SOCIETY OF FETROLEUM ENGINEERS CF AIME

=ER

6200 North C,?ntralExpressway

Dallas, Texac K206

SPE

4629

THIS IS A PREPRINT --- SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

Decl

ine

Curve

Analysis

Using

Type

Curves

By

M. J. Fetkovich, Member AIME, Phillips Petroleum Co.

@ Copyright 1973
American Institute
of Mining,Metallurgical,
and PetroleumEngineers,Inc.

This paper was prepared for the 48th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum
Engineers of AIME, to be held in Las Vegasj Nev,j Sept. 30-Ott. 3, 1973. Permission to copy is
restricted to an abstract of not more tham 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The
abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented.
Publicat.icnelsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF
PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate
journal prcvijed agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is izv5ted. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the
Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and,
with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.
ABSTRACT

curve matching is demonstrated.

This Faper shows that the decline-curve

analysis approa~h does have a solid fundamental
basis. The exFonent.ialdecline is shown to
be a longtime soluticm of the constant-pressure
caie. The constant-pressureinfinite and
finite reservcir solutions are placed on a
common dimensionless curve with all the standard
empirical expmential, hyperbolic, arid
harmoni> decline-curve equations. Simple combinations of material balance equations and
new forms of oil well rate equaticms fo:
solution-gas drive reservoirs illustrate under
what circumstances speoifis values of the
hyperbolic de:line exponent (l/b) or b should
result.

This paper demonstrates that decline-curve

analysis not only has a solid fundamental base,
but provides a tool with more diagnostic power
than has previously been suspected. The type
curve approach provides unique eolutions upon
whish engineers can agree, or shows when a
unique solution is not pssible with a type
curve only.
INTRODUCTION

Fiate-timedecline-curve extrapolation is
one of the oldest and most often used tools
of the petroleum engineer. The various methods
used have always been regarded as strictly
empirical and not very scientific. Results
obtained
for a well or lease are subject to a
kg-log type curve analysis can be perwide
range
of alternate interpretations,mostly
formed Gn declining rate data (constant-terminal
as
a
function
of the experience and objectives
pressure case) completely analogous to the logof the evaluator. Recent efforts in the area
log type curve matching procedure presently
of decline-curve analysis have been directed
teing employed with constant-rate case pressure
towards a ~urely computerized statistical
transient data. Production forecasting is done
approach. Its basic objective being to arrive
by extending a line drawn through the rate-time
at a unique unbiased interpretation. AS
data cverlain along the uniquely matched or best
pointed out in a com rehensive review of the
theoretical type curve. Future rates are then
literature by R2msa , in the period from
simply read from the real time scale on which
1964 to date, (1968!?, several additional papers
the rate-time data is plotted. The ability
were
published which contribute to the underto calzulate kh from decline-curve dzta by tyFe
standing of decline-curves but addlitt.lenew
.-.eferen:es
and illustrations at end o? yapr,

JIECL.INE
CURVE ANALYSIS USI

SPE 4%

TYPE
CURVES

nd for b = 1, referred tc as harmonic decline,

e have

technology.
A new direction for decline-curve analysis
was given by Slider2 with his development of an
overlay method to analyze rate-time data.
Because his method was rapid and easily apFlied,
it was used extensively by Ikunsayin his evaluation of some 200 wells to determine the distribution o the decline-curve exponent term b.
GentryIsJ Fig. 1 displaying the Arps4 exponential, hyperbolic, and harmonic solutions all
on one curve could also be used as an overlay
to match all of a wells decline data. He did
not, however, illustrate this in his example
application of the zurve.
The overlay method of SMder is similar in
principal to the log-log tyFe zurve matching
procedure presently being employed to analyze
constant-rata Fressure build-up and drawdown
data 5-$. The exponential decline, often used
in decliae-curve analysis, can be readily
shown to be a long-time solution of the
It followed then
constant-pressure zase10-13
that a log-lo~pe
curve matching procedure
could be develcFed to analyze decline-zurve
data.

This pap?r demonstrates that both the

analytical 3onstant-pressure infinite (early
transient pericd for finite systems) and finite
reservoir solutions ~an be placed on a common
dimensionless log-log type curve with all the
standard empirical exponential, hyperbolic,
and ha~monic decline curve equations developed
by Arps. Simple combinations of material
balance equations and new forms of oil well ratt
equations from the recent work of Fatkovich~
illustrate under what circumstances specific
values of the hyperbolic decline expnent b
should result in dissolved-gas drive reservoirs
Log-log type curve analysis is then Ferformed
using these curves with declining rate data
completely analogous to the log-log type curve
natcliingprocedure presently being employed
with constant-rate case pressure transient data

(3)

y=.

[l+;it]

A unit solution (Di = 1) of Eq. 1 was

eveloped for values of b between O and 1
n 0.1 increments. The results are lotted as
set of log-log type curves (Fig. 17 in t~~s
f a decline-curve dimensionless rate
ES&l

Dd

Nearly all conventional decline-curve

analysis is based on the empirical rate-time
3quations qi.venby Arps4 as

For b = 0, we aan obtain the exponential declin

aa.uationfrom E@. 1

(k)

nd a decline-curve dimensionless time

Od

=Dit

(5)

From Fig. 1 we see that when all the basic

lecline-curvesand normal ranges of b are
Iisplayedon a single graph, all cur~es coincide
=0.3.
Any
md become indistinguishable at t
Iata existing prior to a t,~dof O.
9 till ,&P~T
;O be an exponential decline regardless of the
;rue value of b and thus plot as a straight lin<
)n semi-log paper. A statistical or leastSquaresapproach could calculate any valus of
J between O and 1.
\NALYTICALSOLUTIONS (CONSTANT-PiiSSURE
AT
[NNER BOUNDARY)
Constant well pressure solutions to predizieclining production rates with time were first
pklished in 1933 b l;iore,Schilthui.sand
{u::stlO,and HurstlI . fiesultswere pssented
fcr infinite and finite, slightly compressible,
~in.gle-phase
plane radial flow systems. The
rf2SUltS
were presented in graphical fcrm in
Lerms of a dimensionless flow rate and a
ji,mensionless
time. The dimensionless flow rat
~D ,?anbe ex~ressed as

t =
D

0.00634 kt

(2)

. (7)

!J~~trw2

The original publication did not inulude

tabular values of q and t . For use in this
paper infinite SOIU??
ion va ues were obtained
from Ref. 15, while the finite values were
obtained from Ref. 16. The infinite solution,
and finite solutions for r /r from 10 to
ant!~-b.
100,000, are Tlot.tedon
Fif$~.w2-a

D:t

and the dimensionless time tu as

AIISl RATE-TIWW4U
ATIONS

%++&+&v()

BASIC EQUATIONS

4JLJ_

M. J. FEI

,PEf+629

Most engineers utilize the constantpressure solutionnot in a single constaRtFressure problem but as a series of constantIressure step functions to solve water influx
prcblems using the dimensionless cumulative
production Q~ (13). The relationship between
{Q~ and qD is
d(QD)

(8)

=QD
dtfi

In terms of the empirical exponential

~ec~ne-curvej Eq. 2, Di is then defined as

D: ==
A

k@w.

