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w w w . i i fi i r . o r g
Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen 6-1, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
d
Department of Mechanical Power Engineering & Energy, Faculty of Engineering, El-Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
b
article info
abstract
Article history:
This paper presents the isothermal characteristics of methanol onto two specimens of
activated carbons namely Maxsorb III and Tsurumi activated charcoal. Dubinin Raduskevich
(D-R) equation is used to correlate the adsorption isotherms and to form the pressure
26 June 2009
show that the maximum adsorption capacity of Maxsorb III/methanol pair is 1.76 times that
Keywords:
charcoal/methanol pairs has been studied and compared with that of three other types of
Adsorption system
Methanol
Activated carbon
Experiment
Comparison
Adsorbent
1.
Introduction
* Corresponding author. Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen 6-1, Kasuga-shi,
Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
E-mail addresses: ielsharkawy@mans.edu.eg (I.I. El-Sharkawy), mpebbs@nus.edu.sg (B.B. Saha).
0140-7007/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2009.06.011
1580
1581
10
5
15
60
90
10
110
5
120
Fig. 2 Cross sectional view of the adsorber.
2.1.
Set-up
Fig. 1 shows the schematic layout of the experimental apparatus which composes an evaporator, an adsorber, stainless
steel connecting tubes with 3/8 in inner diameter and a set of
Swagelok fittings. The evaporator consists of a stainless steel
tube of 20 mm inner diameter connected with a glass tube of
4.8 mm inner diameter. Implementing the glass tube in
the evaporator makes it possible to detect the height of the
refrigerant prior and after each adsorption experiment. The
adsorber chamber is made from stainless steel with 120 mm
outer diameter and 90 mm height supported with circular fins
at its inner base. Fig. 2 shows the cross sectional view of the
adsorber. As can be seen from Fig. 2, the fin pitches are grooved
through the adsorber base to reduce the thermal resistance
between fins and the adsorber base. A fine mesh packed in
a stainless steel frame surrounded with a rubber o-ring is used
to stop the migration of the adsorbent particles during the
evacuation process. Moreover, a valve with a 2 mm mesh is also
fixed above the adsorber flange to stop the adsorbent particles
that could escape in-between the rubber o-ring and the
adsorber wall surface. The main advantages of the employed
adsorber are; (i) it is able to hold adsorbent particles having the
diameter in the order of few micrometers during the evacuation process, (ii) the circular fins in the adsorber enhance the
heat transfer rate between adsorbent bed and the heat transfer
fluid and thus significantly reduces the time required to reach
the equilibrium condition, and (iii) it provides a uniform
temperature distribution thorough the adsorbent bed.
The materials used in the present study are highly porous
activated carbon powder namely Maxsorb III supplied by Kansai
Coke and Chemicals Company Ltd., Japan with a stated surface
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
Ln(W)
Experimental section
-1.5
-2
-2.5
r2 = 0.9994
-3
-3.5
a
0
8 105
8 105
(Tln(PS/P))2
0
-0.5
-1
Ln(W)
2.
-1.5
-2
r2 = 0.9994
-2.5
-3
b
0
(Tln(PS
/P))2
1582
1.4
W0 [kg kg ]
D [K ]
1.24
0.705
4.022 106
3.012 106
Maxsorb III
Activated charcoal
Temperature,C
1
70
0.8
0.6
80
0.4
90
0.2
Instrumentation
a
1
16
11
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
Temperature,C
20
30
50
60
40
0.6
W[kg kg-1]
The instruments used in the present study are: (i) two water
circulators of type CTP3000 that could provide the set
temperature within 0.1 C discrepancy, (ii) two water baths
of type TBN302DA, which are used together with the water
circulators to control the temperatures of evaporator and
adsorber; along with (iii) a series of type K thermocouples with
an uncertainty of 0.2 C, (iv) a pirani vacuum gauge of type
PG-D5A, (v) a digital telescope of type NRM-D-2XZ having
a minimum resolution of 0.01 mm, (vi) a micro-balance of type
PR8002 with a minimum resolution of 0.01 g, (vi) an oven,
and (iv) a Keithtly 2700 type data acquisition system.
70
0.4
80
90
0.2
b
1
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
1.4
Tevap=5C
Tevap=10C
Tevap=15C
(D-R)-Equation
1.2
1
W [kg kg-1]
50
40
60
0.8
0.6
2.3.
0.4
0.2
0
15
a
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
0.6
W [kg kg-1]
30
2.2.
20
1.2
2
W[kg kg-1]
1
0.4
0.2
0
15
b
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Procedure
1583
Table 2 Comparison between predicated and measured adsorption equilibrium of the assorted adsorbent/refrigerant
pairs.
Maxsorb III
Activated charcoal
1
Evaporator
Adsorber
Adsorption equilibrium [kg kg ] Percentage Adsorption equilibrium [kg kg1] Percentage
temperature [ C] temperature [ C]
of error [%]
of error [%]
Exp.
Pre.
Exp.
Pre.
15
20
30
40
50
60
1.1620
1.0200
0.6553
0.3507
0.1540
1.2094
0.9889
0.6662
0.3624
0.1604
4.07
3.04
1.65
3.31
4.16
0.6685
0.5919
0.4380
0.2888
0.1492
0.6865
0.5850
0.4369
0.2804
0.1537
2.70
1.15
0.23
2.92
3.01
10
20
30
40
50
60
1.1438
0.8152
0.4818
0.2286
0.0908
1.1098
0.8022
0.4767
0.2310
0.0908
2.97
1.59
1.04
1.02
0.00
0.6500
0.5164
0.3375
0.1971
0.1002
0.6456
0.5074
0.3402
0.1988
0.0983
0.67
1.72
0.80
0.85
1.87
20
30
40
50
60
0.9493
0.5952
0.3229
0.1350
0.0443
0.9545
0.6109
0.3178
0.1317
0.0449
0.54
2.62
1.58
2.43
1.37
0.5873
0.4068
0.2586
0.1326
0.0601
0.5708
0.3948
0.2497
0.1294
0.0587
2.81
2.93
3.46
2.43
2.33
3.
