Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unidad I
ORACIONES SIMPLES
TIPOS DE ORACIONES
Declarativas.
Interrogativas.
Imperativas.
Exclamativas.
SUSTANTIVOS
COGNADOS
COGNADOS VERDADEROS
COGNADOS FALSOS
USO DEL DICCIONARIO
AFIJOS:
Prefijos.
Sufijos.
verbo
complemento.
119
PREDICCION DE CONTENIDOS Usar todo tipo de apoyos visuales como dibujos, ttulos,
subttulos, tipografa, esquemas, diagramas, palabras
repetidas, etc., para elaborar hiptesis acerca del contenido
del texto.
Unidad II
ORACIONES
COMPUESTAS
Oraciones que tienen dos o ms ideas and, but, or, nor, so, yet,
completas,
unidas
por
conectores
o etc.
marcadores de discurso.
SCANNING
120
DEDUCCIN
DEL
SIGNIFICADO
DE LAS
PALABRAS
POR
CONTEXTO
EL SUSTANTIVO.
El sustantivo es una palabra que empleamos para referirnos a un objeto material, que puede ser
una persona, un animal o una cosa (engineer, elephant, chair).
Existen tambin sustantivos no materiales, sino abstractos, como pueden ser cualidades o
acciones (balance, production, love, hate, etc).
En textos de tipo tcnico los sustantivos abstractos son muy frecuentes. La mayora de estos
sustantivos abstractos en ingls son muy parecidos a sus equivalentes en espaol y significan
lo mismo, o casi lo mismo.
Plural
plates
cups
cooks
chefs
breaths
keys
monkeys
drums
Singular
bag
song
shoe
play
purse
rose
judge
garage
121
Plural
bags
songs
shoes
plays
purses
roses
judges
garages
ladies
families
cities
countries
babies
flies
calves
halves
elves
knife
loaf
leaf
knives
loaves
leaves
life
shelf
sheaf
lives
thief
shelves wolf
sheaves wife
thieves
wolves
wives
proofs
cliffs
handkerchiefs
safes
cuffs
roofs
122
Plural
children
women
feet
teeth
mice
Singular
man
fish
goose
ox
die
Plural
men
fish
geese
oxen
dice
Singular
turbot
plaice
squid
fish
aircraft
craft
counsel
Plural
turbot
plaice
squid
fish
aircraft
craft
counsel
Plural
deer
sheep
salmon
trout
carp
cod
mackerel
7. Las siguientes palabras que provienen del griego y del latn forman su plural como sigue:
Singular
alumnus
locus
nebula
alumna
datum
criterion
crisis
Plural
alumni
loci
nebulae
alumnae
data
criteria
crises
Singular
basis
thesis
hypotesis
analysis
agendum
stratum
phenomenon
Plural
bases
theses
hypoteses
analyses
agenda
strata
phenomena
8. Las siguientes palabras pueden seguir las reglas de su lengua de origen, como se indica.
curriculum
memorandum
formula
index
plateau
syllabus
curricula
memoranda
formulae
indices
plateaux
syllabi
123
Radioactive
Adjetivo
product
Producto
radioctivo
sustantivo
sustantivo
adjetivo
124
COGNADOS VERDADEROS
Un cognado es una palabra que se escribe igual o casi igual en ingls y en espaol y que tiene
el mismo significado en ambos idiomas.
Primera Regla:
Casi sin excepcin cada palabra que en ingls termine en tion-, tiene un cognado en
espaol que termina en cin-.
ENGLISH
communica tion
educa tion
imagina tion
reputa tion
civiliza tion
SPANISH
comunica cin
educa cin
imagina cin
reputa cin
civiliza cin
ENGLISH
eva
inva
deci
televi
Expan
SPANISH
eva
inva
deci
televi
expan
sion
sion
sion
sion
sion
125
sin
sin
sin
sin
sin
Segunda Regla:
Casi todas las palabras que en ingls terminan en -ic, - ics o - ical, tienen un cognado que
en espaol termina en -ica o -ico.