(U)

pi

In terms cf a dimensionless time for

iecline-curve analysis we have from Eqs. 5 and
15

~=[:-lt

Fetkcvich7 Fresented a simplified approacl

to water influx calculations for finite systems
Defining N
that gave results whi,>hcompared favorably
variables,pi an: qi)- n em
f eservoir
with the more rigorous analytical sonstantpressure solutions. Equation 3 of his Fa~er,
Tl(rrw2) @ ct h pi
. . (17)
e
~or a constant-pressure pwf, can be written as
N
5.615 B
pi =

Jo (pi - Pwf)
q(t)

(9)

=
e

[[T .

t.

(pi - pwf)

(A)=
=imax
.

(10)

and
khpi
IJJ*3AJ3

but
qi =Jo

(18)

.*
~nb
[() rw

-- 1
2

The decline-curve dimensionless the,

of reservoir variables, becomes

in terms

0.00634 kt

@ B ct rw2

Substituting I@. 11 into 10 we zan writs

J.

(19)

Now substituting Eq. 10 and 12 into 9 we obtain

qit

Pwf
l-
01

Pi

NPi
* (13)

Equation 13 can be considered as a derivation of the expmential decline equation in

terms of reservoir variables and the constant~ressure imposed on the well. For the same
well, different values of a single constant
oack-pressure p f will always result in an
exponential decfine i.e., the level of backpressure does not change the type of decline.
For p f= O, a more realistic assumption for
a wel!fon true wide-open decline, we have

~=;[(q(p]t
q,

,U)

..**

(20)

To obtain a decline-curve dimensionless

rate qw in terms of q~

SPE L625

DECIJNE CURVE ANALYSIS USING TYPE CURVES

The published values of qD and tD for the

infinite and finite constant-pressure so~utions
were thus transformed into a decline-curve
dimensionless rate and time, q
using Eqs. 20 and 21. Fig. 3 @ :;l:?%f
the newly defined dimensionless rate and time,
qm and tm, for various values of re/rw.
AL the onset of depletion, (a type of
pseudo-steady state) all solutions for various
values of re/rw develop exponential decline
and converge to a single curve. Figure 4 is
a combination of the constant-pressure
analytical solutions and the standard empirical exponential, hyperbolic, and harmonic
decline-curve solutions on a single dimensionless curve. The exponential decline is
common to both the analytical and empirical
solutions. Note from the som~site curve
that rats data existing only in the transient
period of the constant terminal pressure
solution, if analyzed by the em@rical ArPs
approach, would require values of b much
greater than 1 to fit the data.

(l/b) in terms of the back pressure curve

slope (n) and to study its range of expected
values. Also, the initial decline rate Di
can be expressed in terms of reservoir
variables. One further simplificationlsed
in the derivations is that pwf = O. For a
well on decline, pwf will USUallY be ~intained
at or near zero to maintain maximum flow Pates.
Equation 23 then becomes

The form of Eqs. 23 and 23A could also

be used to represent gas well behavior with
a pressure dependent interwell permeability
effect defined by the~R/FW).
lhe
standard form of the gas well rate equation
is usually given as

i% =

SOLUTIONS FROM RATE AND MATERIALBA

LANCE
EQUAIIONS
he method of combining a rate equation
and material balance equation for finite
systems to obtain a rate-time equation was
outlined in Ref. 17. The rate-time equation
obtained using this simple approach, which
neglects early transient effects, yielded
surprisingly good results when compared to
those obtained using more rigorous analytical
solutions for finite aquifer systems. This
rate-equation material-balance approach was
used to derive some useful and instructive
decline-curve equations for solution-gas drive
resewoirs and gas reservoirs.

Cg

(j5R2-pwf2)n

. (24)

MATERIAL EAL!NCE OQUATIO.;

Two basic forms of a material balan$e
equation are investigated in this study~
p~ is linear with N or G , and ~..2is linear
w~th N or Gp (See Figs.p5a and ~). The
linearp~R relationship for oi2 is

I and for gas

RATE IJJUATIONS
Until recently, no simple form of a rate
equation existed for solution-gas drive reservoir shutin pressure. Fetkovich~ has
proposed a simple empirical rate equation for
solution-gas drive reservoirs that yields
results which compare favorably with computer
results obtained using two-phase flow theory.
The proposed rate equation was given as

q.

J?

ij

()

(~R2 -pwf2)n

(23)

Equation 25 is a good apFroXhnation for

totally undersaturated oil reservoirs, or
is simply assuming that durinR the decline
vs. N can be approximated by
12!@@% line.p For gas reservoirs, Eq. 26
a straigh
is oorrect for the assumption of gas compressibility (Z) =1.
In terms of j5R2being linear with cumulative production, we would have

Ki

where n will be assumed to lie between 0.5 and

1.0.
Although the above equation has not been
verified by field results, it offers the
opportunity t.odeflna t,hedeeljw expnqn{.

~R2=-

kLi2
N
() Pi

NF+~Ri2

(27)

I%isform of equation results in the typical

shape of the pressure (~ ) VS. cumul-ative
~roductfon (Np) relaticn%ip of a s@lutfon-Fas

M. J. FE! )VICH

3PE 4629

drive reservoir as depicted in Fig. 5-b.

