5
19. What is unusual harmonically about the opening to this song by Schumann?
Berlioz
1830
Was always a work in which Berlioz was closely associated with
24. What is unusual about Bergs use of serialism in his Violin Concerto?
Designed the row of the Violin Concerto with 4 interlocking minor and major
triads which permits frequent references to tonal chords while using 12-tone
procedures
Piece includes evocations of a violin tuning its open strings, tonal chord
progressions, Viennese waltzes, a folk song and a Bach chorale
Structure wholly determined by 12 tone procedures
1. Strange as it may seem, however, I was unprepared for the explosion myself.
The reactions of the musicians who came to the orchestra rehearsals were
without intimation of it and the stage spectacle did not appear likely to
precipitate a riot (3%)
a. To which piece does this refer?
The Rite of Spring, Igor Stravinsky
b. What year did this performance take place?
1913