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Functions:
- Produce body movements
- Stabilize body Positions
- Regulate organ volume
*Sphincter muscles surround hollow organ (eg.stomach)
*Esophageal Sphincter closes organ when relaxed; opens on the verge of vomiting
- Move substances within the body
*Peristalsis moves substance from one part to another through smooth muscles
- Heat production through contraction
Properties:
- Electrical excitability produce impulse
- Contractility
- Extensibility expand w/o breaking
- Elasticity
Types:
1. Skeletal/striated muscles
Attach to bones (muscles of limbs & body wall)
Elongated/filamentous, cylindrical in shape (muscle fibers)
Voluntary action
Innervation Somatic division of the PNS
Microscopic Anatomy:
Multiple Nuclei located beneath the sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber enclosed by the sarcolemma;
contain abundant glycogen
T-tubules (transverse tubules) invagination of the sarcolemma towards the
cytoplasm of the muscle fibers; filled with extracellular fluid; Passageway for muscle
action potential
Myofibrils threadlike structure that transverse the sarcoplasm
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fluid filled sacs that encircles each myofibrils
*Relaxed muscle fiber SR stores calcium ions
Muscle Contraction calcium ions are released from the SR
Filaments/myofilaments smaller threadlike structures within the myofibrils
Two types:
Thick filaments
Contractile protein- myosin
Thin filaments
Contractile protein actin
Regulatory proteins troponin & tropomyosin
Sarcomere the basic functional unit of a muscle fiber
Skeletal Muscle Physiology
The sliding filament mechanism of Muscle contraction
Neural Connections
Motor Neurons nerve cells that supply the needed stimulation for muscle cells to
contract
Neuromuscular junction(Myoneural Junction) crossroad between neuron and
muscle
- The site where motor nerve endings meet with a muscle fiber
- The site for stimulation of muscle fibers that leads to the formation of
an action potential.
Cellular Events during Contraction
Nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine is released, and bind to receptors in the sarcolemma
The sarcolemma is depolarized generating an action potential
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Heart wall
Hollow organs
Long, cylindrical
Long, branching
Long, tapered
Multiple; Periphery
Multiple; Central
Single; central
Absent
Present
Absent
Striations
Action
Present
Present
Absent
Voluntary
Involuntary
Voluntary