Applications would be more appropriate in nonpmrated fields, i.e., wells are produced wideopen and go on decline from initial production.
This would more likely be the case for much 18
of the decline-curve data analyzed by Cutler
obtained in the early years of the oil induetry
before proration.
RATE-TIME EQUATIONS, OIL WELLS
Rate-time equations using various combinations of material balance and rate equations
were derived as outlined in Appendix B of Ref.
17. Using Eq. 23A and @. 25 the res~ting
rate-time equation is
Clo(t)

= [+J+,1%

(y

exponent (l/b) is 2.0 and 3.0 m b = o.5~ ad

0.333 respectively. This range of bE values
fits Arpsl ftidings using Cutlorls declinecurve data. He found that over 70 percent
of the values of b~ lie in the range
Ramsay found a different
O~b ~0.5.
distribution of the value of b analyzing
modern rate decline data from some 202 leases.
His distribution may be more a function of
analyzing wells that have been subject to
proration and are better represented by the
assumptions underlying the rate-time solution
given by Eq. 28, i.e.,
ver the decline period% s pWas linear
DECLINE-CURVE ANALYSIS OF GAS WELLS
Decline-curve analysis of rate-time data
obtained from gas walls has been reported in
only afewinstances19S
20. Using Eq. 24
with ~wf =0, and Eq. 26, the rate-time
equation for a gas well is
1

C@)
A unit solution, (qoi/N .) = 1, ofEq. 28
is plotted as a log-log
ty~ curve for
various values of n, Fig. 6, in terms of the
(For
deel.ine-curvedimensionless lttie t
=0, q .%(q .)
.
these de~ivations with p
For the limiting range o~fback-pr%ure %%?
sloFes (n) of 0.5 and 1.0, the Arps empirical
decline-curve exponent (l/b) is 2.0 and 1.5
respectively or b =0.500 and 0.667
a surprisingly narl;owrange.
respectively
To achieve an~pnential
decline, n must
be equal to zero, and a harmonic decltne
In Fractical applications,
requires n+-.
if we assume an n of 1.0 dominates in solutiongas (dissolved-gas)drive reservoirs and ~
vs. N is l%near for non-uniquely defined
rate-?ime data, we would simply fit the ratetime data to the n = 1.0 curve. On the Arpsj
solution type curves, Fig. 1, we would use
(l/b) =20rb
=0.667.
The rate-time equatior obtained using
Aq. 23A and Eq. 27 is
qo(t)

(29)

oi
p(~)t+r
The unit solution of Eq. 29 is plotted
as a log-log type curve for various values
of n, Fig. 7. This solution results in a
complete reversal from that of the previous
one, n =0 yields the harmonic decline and
n + .W gives the exponential decline. For
the limiting range of back-Fressure curve
slopes (n) of 0.$ and 1.0, the decline-surve

(3C)

for all back-pressure zurve slcFes wh~re

n > 0.5.
For n = 0.5, the exponen~ial decline is
obtained

()*t
q~

C&)

.e

..0.

(31)

gi
The unit solutions of Eqs. 30 and 31 are
plctted as a log-log type curve cn Fig. 8. For
the limiting range of back-Fressure curve
slopes (n) of 0.5 and l.oj the AW
declinecurve expment (l/b) is 00 and 2, or b = O
(exponential) and 0.500 respectively.
The effect of back-pressure on a gas well
is demonstrated for a back-prassure curve
slope n =1.0 on Fig. 9. The back-pressure
is expressed as a ratio of Pwf/Fi* Note that
as pwf -+, p. (Ap+O) the type curva approaches
exymentlalldecline,the liquid case solution.
Whereas back-prsssure does not change the type
of decline for tha liquid-case solution it
does change tha type of decline in this case.
Using the more familiar rate and material
balance equations for gas wells, we can obtain
the cumulative-time relationship 5;integrating
the rate-ttie equations 30 and 31 with
Gp=

/t
o

qg(t)dt

(32)

DECLINE CURVE ANALYSI USING TYPE CURVES

For n > 0.5 we oktain

&

[1 + (2n-1)

SPE 4629

common point on both sheets are recorded.

+t]e
()

&,..

:-

(33;

and n = 0.5

Lag-1og type curves of Eqs. 33 and 34 couk

be prepared for convenience in obtaining
cumulative production.

Recent papers by Agarwal, et.al.5, E#mey6,

Raghavan, et.al.7 and GringartenS et.al. ~
have demonstrated or discussed the application
and usefulness of a type-curve matching
pror.edureto interpret constant-rate pressure
bu~ld-up and drawdown data. van Poolen21
demonstrated the application of the typec.urveprocedure in analyzing flow-rate datz
obtained from an oil well producing with a
constant pressure at the well bore. All of his
data, hcwever, were in the early transient
period. No depletion was evident in his
examples. This same type-curve matching
procedure can be used for decline-curve
-malysis.
The basic steps used in type-curve matchin~
declining rate-time data is as follows:
1. Plot the actual rate versus time data
in any convenient units on log-log tracing
paper of the same size cycle as the type curve
to bs used. (For convenience all type curves
should be plotted on the same log-log scale so
that various solutions can be tried.)
2. The tracing paper data curve is
placed over a tyFe curve, the coordinate axes
of the two curves being kept parallel and
shifted to a position which represents the
best fit of the data to a type curve. More
than one of the type curves presented in this
paper may have to be tried to obtain a best
fit of all the data.
3. Draw a line through and extending
beyond the rate-time data overlain along the
uniquely matched type curve. Future rates are
then simply read from the real-time scale on
which the rate data is plotted.

5* lf none of the type curves will.

reasonably fit all the data, the departure
curve method 15$ 22 should be attempted.
This method assumes that the data is a composite of two or more different declinecurves. After a match of the late time data
has been made, the matched curve is extra@lated backwards in time and the departure,
or difference, between the actual rates and
rates detemi.ned from the extrapolated curve
at coi-respondingtimes is replotted on the
same log-log scale. An attempt is then made
to match the departure curve with one of the
type curves. (At all times some consideration
of the type of reservoir producing meck~tism
should be considered.) Future predictions
should then be made as the sum of the rates
determined from the two (or more if needed)
e:krapolated curves.
TYPE CURVE MATCHING EXAMPLES
Several,examples will be presented to
illustrate the method of using type curve
matching to analyze typical declining ratetime data. The type curve approach jmwides
unique solutions upon which engineers xm
agree, or shows when a unique solution is not
possible with a type curve only. In the event
of a non-unique solution, a most probable
solution can be obtained if the pIOdUCi.ng
mechanism is known or indica~ed.
,ARPSHYPKRBOLJC DECLINi EXAMPLE
Fig. 10 illustrates a type curve match
of Arpsl example of hyperbolic decline4.
Every single data point falls on the b =0.5
type curve. This match was found to be unique
in that the data would not fit any other value
of b. Future producing rates can be read
directly from the real-time scale on which
the data is plotted. Ifwe wish to determine
q. and D.. use the match mints indicated on

Ftg. 10 *: follows
qm

=0.33

qi =

Dd

4. To evaluate decline-curve constants

or reservoir variables, a matoh point is
se~ezted anywhere on the over?.app?ng~rt$on
of the curves and the coordir,atesof this

@=
~
j

1000 BOPIVI
=
0.G33

=12.0

.Di=

1000BO~
%
30,303 BOPM

= Dit = Di 100MO.