ENGLISH
electron ics
phonet ics
polit ics
logist ics
period ic
especif ic
scientif ic
psycholog ic
publ ic
myth ical
typ ical
satir ical
phys ical
pract ical
crit ical
SPANISH
electrn ica
font ica
polt ica
logst ica
perid ico
especf ico
cientf ico
psicolg ico
pbl ico
mt ico
tp ico
satr ico
fs ico
prct ico
crt ico
Tercera Regla:
Casi todas las palabras que en ingls terminan en -ant, tienen un cognado en espaol que
termina en - ante.
ENGLISH
signific ant
abund ant
inf ant
eleg ant
radi ant
SPANISH
signific ante
abund ante
inf ante
eleg ante
radi ante
Casi todas las palabras que en ingls terminan en -ent, tienen un cognado en espaol que
termina en -ente /-ento.
ENGLISH
dec ent
accid ent
evid ent
cli ent
pati ent
acc ent
tal ent
elem ent
experim ent
sentim ent
SPANISH
dec ente
accid ente
evid ente
cli ente
paci ente
ac ento
tal ento
elem ento
experim ento
sentimi ento
126
Cuarta Regla:
Casi todas las palabras que en ingls terminan en -al, tienen un cognado en espaol que
termina en -al.
ENGLISH
radic al
music al
ide al
soci al
SPANISH
radic al
music al
ide al
soci al
Quinta Regla:
Casi todas las palabras que en ingls terminan en -ity /-ty tienen un cognado en espaol que
termina en -idad/-dad/-ad.
ENGLISH
varie ty
special ty
socie ty
public ity
SPANISH
varie dad
especial idad
socie dad
public idad
Sexta Regla:
Muchas palabras que en ingls terminan en -er/-or tienen un cognado en espaol que termina
en -or.
ENGLISH
amplifi er
falsifi er
rectifi er
control er
transform er
consum er
indica tor
investiga tor
ventila tor
simula tor
hum or
vap or
confess or
aggress or
SPANISH
amplifi cador
falsifi cador
rectifi cador
contro lador
transfor mador
consu midor
indica dor
investiga dor
ventila dor
simula dor
hum or
vap or
confes or
agres Or
127
Sptima Regla:
Casi todas las palabras que en ingles terminan en -ist, tienen un cognado en espaol que
termina en -ista/-ism.
Casi todas las palabras que en ingls terminan en -ism, tienen un cognado en espaol que
termina en -ismo.
ENGLISH
fasc ist
real ist
material ist
natural ist
vandal
real
social
liberal
individual
SPANISH
fasc ista
real ista
material ista
natural ista
vandal
real
social
liberal
individual
ism
ism
ism
ism
ism
ismo
ismo
ismo
ismo
ismo
Octava Regla:
Muchos cognados que en ingls terminan en -y tienen un cognado correspondiente que termina
en - ia.
ENGLISH
pharmac y
democrac y
traged y
comed y
bigam y
SPANISH
farmac ia
democrac ia
traged ia
comed ia
bigam ia
Nota: Use esta regla con cuidado. la terminacin es demasiado corta para poder
cualquier regla, aunque aproximadamente 200 palabras se basan en ella.
seguir
Novena Regla:
Casi todas las palabras que en ingls terminan en -able, tienen un cognado correspondiente
que termina en -able.
Casi todas las palabras que en ingles terminan en -ible, tienen un cognado correspondiente que
termina en -ible.
128
ENGLISH
applic able
recommend able
negoti able
vulner able
ador able
leg
tang
horr
invis
admis
SPANISH
aplic able
recomend able
negoci able
vulner able
ador able
leg
tang
horr
invis
admis
ible
ible
ible
ible
ible
ible
ible
ible
ible
ible
Dcima Regla:
Casi todas las palabras que en ingls terminan en ance tienen un cognado correspondiente
que termina en -ancia o -anzaCasi todas las palabras que en ingls terminan en ence o ency, tienen un cognado
correspondiente que termina en -encia.
