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181
EXERCISE 8.1
1. In ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm. Determine :
(i) sin A, cos A
(ii) sin C, cos C
2. In Fig. 8.13, find tan P cot R.
3,
calculate cos A and tan A.
4
4. Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A.
3. If sin A =
13 ,
calculate all other trigonometric ratios.
Fig. 8.13
12
6. If A and B are acute angles such that cos A = cos B, then show that A = B.
5. Given sec =
7. If cot =
7,
(1 + sin ) (1 sin ) ,
evaluate : (i)
8
(1 + cos ) (1 cos )
(ii) cot2
1 tan 2 A
= cos2 A sin2A or not.
1 + tan 2 A
1 ,
9. In triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A =
find the value of:
3
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C
4
for some angle .
3
182
MATHEMATICS
Trigonometric Ratios of 45
In ABC, right-angled at B, if one angle is 45, then
the other angle is also 45, i.e., A = C = 45
(see Fig. 8.14).
So,
BC = AB
(Why?)
Now, Suppose BC = AB = a.
Then by Pythagoras Theorem, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2,
and, therefore,
Fig. 8.14
AC = a 2
cos 45 =
tan 45 =
Also, cosec 45 =
1
1
1
= 2 , sec 45 =
= 2 , cot 45 =
= 1.
sin 45
cos 45
tan 45
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
183
As you know, for finding the trigonometric ratios, we need to know the lengths of the
sides of the triangle. So, let us suppose that AB = 2a.
Then,
BD =
1
BC = a
2
and
AD = a 3
Therefore,
Now, we have :
BD
a
1
AD a 3
3
=
= , cos 30 =
=
=
AB 2a 2
AB
2a
2
BD
a
1
=
=
tan 30 =
.
AD a 3
3
sin 30 =
Also,
1
1
2
= 2, sec 30 =
=
sin 30
cos 30
3
1
= 3.
cot 30 =
tan 30
cosec 30 =
Similarly,
sin 60 =
cosec 60 =
AD a 3
3
1
=
=
, cos 60 = , tan 60 =
2
AB
2a
2
3,
2 ,
1
Fig. 8.17
Fig. 8.16
184
MATHEMATICS
sin 0
1 ,
= 0, cot 0 =
which is not defined. (Why?)
cos 0
tan 0
1
1 ,
= 1 and cosec 0 =
which is again not defined.(Why?)
cos 0
sin 0
Now, let us see what happens to the trigonometric ratios of A, when it is made
larger and larger in ABC till it becomes 90. As A gets larger and larger, C gets
smaller and smaller. Therefore, as in the case above, the length of the side AB goes on
decreasing. The point A gets closer to point B. Finally when A is very close to 90,
C becomes very close to 0 and the side AC almost coincides with side BC
(see Fig. 8.18).
sec 0 =
Fig. 8.18
When C is very close to 0, A is very close to 90, side AC is nearly the
same as side BC, and so sin A is very close to 1. Also when A is very close to 90,
C is very close to 0, and the side AB is nearly zero, so cos A is very close to 0.
So, we define :
Now, why dont you find the other trigonometric ratios of 90?
We shall now give the values of all the trigonometric ratios of 0, 30, 45, 60
and 90 in Table 8.1, for ready reference.
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
185
Table 8.1
A
30
45
60
90
sin A
1
2
1
2
3
2
cos A
3
2
1
2
1
2
tan A
1
3
Not defined
Not defined
2
3
sec A
2
3
Not defined
cot A
Not defined
1
3
cosec A
Remark : From the table above you can observe that as A increases from 0 to
90, sin A increases from 0 to 1 and cos A decreases from 1 to 0.
Let us illustrate the use of the values in the table above through some examples.
Example 6 : In ABC, right-angled at B,
AB = 5 cm and ACB = 30 (see Fig. 8.19).
Determine the lengths of the sides BC and AC.
Solution : To find the length of the side BC, we will
choose the trigonometric ratio involving BC and the
given side AB. Since BC is the side adjacent to angle
C and AB is the side opposite to angle C, therefore
AB
= tan C
BC
i.e.,
which gives
1
5
= tan 30 =
3
BC
BC = 5 3 cm
Fig. 8.19
186
MATHEMATICS
AB
AC
(Why?)
i.e.,
1
5
=
2
AC
i.e.,
AC = 10 cm
Note that alternatively we could have used Pythagoras theorem to determine the third
side in the example above,
i.e.,
AC =
AB2 + BC 2 = 52 + (5 3) 2 cm = 10cm.
PQ
= sin R
PR
Therefore,
Fig. 8.20
3 1
=
sin R =
6 2
or
So,
PRQ = 30
and therefore,
QPR = 60.
(Why?)
You may note that if one of the sides and any other part (either an acute angle or any
side) of a right triangle is known, the remaining sides and angles of the triangle can be
determined.
1
1
Example 8 : If sin (A B) = , cos (A + B) = , 0 < A + B 90, A > B, find A
2
2
and B.
Solution : Since, sin (A B) =
1
, therefore, A B = 30 (Why?)
2
1
, therefore, A + B = 60
2
Solving (1) and (2), we get : A = 45 and B = 15.
Also, since cos (A + B) =
(Why?)
(1)
(2)
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
187
EXERCISE 8.2
1. Evaluate the following :
(ii) 2 tan2 45 + cos2 30 sin2 60
cos 45
sec 30 + cosec 30
(iv)
(v)
(i)
(ii)
2 tan 30
=
1 + tan 2 30
(A) sin 60
(B) cos 60
(C) tan 60
(D) sin 30
(B) 1
(C) sin 45
(D) 0
(B) 30
(C) 45
(D) 60
(B) sin 60
(C) tan 60
(D) sin 30
1 tan 2 45
=
1 + tan 2 45
(A)
tan 90
2 tan 30
=
1 tan 2 30
(A)
cos 60
3 and tan (A B) =
Fig. 8.21
188
MATHEMATICS
BC
AC
cos A =
AC
cosec A =
BC
AB
AC
AC
sec A =
AB
tan A =
BC
AB
AB
cot A =
BC
(1)
AB
,
AC
cos (90 A) =
BC
AB
, tan (90 A) =
AC
BC
(2)
AC ,
AC ,
BC
sec (90 A) =
cot (90 A) =
cosec (90 A) =
AB
BC
AB
Also,
So,
sin (90 A) =
AB
BC
= cos A and cos (90 A) =
= sin A
AC
AC
tan (90 A) =
AB
BC
= cot A , cot (90 A) =
= tan A
BC
AB
sec (90 A) =
AC
= cosec A ,
BC
cosec (90 A) =
AC
= sec A
AB
for all values of angle A lying between 0 and 90. Check whether this holds for
A = 0 or A = 90.
Note : tan 0 = 0 = cot 90, sec 0 = 1 = cosec 90 and sec 90, cosec 0, tan 90 and
cot 0 are not defined.
Now, let us consider some examples.