~=
100 Mo

0.12 MO.-l

The data could have also been matched

ustng the ty~s ~urves on Pigs. 6 and 7. h
both cases the mat~h would have oeen obtained
with a back-pressure curve slcFe n = G.5 which

5PE 4629

M. J. FETKOVICH

the ex~nential interpret.ationgives a total

life of 285 MONTHS, the harmonic ll@ MONTHS.
his points out yet a further advantage of
the type curve approach, all pssible alternate
pi
interpretations zan be conveniently placed on
one
curve and forecasts made from them. A
The fact that this example was for a lease,
statistical analysis would of course yiald a
a group of wells, and not an individual well
single answer, but it would not necessarily be
raises an imprttint question. Should there be
the correct or most probable solution. Cona difference in results between analyzing eazh
sidering the various producing mechanisms we
well individually and summing the results,
~ou>d select.
or simply adding all wells production and
analyzing the total lease production rate?
a) b = O, (exponential), if the reservoir is
Consider a lease or field with fairly unifomn
lib!:
or
n
is
similar
for
highly undersaturated.
reservoir properties,
eazh well, and all wells have been cn deckine
b) b = O, (exponential),gravity drainage with
at a similar terminal wellbore pressurey Fwf~
no free surface28.
for a sufficient period of time to reach FSeUdCc) b = 0.5 gravity drainage with a free
steady state. According td Matthews et.al.23
Iiat(Fseudo) steady state the drainage volumes
surface58.
in a bounded reservoir are proportional to the
d) b = 0.667, solution-gas drive reservoir,
rates of withdrawal from each drainage volume.
(n=l.O) if~Rvs.
Npis linear.
It follows then that the ratio q./N . will
e) b = 0.333, solution-gas drive reservoir,
be identical for each well and th$isthe sum of
(n=l.0) if~k2 vs. Npis approximately
the results from each well will give the same
linear.
results as analyzing the total lease or field
production rate. Some rather dramatic illusFRACTURED WiLL EXAMPLE
trations of how rapidly a readjustment in
drainage volumes can take place by changing
Fig. 12 is an example of type surve
the production rate of an offset well or
matching
for a well with declining rate data
drilling an offset well is illustrated in a
available
both before and after stimulation.
Similar drainage volume
paper by Marsha.
(The data was obtained from Ref. 1.) This
readjustments in gas reservoirs have also been
type problem usually presents some difficulties
demonstrated by Stewart25.
in analysis. Both before and after frac. loglog plots are shown on Fig. 12 with the after
For the case where some wells are in
frac. data reinitialized in time. These before
different portions of a field separated by a
and after log-log plots will exactly overlay
fault or a drastic permeability change,
each other indicating that the value of b
readjustment of drainage volumes proportional

did
not than e for the well after the fracture
to rate cannot take place among all wells. The
ratio ./N . may thenbe different for different treatment. tThe before frac. plot can be
considered as a type curve itself and the
group %#f hlls. A total lease or field
after
frac. data overlayed and matched on it.)
production analysis would then give different
results than summing the results from individual Thus all the data were used in an attempt
to de~e
b. When a match is attempted on the
well analysis. A stilar situation can also
Arps
unit
solution
type curves, it was found
exist for production from stratified reservoirs
that a b of between ~.6 and 1.0 could fit
26, 27, (no-cw~~flow)o
the data. Assuming a solution-gas drive, a
match of the data was made on the Fig. 6
ARPS EXK)NENTIAL DECLINE EXAMPLE
type curve with n = 1.0, b = 0.667.
Fig. 11 shows the results of a type curve
Using the match Feints for the before
analysis of Arpsl example of a well with an
frac.
data we have from the rate match mint,
apparent exponential decline. In this case,
there is not sufficient data to uniquely
1000 BOPM
establish a value of b. The data essentially
qw 0.2.43 = w=
qoi
fall in the region cf the type curves where all
qoi
curves coincide with the expnmtial solution.
As shown on Fig. 11 a value ofb =0,
1000 BOPM
= 4115 BOPM
qo~ =
1.0 (harmonic) appear to
(~pnential) orb=
243
fit the data equally well. (Of course all
values in between would also fit the data.)
From the time match point,
The difference in forecasted results from the
two ewtreme interpretationswould be great in
qoi
t =
= 0.60 =
0+115 BOPM)(1OO MO
%
later years. For an economic limit of 20 BOP?4,
r
N
pi
pi
5.sequivalent to b = 0.5. Match pints
determined from these curves could have been
;sed to zalculate~ and ~/Npi and finally

()

f4115 BOPM) (1OC MO.)

0.60

pi =

685,833 BBL

then
q
~=

4115 BOPM
685,833

N ...4

=0.134

.
Oi

qoi

100C BOPM
0.134

1000 BOPM
qoi

Dd

pi

q.

~ .m6W(loo

+
() pi

MG.~
pi

= (7463 BOPM) (loo MOJ

1.13

= 660,4.42BBL

then
q oi

=
N
pi

..-.

.,--,

---

7463 BOPM
= .011300 MC.-l
660,w2 BBL

We can now zheck the two limiting conditions to be Considered following an inzrease
in rate after a well stimulation. They are:
1. Did we simply obtain an acceleration
of production, the well~ reserves remaining
the same?
Did the reserves hcrease h direzt
proportion to the increase in producing rate
as a resu t of a radius of drainage readjustment 3 ? BefGre treatment, N . was fOUnd
to be 685,833 BBL. Cumulative F~%duction
determined from the i-atedata prior to stimulation was 223,500 BBL. N
then at the
time of the fracture treatm~i%tis
pi

=685,833 EBL-

pi =

J&J 130PM
-1
.006000 MO.