ENGLISH
abund ance
eleg ance
arrog ance
ignor ance
inst ance
SPANISH
abund ancia
eleg ancia
arrog ancia
ignor ancia
inst ancia
emerg ency
effici ency
frequ ency
emerg encia
efici encia
frecu encia
129
ENGLISH
persuas ive
decis ive
comprenhens ive
intens ive
explos ive
SPANISH
persuas
decis
comprens
intens
explos
ivo
ivo
ivo
ivo
ivo
ENGLISH
communic ated
complic ated
affili ated
abbrevi ated
associ ated
laure
appropri
obstin
vertebr
priv
SPANISH
comunic ado
complic ado
afili ado
abrevi ado
asoci ado
laure
apropi
obstin
vertebr
priv
ate
ate
ate
ate
ate
ado
ado
ado
ado
ado
ENGLISH
studi ous
religi ous
mysteri ous
victori ous
instantane
miscellane
simultane
homogene
analog
SPANISH
estudi oso
relig oso
misteri oso
victori oso
intantne
miscelne
simultne
homogne
anlog
ous
ous
ous
ous
ous
130
o
o
o
o
o
ENGLISH
second
benefici
ordin
imagin
vision
SPANISH
secund ario
benefici ario
ordin ario
imagin ario
vision ario
ary
ary
ary
ary
ary
nucle ar
popul r
simil ar
mis
cement
dult
art
atmosph
interrogat
preparat
conservat
observat
direct
nucle ar
popul ar
simil ar
mis
cement
adult
art
atmsf
interrogat
preparat
conservat
observat
direct
ery
ery
ery
ery
er
ory
ory
ory
ory
ory
eria
erio
erio
eria
era
orio
orio
orio
orio
orio
ENGLISH
carica ture
crea ture
minia ture
muscula ture
litera ture
SPANISH
carica tura
cria tura
minia tura
muscula tura
litera tura
131
ENGLISH
turb ine
medic ine
vasel ine
discipl ine
doctr ine
SPANISH
turb ina
medic ina
vasel ina
discipl ina
doctr ina
ENGLISH
horrib ly
visib ly
rapid ly
complete ly
relative ly
SPANISH
horrible mente
visible mente
rpida mente
completa mente
relativa mente
ENGLISH
dedic ate
complic ate
communic ate
educ ate
cre ate
SPANISH
dedic ar
complic ar
comunic ar
educ ar
cre ar
132
ENGLISH
ideal ize
legal ize
real ize
normal ize
central ize
hypnot ize
SPANISH
ideal izar
legal izar
real izar
normal izar
central izar
hipnot izar
Vigsima Regla:
Casi sin excepcin todos los verbos que en ingls terminan en -ify tienen un cognado en
espaol que termina en - ificar.
ENGLISH
pac ify
spec ify
solid ify
desqual ify
ampl ify
SPANISH
pac Ificar
espec Ificar
solid Ificar
descal Ificar
ampl Ificar
COGNADOS FALSOS
Un cognado falso es una palabra que se escribe igual o casi igual en ingls y en espaol, pero
que tiene diferente significado en ambos idiomas.
133
EJEMPLOS:
Cognado
Significado Real
sensible
comprehensive
parents
library
pan
actual
fabric
confidence
assist
escapade
lecture
confident
sale
resort
exit
juicioso
amplio, global, completo
padres
biblioteca
cacerola
real
tela
confianza
ayudar
aventura
conferencia
seguro de s mismo
venta, oferta
centro turstico
salida
SIGNIFICADO
aptitud
alojamiento, hospedaje
realmente, en realidad, de hecho, efectivamente
graduada (as)
solicitud
ayudar, auxiliar
asistir (ir a algn lado)
gratificacin, prima
cabaa
caricatura
universidad
artculos de primera necesidad
preocuparse
director de orquesta
estreimiento
delito
maldicin
fecha, cita (informal)
salida, salir
trastorno
humor estado de nimo
apenado, avergonzado
instalaciones
quisquilloso
tumba
comestibles
modismo
134
COGNADO FALSO
insane
involve
language
large
luxurious
mayor
morose
notice
parade
perform
physician
presently
principal
resignation / to resign
scholar
sensitive
success
suggestion / to suggest
support
tardy
to collect
to estimate
to injure
union
SIGNIFICADO
loco
involucrar, implicar, comprometer
idioma
grande
lujoso
alcalde
malhumorado
notar, poner atencin
desfile
desempear, ejecutar
doctor
actualmente
director
renuncia, renunciar
erudito, sabio
sensato, razonable
xito
sugerencia, sugerir
apoyar, ayudar
moroso
cobrar
calcular
herir, lastimar
sindicato
SINNIMOS. Ejemplo:
Mislaid = lose.
FONTICA: Son
ingls.