60C
(1)
Temperature [C]
60
50C
50
40C
40
30
30C
20
20C
10
0
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time [min]
1.2
70
Temperature [C]
0.8
W[kg kg-1]
60C
60
0.6
0.4
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time [min]
Fig. 6 Equilibrium uptake versus time for Maxsorb III/
methanol and activated charcoal/methanol pairs at the
assorted evaporator temperatures.
30C
30
20C
20
b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Time [min]
0
0
40C
40
10
0.2
50C
50
180
1584
ln(W ) as shown in Fig. 3(a) and (b). The goodness of the D-R
equation fitting for both of the assorted pairs can be seen from
Fig. 3(a) and (b), where the values of r2 are found to be more
than 0.999. The numerical values of W0 and D for both of
Maxsorb III/methanol and activated charcoal/methanol pairs
are furnished in Table 1.
Fig. 4(a) shows the isobars of Maxsorb III/methanol pair at
three evaporator temperatures namely 5, 10 and 15 C those
are corresponding to the evaporator pressures of 5.5, 7.4 and
9.9 kPa, respectively. During conducting the experiments, the
adsorption temperature varies between 20 and 60 C. The
isobars of activated charcoal/methanol at the same operating
conditions are also presented in Fig. 4(b). It is clear from Fig. 4(a)
and (b) that there is a good agreement between the measured
adsorption isotherms and those predicted by using the D-R
0.5
0.3
0.1
Pc
Pc
ion
at
tur
1
0.01
Sa
10
Pe
2
Pressure [kPa]
Pressure [kPa]
0.7
100
0.9 0.7
1.1
100
1
-5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
0.01
3
0.6
b
-5
15
25
35
0.1
0.05
c
15
25
35
75
85
95
0.3
0.4
0.2
Pressure [kPa]
Pressure [kPa]
tu
65
0.2
io
rat
Pevap
-5
55
100
0.3
45
0.5 0.4
10
Temperature [C]
100
Sa
Pevap
Temperature [C]
Pc
10
95
45
55
65
75
85
Pc
10
0.1
0.05
Pevap
2
d
-5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
Temperature [C]
0.3
100
Pressure [kPa]
95
on
ati
tur
Sa
Temperature [C]
Sa
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
on
ati
tur
Pc
0.05
10
Pevap
3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
ion
rat
tu
Sa
Pc
0.5
0.6
e
-5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
Temperature [C]
Fig. 8 Pressuretemperatureconcentration (PTW ) diagrams of (a) Maxsorb III/methanol, (b) activated charcoal/methanol,
(c) LH/methanol, (d) DEG/methanol, and (e) AC-35/methanol pairs where the respective adsorption cooling cycle is
superimposed.
1585
Table 3 Adsorption uptake and cycle performance of the assorted adsorbents using methanol as a working fluid for airconditioning application where adsorption and evaporation temperatures are fixed at 30 and 7 8C, respectively.
Regeneration temperature [ C]
1
Maxsorb III
Activated charcoal
LH
DEG
AC-35
60
Wmax [kJ kg ]
Wmin [kJ kg1]
SCE [kJ kg1]
COP []
0.688
0.544
164
0.63
0.453
0.380
83
0.56
0.355
0.301
61.2
0.51
0.266
0.236
33
0.40
0.284
0.262
24
0.323
70
0.688
0.287
457
0.76
0.453
0.236
248
0.72
0.355
0.206
170
0.68
0.266
0.180
97
0.58
0.284
0.211
83
0.544
80
0.688
0.127
640
0.78
0.453
0.128
371
0.76
0.355
0.137
249
0.72
0.266
0.135
149
0.63
0.284
0.211
144
0.62
90
0.688
0.047
731
0.79
0.453
0.061
448
0.77
0.355
0.890
304
0.73
0.266
0.100
189
0.65
0.284
0.110
199
0.657
Table 4 Adsorption uptake and cycle performance of the assorted adsorbents using methanol as a working fluid for icemaking application; adsorption and evaporation temperatures are 30 and L5 8C, respectively.
Regeneration temperature [ C]
1
Maxsorb III
Activated charcoal
LH
DEG
AC-35
80
Wmax [kJ kg ]
Wmin [kJ kg1]
SCE [kJ kg1]
COP []
0.247
0.127
137
0.60
0.211
0.128
94
0.54
0.190
0.137
61
0.45
0.171
0.135
40
0.36
0.200
0.158
48
0.39
90
0.247
0.047
228
0.67
0.211
0.061
170
0.64
0.190
0.090
116
0.56
0.171
0.100
81
0.48
0.200
0.110
103
0.53
100
0.247
0.015
265
0.68
0.211
0.026
211
0.66
0.190
0.057
153
0.59
0.171
0.072
112
0.53
0.200
0.071
147
0.58
110
0.247
0.004
277
0.67
0.211
0.010
229
0.66
0.190
0.035
177
0.60
0.171
0.052
135
0.55
0.200
0.043
179
0.60
1586
4.
Conclusions
references