= 1,243,833 BBL

Actual in~rease in reserves as a.rssult

ofthe fracture treatment a~pea,rsto lie
between ths two extremes. Based on the
msthod of al,alysisused, the astual increase
in reserves attributable to the fracture treatment is 198,109 BBL, (660,442 BBL - 462,333 BBL;

This example illustrates a method of

analyz5ng decline-curve data foi-a layered
(no-crossflow) or stratified reservoir using
type ~urvese The Qata is taken from i@f. 18
and is for the East Side Colinga Field.
Ambrose2? presented a cross seztion of the fiel~
showing an upper and lower oil sand se~arated
by a continuous blazk shale. This layered
description for the field along with the
predictive equation for stratified reservoir
presented in Zef. 29 led to the idea of using
the departure curve method (differencing)to
analyzed dezlint?-curvedata.
27
After Russell and Prats
the production
rate of a well (or field) at p;eudo-steady
state producing a single phase liquid at
the same constant wellbore pressure, (Fwf = O
for simplicity), from two stratified layers is

J%
qT(t) = qi~

~Npi 1

() t

-qi

t
+-qi2e

pi 2

.(35)

o.016J_42MO.-l

Actual (qoi/Npi) after treatment was 0.011300

MO.-l.

qT(t) =ql

(t) +q2

(t)

(36)

The total production from both layers then

is simply the sum of two separate forecasts.
Except for the special case of the ratio
q /N ~ being equal for Loth layers, the sum
o}tio expnentials will not in general result
223,500 BBL =462,333 i3BI in another exponential.

If only accelerated pradution was obtained and

after
the reserve remained the same, q~
F
pi
the fracture treatment should have been
7&63 BOFM
f+62,333BBL

proprtion to the flow-rate, the ratio qoi/Kpi

should have remained the sane as that
obtained prior to treatment or 0.006000 MO.-l.
This then would have indicated an N
of
pi

2.

+Ws

STRATIFIED rSiRVOIR EXAMll&

7463 BOPM

From the time matsh pint

.1*13

= .006000 M0.-1

Now usin~ the match points for the after

frac. data we have from the rate match Pint,
q~

------

If the resarves increased in direct

In attempting to match the rate-ttie data

to.a type curve, it was found that the late
time data can be matched to the exponential
(b =0) type ourve. Fig. 13 shows this matcki
of the late the data designated as layer 1.
With this match, the curve was extrapolated
backwards in time and the departure, or
difference, between the actual rates determined
from the ext~apolated curve was replotted on
the same log-log scale. See TAB~ 1 for a

summary of the departure curve results. The

difference or first departure curve, layer
2, itself resulted in a unique fit of the
exponential type curve, thus satisfying Eq. 35
which can now be used to forecast the future
production. Using the match points indioated
on Fig. 13 to evaluate qi and Di for each
layer the predictive equation becomes

qT(t)

= 58,824 BOPY e
50sGOOBO~

This interpretation is not claimed to be

the only interpretation pX3sib16 for this S3t
of data. A match with b =0.2 can be obtained
fitting nearly all of the data points but can
not be explained by any of the drive mechanisms
so far discussed. The layered concept fits
the geologis description and also offered the
opportunity todemonstrate the departure curve
method. The deFarture curve method essentially
places an infinite amount of combinations of
type curves at the disposal of the engineer
with which to evaluate rate-time data.
EFFECT OF A CHANGE IN BACK-PRESSURE
The effe~t of a change in back-pressure
is best illustrated by a hypothetical single
well problem. The reservoir variables and
conditions used for this example are given
illTable 2. The analytical single-phase
liquid solution of Fig. 3 is used to illustrate a simple graphical forecasting superposition procedure. The inverse procidure,
the departure or differencing method can be
used to analyze decline-curve data affected
by bask-pressura changes.
After Hurst12, suparpsition for the
constant-pressurecase for a simple single
pressure change can be expressed by

In
[

($)

-$]

M(t~l

kh (Pwfl - Pwf2)
103(~)[n(~)-~]

~(tod-~~)

..*

(37)

Up tc the time of the pressure zhange

pwf2 at t~l the well production is S~PIY
he q fore-t
ql - depicted on Fig. U.
as a function of time is simply kde by
evaluating a single set of match points using
the reservoir variables given in Table 2.
At Pwfi and re/r
w =100
t=lDAY;

t
=0.006967
Dd

ql(t) = 697 BOpD; q~

= 2.02

Plot the rate 697 BOPD and time of 1 day

on log-log tracing paper on the same size
cycle as Fig. 3. Locate the real-time
points over the dimensionless time pints on
Fig. 3 and draw in the re/r~ curve of 100 on
the tracing paper. Read flow rates as a
function of time directly from the real time
scale.
When a change in pressure is l~de to pwf2
at tl, t equal zero for the accompanying
zhange in rate q29 (really a Aq for superpostion)j this rate change retraces the qm
vs. t~ curve and is simply a constant fraction
of ql
q2

=ql
[

Pwfl - pwf2
Pi - ~wfl

- 1 day after the rate change is

::U:? :; t
q2 = 697 BOPD

(pi - Pwfl)

141.3(@)

.*.*.

e - (O*535)t

Higgins and Le~htenberg30 named the sum

of two expnentials the double semilog. They
reasoned that the degree of fit of empirieal
data to an equation increases with the number
of constants.

kh

or

- (o.2oo)t +

where t is in years.

q (t) =

M. J. FETKOVICH

SPE L629

1000 psi
Psi - 1000
50 Psi psi = 221 BOPD
4000

The total rate qT after the pressure

shange is q = ql + q2 as depicted in Fig* M*
All rates o T flow for this example were read
directly from the curves on Fig. 11+and summed
at times past the pressure change pwf2.
The practical application of this exam~le
in decline-curve analysis is that the
departure or difference method can be used
on rate-time data affected by a change in

,)

lWf?T.
TN17
...4.-1.-

flIIRVR
...v-

AN?ITY.STS

.,.,

-----

back-pressure. The departure curve represented

by q2 on Fig. 14 should exactly overlay the
curve represented by q . If it does in an
actual field example, ~he future forecast is
correctly made by extending both curves and
summing them at times beyond the Fressure
change.

IISTNC
J.

..

TVPT7
.

..-

PIIT+VF<
.

.--

.sPr?