135
Ejemplos:
Th
think
Ng
ring
form
noun
adj:
adjective
v:
verb
adv:
adverb
n. lata
Muchas palabras en ingls se componen por una palabra base y una partcula que puede
estar al principio (prefijo) o al final de la palabra (sufijo).
Prefijo
Palabra
Base
Sufijo
re pay
Pay
Payment
re place
place
Placement
un certain
certain
Certainly
Los prefijos o sufijos son partculas que agregadas a una palabra, cambian el significado de la
misma, y puede ser agregadas a adjetivos (happy + ness: happyness), a verbos (decide +
sion: decision), o a sustantivos (friend + ship: friendship).
136
Nos encontramos con palabras que pueden tener un prefijo y un sufijo al mismo tiempo.
EJEMPLO:
BASE
BASE + SUFIJO
PREFIJO + BASE
+ SUFIJO
friend
friendly
unfriendly
correct
correctly
incorrectly
PREFIJO
SIGNIFICADO
EJEMPLOS
UN
Negative
Comfortable-uncomfortable,
unfortunate
ANTI
Against
Social-antisocial.
AUTO
Of or by oneself
Graph-autograph, biography-autobiography.
BI
Two, twice
EX
Former
EX
Out of
MICRO
Small
MIS
Badly/wrongly
Understand-misunderstand,translate-mistranslate,
inform-misinform.
MONO
One/single
Type-monotype, syllable-monosyllable.
MULTI
Many
National-multi-national,
multiracial.
OVER
Too much
POST
After
RE
Again or back
just-unjust,
fortunate-
Wife-exwife, president-expresident.
Hale-exhale.
Computer-microcomputer, wave-microwave.
137
purpose-multipurpose,
racial-
SUFIJO
SIGNIFICADO
EJEMPLOS
ER/OR /EE
Change verbs into nouns. Work-worker, write-writer, teach-teacher, actactor, sail-sailor, operate-operator, employemployer, employee.
TION/T ION
reduce-reduction,
Change verbs into nouns. Complicate-complication,
alter- alteration, admit-admission.
ISM/IST
Used
for
peoples
political,
beliefs
and
ideologies.
Also used for people who
play musical instruments.
Marx-Marxism,
Buddhism.
journal-journalism,
Buddha-
NESS
ABLE
Drink-drinkable, wash-washable,
recognizable.
MENT
Excite-excitement,
replacement.
ITY
Changes
nouns.
HOOD
FUL
Changes
adjectives.
LESS
Means without.
adjectives
verbs
happy-happiness,
sad-
recognize-
enjoy-enjoyment,
replace-
to Flexible-flexibility, productive-productivity.
Home-homeless, use-useless.
138
CONECTORES
Los conectores unen ideas, oraciones y prrafos, para dar coherencia a un texto.
Meaning
addition
(= and)
addition
with emphasis
contrast,
concession,
dismissal,
replacement
(= but)
reason (= for)
result, effect (= so)
consequence
illustration (giving an example)
similarity
clarification, identification
sequence
-beginning
- continuing
Connectors
also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, additionally.
in fact, besides, what is more, actually, as a matter of
fact, of course, indeed, certainly.
however, nevertheless, in contrast, conversely, on the
other hand, ....though, even so, (and) still/yet, in spite
of/despite.
regardless of this, admittedly, all the same, in any/either
case, either way, instead.
for this reason, because of this/that, in view of this/that,
with this in mind.
therefore, thus, as a result, consequently, as a
consequence, in consequence, hence, accordingly.
the, if so, if not, in that case, in that event, under these
circumstances, otherwise.
for example, for instance, namely, in particular, for one
thing, as an illustration.
similary, likewise, in the same way, by the same token.
in other words, to put it another way, specifically,
namely, that is to say.
first, first of all,at first, firstly, to start with, to begin with.
second, secondly, next, then, subsequently, afterwards,
later, before/after (this), previously, meanwhile.
generalization
- concluding
summation
review of previous ideas
139
REFERENTES
Son palabras que utilizan los autores para evitar repeticin dentro de oraciones o textos, y se
refieren a algo mencionado con anterioridad. Los siguientes pronombres y adjetivos se usan
como referentes.
