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Nasir Hussain
Production and Operations
Engineer
PARCO Oil Refinery
Introduction
Basic Principle
Reaction Type
Removal/addition of heat
Phases involve
Residence time
Reaction Types
A + B = AB
Chemical Decomposition or
Analysis Reaction
AB = A + B
Reaction Types
A + BC = AC + B
Metathesis or Double
Displacement Reaction
AB + CD = CB
Reaction Rate
Endothermic/Exothermic Reactions
S > 0
H < 0
Reaction Rate
Concentration
Temperature
Pressure
Catalyst
Modeling Principle:
Basic
Reactor Element
Material Balances
Material Balances
Mass
Transfer
Is the phrase
commonly
used in
engineering for physical processes that
involve molecular and convective
transport of atoms and molecules within
physical system.
Transfer of mass from high concentration
to low concentration.
Heat Transfer
jacket,
internal coils,
Reactor Types
1.
Mode of operation
2.
3.
No of Phases
4.
A catalyst is used
Classification by Mode of
Operation
Batch Reactors
Continuous reactors
Semi-batch reactors
Batch Reactor
Batch Reactors
Reactor
Batch
Continuous Reactors
Continuous Reactors
CSTR
CSTR
CSTR
CSTR Applications
Advantages/Disadvantages of
Good temperature
CSTR control is easily
maintained
Cheap to construct
Disadvantage:
Polymerization Reactors
Bio-reactors
Electrochemical Reactors
Polymerization Reactors
Bio Reactors
Electrochemical reactors
Classification by Phase
Classification by phase
Classification by Phase
CATALYSIS
CATALYSIS
Principles of
Catalysis:
Typical mechanism:
A + C AC (1)
B + AC ABC (2)
Catalysis and
reaction energetic.
What is Phase?
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Homogeneou
the catalystsin the
Heterogeneou
s
Involves the use of a
catalyst in a different phase
from the reactants.
How the
heterogeneous catalyst
works?
Adsorption
Active Sites
Desorption
Adsorption
Is where something
sticks to a surface.
Active Sites
Desorption
Kinds of Catalyst
Strong Acids
Base Catalysis
Strong Acids
Base Catalysis
Metal Oxides
Transition-metal
Organometallic Catalysts
More effective
hydrogenation than are
metals such as platinum.
Multitubular reactors
Fluidized beds
Fixed Bed
Spray Tower
Two-Phase Flow
Multitubular reactors
Fluidized Bed
Fixed Bed
SPRAY TOWER
1.Cocurrent Flow
-are smaller than countercurrent-flow
spray towers
2.Crosscurrent Flow
- the gas and liquid flow in directions
perpendicular to each other.
Two-Phase Flow
gas-solid mixture
gas-liquid mixture
liquid-solid mixture
two-immiscible-liquids mixture
Diesel Hydrotreator
reactor
Hydrotreating