.-

J. L)G

6+t.,~

wallbore radius r (obtained from the buildup analysis) is u%d to obtain a good match
between build-up ant decline-zurve ~alculated.
kh. .
TYPE CUFWdS l~iiKNOkJNRESERVOIR AND FIJJ~
PROPER71EL

CALCULATION OF kh FROM DLCLINE-CURVE DATA

All the type surves so far discussed wera

developed for de~line-curve analysis using
Pressure build-up and decliae-curve data
some necessary simplifying assumptions. For
spe~ifi,creservoirs, when PVT data, reservoir
were available from a high-pressure, highly
undersaturated, low-permeability sandstone
variables, and back-pressure tests are
reservoir. Initial reservoir pressure was
available, typs surves could be Eenerated fcr
various relative permeability wrves and
estimated to be 5750 psia at -9300 ft. with
ba>k-pressures. These curves developt~ for
a bubble-point pressure of 2841 ~sia. Two
field-wide pressure sarveys were condu?tsd while a given field ~iouldbe more accurate for
analyzing fleclinedata in thak field. Conthe reservoir was still undersaturated. lable
3 summarizes vl,ereservoir properties and
ventional material balance programs or more
basic results obtained from the rressure kuild- sophisticated simulation models could be used
UF analySiS on %azh Well. Note that nearly
to develop dimensionless sonstant-pressure 31
all wells had n8ga.tiveshins as a result of
type zurves as was done bv Levine and Pratts
(See their FiF. 11).
hydraulis fracture treatments. Also,
a~~earing on this table are results obtained
CONCLUSIGNS
from an attenpt to calculate kh using declinecurve data available for eazh of tk,ewells.
Decline-zurve analysis not only has a
Ten of the twefity-twowells started on
solid fundamental base, but providss a tool
with more diagnostic power than has previously
desline when they were first placed cn
been suspe~ted. The ty~!e:urve ap~roach ~:roproduction. As a result, the early production
vides unique solutions u~on whi~h engineers
desl:ne data existed in the transient pmiod
can agree, or shows when a unique solution is
and a ty~e curve analysis IlsingYip. 3 was
matched to one of the r@/rwst:ms. Gther wells
not possible with a tyre zurve ocly. in ths
event of a non-unique sclution, a most ~robable
listed on the table, kh5ra an r ~rw mat:h is
solution zan be obtained if the produ~ing
not indiczted, were Frorated wefls and began
meshanism is known or indicated.
their de:line several montk,safter they were
first put on production. For the de2lineNO~NCLATU~,
zurve determination cf kh, the reservoir pressure existing at the beginning of decline for
=-l{~giro~al of detline >urve exponent
each well was taken from the pressure history
lb
(1/b~
match of the two field-wide pressure surveys,
The zonstant bottom hole flowing ~ressure for
~
= Formation volume factor, res. vol.,
the wells ranged between 80G and 900 psia.
surface vol.
A type curve mat~h using deeline-~urve
data to talculate kh for well No. 13 is illustrated on Fi~. 15. A type ?urve matsh using
pressure build-up data obtained on this same
well is illustrated on Fip. 16. The constantrate type curve ofGringarten et.al.8 for
fractured wells was used for mat~hing the pressure build-up data. The build-up kh of47.5
rnd.-ft.cmmpares very well with the kh ofl+O.5
MD-FT determined by using the rate-time dezlinezurve data.
In general, the comparison of kh detarnrine
d
from deuline-turve data and prsssure build-ur,
data tabulated on Table 3 is sur~risingly good.
(The pressure build-up analysis was performed
independently by another engineer.) One
fundamental observation to be made from the
results obtained on wells where a match of
re/rw was not ~ssible is that the effective

Ct
(-J=
D!
~=

Gas well ba~k-pressure :urve coefficient

-1
= Initial Decline rate, t
=-Natural logarithm base 2.71828
= Initial pas-in-~dase, surface measure

G
G

= Total compressibility, psi-l

= CUmu].ativegas production, SUrfaCe

measure

= l%i~knsss, ft.

Jo

= Productivity index, STK BHL/DAy/pS~

J;

= Productivity index (back-pressuresurve

coefficient) STK BBL/DAY/(psi)2n

k,

= Effective permeability, md.

= Expnent of bask-pressure curve

= Cumulative oil ~roduction, SfKBBL

SPE L629

Fi

M. J. FE!

Cumulative oil production to a

reservoir shut-in pressure of O, STK
BBL

Fi

Initial pressure, psia

Reservoir average pressure (shut-in

pressure), psia

Fwf

Bottom-hole flowin~pressure, psia

)VICH
7.

Raghavan, R., Cady, G. V. and Ramey,

Analysis for
H. J., Jr.: i,~;ell-Test
Vertically Fractured Walls,J. Pet. Ta?&~
(hlgo 1972) 10L4.

8.

Gringarten, A. C., Ra!!ey,H. tJ.~Jr. and.

Raghavan, R.: tgpres~ureAnalysis for
Fractured ~lells,paper SPE 4051 presentad
at the 47th b.nnualFall lfeethin, San
Antonio, Texas, (Gzt 8-11, 1972Y .

9.

MeKiriley,R. M.: Wellbore Transmissibility

from Afterflcw-DominatedPressure Buildup
Data, J. Pet. Tesh. (July, 1971) 863.

10.

Moore, T. V., Schilthuis, R, J. and Hurtitj

w. : tl~e Deter~~natiOn of Permeability
from Field Data, Bull..ApI (~ky, 1933)
~
4.

11.

Hurst, W.: Unsteady Flow of Fluids in

, &sics.
(Jan., 1934)
Oil lieservoirs
~, 20.

12*

Hurst, W.: l!aterInflux into a ileservoir

and Its Application to the Zquaticm of
Volumetric Balance,
Trans., ?l~~(1943)
~,
57.

13.

van Everdingen, A. F. and Hurst, ~~.:The

AFpli2ation ofthe Laplaee Transformation
to Flow Proble.nsin :eszrvcirs, Trans.
AIME (1949) 186, 3050

:4.

Fetko\fi~h,M. J.: The Isochronal Testing

of Oil v~ells,Papr SPE 4529 presented
at the 48th Annual Fall Meetinz, las Vepas)
!~~vada,(S~~t. 30-G~t. 3, 19?3).

15.

Ferrt~,,J.$,Knowles, D. B., i3rown,~:.J~.~

and Stallman$ R. W.: Ihecryof Aquifer
Tests, g. S. Gecl, Surv., :later
29FF1%
Pap3r 1.53~,
109.

16.

Tsarevi~h, K, A. and Kuranov, I. J.:

lf~a~culation
of the I1ow l:atesfor the
Ce:lt3rJellin a Circular Sesermir
Under Jlastie Conditlcns, Problems @f
Rgservoiy Hvdrodsnami~sPart.I, Leningrad,
m
9-34

Initial surfase rate of flGw at t = O

%
(qi

Initial wide-oFen surface flow rate

at pwf = O

q(t,

Surface rate of flow at time t

q~

Dimensionless rate, (Eq. 6)

Dd

Decline wrve dimensionless rate,

(Eq. &)

QD
r
e
r
w
~f
tw
D

lXLmensionlessmxnulative production
External boundary radius, ft.
Wellbore radius, ft.
Effective wellbore radius, ft.
Time, (Days for tD)
Dimensionless time, (@. 7)

Decline nrve dimensionless time,

(Eq. 5)

Porosity, fraztion of bulk volume

Vis20sity, cp.

11

REFERENCES
1.

Ramsay, H. J., ~Jr.:The Ability of Rat@Time )ecl.ineCurves to Predizt Future

PrcxiuctionRates, M.S. T?_lesis3
U. of
Tulsa, Tulsa, Okla. (1968).

2.

Slider, H. C.: IASimplified Method of

Hyperboli~ Decline Curve Analysis,
J. Pet. Tech. (March, 1968), 235.

3.

Analysis>
Gentry, R. W.: llDe~line-curVe
J. Pet. Tech. (Jan., 1972) 38.

4.

Arps, J. J.: IiAnalysisof Decline Curves$

Trans. AIME (1945) &@, 228.

17.

5*

Ramey, H. J., Jr.: Short-TimeWell Test

Data Interpretation in the Precence of
Skin EffeZt and Wellbore Storage, J. Pet.
Tech. (Jan., 1970) 97.

~etkovi~h, M. Jo: A Simplified Approach

to ~!at:?r
Influx Calculations-Finite
Aquifer Systems, J. Pet. Tech. (tJuIY~
1971) Xl-4.

18.

W. W., Jr.: llEstimationof Lhderflr.lttlg]~,

ground Oil Reserves bv Oil-well P~duction
Curves, Bull., USBM(1924)~

6.

Agavwal, R., A1-Hussainy, Il.and Ramey,

H. J., Jr.: llAnInvestigation of ~~elibore
Storage and Skin Effect in Unsteady Liquid
Flow: I. Analytical Treatment:j Sot. Pet.
Eng. J. (Sept., 197G) 279.

19.

Stewart, P. R.: Low-PermeabilityGas

Well Porfomnanee at Constant.Pre9sure,

J. Pet. Tech.

(Gept. 1970) 1149.

DECLINE CURVE ANALYSIS USING TYPE CURVES

20.

Gurley, J.: 11Aproductivity and EsOnOnd.C

Projection Method-Ohio Clinton Sand Gas
Walls, Paper SPE 686 presented at the
38th Annual Fall Meeting, New Orleans,
La., (Oct. 6-9, 1963).

21.

van Poollen, H. K.: HOW to Analyze

Flowing Well-Test Data... with Constant
Pressure at the Well Bore),Oil and Gas
Journal (Jan. 16, 1967).

22.

Withers~on, F. A., Javandel, I., Neuman,

S. P. and Freeze, P. A.: Interpretation
of Aquifier Gas Storage Conditions from
Water Pumpinp Tests, Monopraoh AGA~
New York (1967) 110.

23.

Matthews, C. S., Brons, I!.and Hazebroek,

P A Method for Determination of
A&age
Pressure in a Bounded Reservoir,
Trans., AIME (?954) 201, 182.

24.

hlarshjH. N.: llMethodof Appraising Result!

of Production Control of Oil Wells, ~.
API (Sept., 1928) 2@, 86.

25.

tewart, P. R.: Evaluation of Individual

Gas Well Reserves, Pet. Eng. (Mayj 1.566)
85.

26.

SPE 4629

27.

Russel, Q. G. and Prats, M.: Performance

of Layered Reservoirs with Crc)seflow---Single-Ccimpressible
Fluid Case, SOS.
P@. Eng. J. (March, 1.962)53.

28.

Matthews, C. S. and Lefkovits, H. C.:

llGra~~,y~rainage Performance of Depletionl&peReservoirs in the Stripper Stage,
Trans., AIME (1956) ~,
265.

29.

Ambrose, A. W.: !!underg~und ~enditions

in Oil Fields, Bull., USBM (1921) 195,
151.

30.

Higgins, R, V. and Lechtenberg, H. J.:

!!Meritsof ~e~line Equations Based on
Production History of 90 Reservoirs,
Paper SPE 2450 presented at the Rocky Mt.
I@ional Meeting, Denver, Colo., (My 2527, 1969).

310

I&wine, J. S. and Prats, M.: TheCal:u~ated performance of Solution-Gas Drive

Reservoirs, Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (s3pt.,
1961) 142.

ACKNOtilEIXXMENT
I wish to thank phillipS Petroleum Co. for
permission to publish this FaFer.

Lefkovi%, H. C. and Matthews, C. S.:

NOTE : Tle author has a limited quantity of
Curves
to
GratityApplisaticm of Desline
full size type curvas with grid suitable
Drainage Reservoirs in the Strippr Stagel
for actual use which are avzilable on
Trans., AIME (1958) ~,
275.
written request.
_.
.. ..

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=
Q1

;
~ D,t

FORb=O

0.00
lDd.

r
Fig. 1 - Type curves for Arps empi.

cal

rate-time

D1l

decline equations, unit solution (Di .1).

9 8 7 -

8
7

5 -

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011

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I

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Fig. 3 - Dimensionless flovjrate functions florplane radial system, infinite and

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0 7
6 5 4

...... .. ...

U(II

Wd~=e~

Qo.j

01
.t

.FORb.0

I I2

\\\Y

\\YNsN\\\

7
6

ANALYTICAL

TY~E_C#RVE SOI.UTION

5
4 1

j-

00

0>
00
001
9
8 1
7
e

001
9
IJ
7

%
0
.

O@

0
.

0
.

6.,

3
.

I
0001

,.

I
2

I
3

I 1 I I
I
4567810)

I
234

1 ( I 1,8I
5678

10:

I
23

! ! I [I11 1
4

5.?

870

1 1 I
.356781

!
.?3

1 1 1

~
1
23

1
4S

1 1 I )\l
67810

l\
23

0 COT

1 k

1 \l
4s6

Od

Fig. 4 - Composite of analytical and e~irical type curves of Fi&s. 1 and 3.

7 8

.O>

23

456761W

NPi OR G

Np OR Gp
~i~.

5A - Graplical

representation

of material

balance

equation,

TR VS Np APPROXIMATELY
BEGINNING OF DECLINE
PRORATED WELL

WHEN DECLINE

5B

Graphical

BEGINS

Npi OR G

N~Gp
Fig.

LINEAR

representation

of

mteri

al

balance

equation.

4567810z

23

1.0
9
8
7

6 -

5
4

EXPONENTIAL

3 2 co

0.1
9
8
7

6 -

flATERIAL

g3
u

fiR=.

IATE

BALANCE

Pi

() Npi

2.667
2.000
1.714

0.375

1.500
1,333

0.667

1.250

0.800

1.125

0.689

1.050

0.952

-5

1,0Q5

i 0.995

0.500
0.583

3.G.D.

-$1
B

0.750

-7

4
3

EQUATION:

NP+P,
2

EQUATIONS:

TwO.PHASE

IOIL

& GAs):

Qo = oi

~R\
T)
([

- ,
R
- @j

11$

}01

Cl. it)

0.01
98-

RATE.TIME

EQUATION

[PM

= 01: ~

=
~+1

7-

2n+l

zn

P(i)

6SINGLE.PHASE

LKIUIO:

q.

JO6R - Pwf)

4
3

f
~:

2
i

0.00 1
,0.3

I
2

I
34

1 I

567810

4567810

od

34

56781

I
23

0.001

I
4567810

23

(~)

finite system with constant

Fig. 6 - Dissolved gas drive reservoir rate - decline type curves
effects not included.
pressure at inner boundary (pI+T= O @ rlJ). Early transient

45678102

1$ .
87
6
5
4
SLOPE
n

2+

0.5

2.000

0.6

2.200
2.404)

0.454

2.600
2.800

0.365

3.mo

0.333

21.000

0.046
0.005

0.8
0.9
1.0
10.0

7\

1 .mo

0.7

0.1
9
8

1=;

100.0

1.000

0.500

0.417

0.357

201.000

7
6
~..5
824

0.1

,1

S3
u

MATERIAL
2

R=
IATE

BALANCE
-(*)

EQUATIONS:

TWO-PHASE
[OIL&GAS):

6R
~

GO = Jo,

0.01
:

RATE-TIME
EQUATION

(~

,!/

EQUATION:

q.
= O): ~

~R

\
%4
n
5
!-

W*

)[

(t)

2n+l

7
t+l

6
w)

5
4
3

SINGLE-PHASE

LIQUID:

RATE.TIME
EQUATION
fexwnentiall

l~f

GO = JO (6R - Pw$
q.
= 01: ~

(t)

.(i)

\
0.00

1
23

45678103

5678

\ l,l

23

10

~~

I I I I
4~6761

4567810

23

-(%3

Fig. 7 - Dissolved gas drive reservoir rate - decline type curves finite s~stem with constant
pressure at inner bwndary (ph~ = O @ rl,). E:rN transient effects not included.

45676102

6114,1,

.9

. . .

-
P
td

U-I..
0000O
oo-1-+v~g

r+

CJo

II

co
G

.,-1

L4

1.0

1U3

4567810+

567810

456781

4567810

23
I

1 I

567810~,o
I

8 7 6 5 4

9
8
7

3 -

\\

0.1 L

\2

\.F

0.1
9
8
7

-%

i
\\,\,,l,,J
o
-@.

0
,%

\\\\

; -

:01

7 -

6 -

5 -

4 -

3 -

2 -

O.CO1
-,0-3

I
23

45678101

1 I

II

I I I 1I I

4567810

34

56/81

illl

.-.

234

0.001

567810

23

46678102

back pressure finite system with constant

Fig. 9 - Gas reservoir rate decline type cur-~eswith
pressure at inner boundary (pVfl= constant Z r,,). Early transie,;teffects not included and
z = 1 (based ~n gas uell back pressure curve slope, n = 1.

Dd

= 0,1

1000

EXPONENTIAL

MATCH POINTS
EXPONENTIAL,
t=loo

EXPONENTIAL,

b =O

b= 1

t= looh.hO. ;tDd=l.60

MO, ;tDd=l.lo

J(t) = 100 BOPM ; qDd o.2~2

ECONOL~lC LIMIT 20 BOWVIm 1480 MO.

q(t) = 100 BOPM ; qDd = o.212

ECONOMIC LIMIT 20 BOPM @ 285 L1O.

EXPONENTIAL

\l

-L
1480klo,

1
285 fI~O.

100

10

1000

FFIACTURE TREATED

AFTER FRAC

BEFORE FRAC

()

\,

h
\

MATCH POINTS

\
\

AFTER FRAC

BEFORE FRAC

1.0, (b = 0.667)

n = 1.0, (b = 0.667)

n =

t = 100 MO. ;tD~ = 0.60

t= loo MO. ;tD,j=

q(t) = 1000 BOPM ; qDd = 0.243

q(t)
1000BOPM ; qDd

1.13

\
= o.134

\
\
\

100

10

t- MONTHS
Fig. 12 - Type-curve

analysis

of a st imulatw!

well before

and after fracture

treatment.

..-.

1000

Ioo,ooo

O-q=q+q
/
/

EXPONENTIAL

>

$
, 10,03(
$

_
b=O,

MATCH POINTS
EXPONENTIAL
LAYER 1

t=loy

LAYER 2

Rs. ;tDd =2.0

qz=+-ql

Cl(t) = 1000 BOPY ;qDd = 0,017

LAYER 2
t= loy

Rs. ;tDd =5.35

q(t)
= 1000BOPY

; qDd = 0.020

1,00

100

10

1
t - YEARS
~ig, 13 - Tjpe-curie

anal:.si
s of .s layered

reser,mir

(no crossflm.:) t,::di ffcrcncin~.

+ Q(2)

<
*
\

-=2

\*
\
\ \

.-. .-

lUW

100

10

t - DAYS
Fig. 14 - Effect

of a change

in back pressure

on decline

using

graphical

supe~osition.

11
1

I
ing e
Fig. 15 - Tj~e-curve xatck.

Dd

F- :,., ..>
::

..

L~,,;;
. . .. . .

Pressure

at

0.00634 kt
3L

10
0.1

10

t-

~ucl

~Z

Iw

HRS.

Fig. 16 - Type-curve ::atckingexample f~r calculating Kb from pressure buildup

data, :Jell13, ~iel[iA (type curve from Refl.9).