Pronombres
Pronombres
Posesivos
Demostrativos
Reflexivos
Personales
Complementarios
Adjetivo
Pronombre
I
we
me
us
myself
ourselves
my
our
mine
ours
you
you
you
you
yourself
yourselves
your
your
yours
yours
he
she
it
one
they
him
her
it
one
them
himself
herself
Itself
oneself
themselves
his
her
its
ones
their
his
hers
Adjetivo
this
that
these
those
Pronombres
Relativos
Pronombre
this (one)
that (one)
these
those
where
who
which
that
whom
whose
theirs
Los verbos estar, haber y poder corresponden en ingls a be, have y can, que pueden
ser utilizados como auxiliares de un verbo con participio o como verbos principales.
Los usos ms comunes de los verbos modales son para expresar:
Obligacin:
Deseabilidad:
Indeseabilidad:
Permiso:
Prohibicin:
Probabilidad:
Posibilidad:
Imposibilidad:
Seguridad:
140
VERBOS IRREGULARES
Los verbos con asterisco tienen la misma forma en presente, pasado y participio pasado.
Forma Simple
arise
be (am, as, are)
bear
*beat
become
begin
*bet
bite
blow
break
bring
*broadcast
build
*burst
buy
catch
choose
*cost
*cut
dig
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
eat
fall
Pasado
Participio Pasado
arisen
been
borne
beat/beaten
become
begun
bet
bitten/bit
blown
broken
brought
broadcast
built
burst
bought
caught
chosen
cost
cut
dug
done
drawn
dreamt
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
arose
was/were
bore
beat
became
began
bet
bit
blew
broke
brought
broadcast
built
burst
bought
caught
chose
cost
cut
dug
did
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
ate
fell
141
Forma simple
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
forsake
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
*hit
hold
*hurt
keep
know
lay
lead
leave
lend
lie
lose
make
meet
pay
*put
*quit
read
ride
ring
rise
run
say
see
Pasado
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
forsook
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
left
lent
lay
lost
made
met
paid
put
quit
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
Participio pasado
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten/forgot
forsaken
frozen
got/gotten
given
gone
grown
hung
had
heard
hidden/hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
left
lent
lain
lost
made
met
paid
put
quit
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
142
Forma simple
sell
send
*set
shake
shoot
show
*shut
sing
sink
sit
sleep
speak
spend
stand
steal
strive
swear
swim
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
understand
wear
weave
win
write
Pasado
sold
sent
set
shook
shot
showed
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
spoke
spent
stood
stole
strove
swore
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
wore
wove
won
wrote
Participio Pasado
sold
sent
set
shaken
shot
shown/ showed
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slept
spoken
spent
stood
stolen
striven
sworn
swum
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
worn
woven/ weaved
won
written
FORMAS CONTRADAS
(= is not)
(= are not)
(= was not)
(= were not)
Havent
Hasnt
Hadnt
Cant
(= have not)
(= has not)
(= had not)
(= cannot)
Wouldnt
Shouldnt
Mightnt
Mustnt
(= would not)
(= should not)
(= might not)
(=must not)
dont
doesnt
didnt
(= do not)
(= does not)
(= did not)
Couldnt
Wont
Shant
(= could not)
(= will not)
(= shall not)
Neednt
Darent
(=need not)
(=dare not)
143
whats
whatll
hows
Wheres
whens
heres
thats
thatll
theres
therell
Im
hes
Ive
Ill
Id
hell
hed
shes
shell
shed
Its
itll
youre
youve
youll
youd
TIEMPOS GRAMATICALES
Simple Present
I do
I work in a bank but I dont enjoy it very much.
Tom watches television every evening.
Do you like parties?
We dont go out very often. We usually stay at home.
Peter doesnt study much
Present Continuous
I am doing
Please dont disturb me. Im working.
Whats Tom doing? He is watching television.
Hello, Ann. Are you enjoying the party?
We arent going to the party tomorrow night.
Present Perfect
I have done
I ve lost my key. Have you seen it anywhere?
Is Tom here? No, he has gone home.
How long have they been married?
The house is very dirty. We havent cleaned it for weeks.
Simple Past
I did
I lost my key yesterday.
They went to the cinema but they didnt enjoy the film.
What time did you get up this morning?
It was hot in the room, so she opened the window.
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were
were
well
wed
theyre
theyve
theyll
theyd
Past Continuous
I was doing
When I arrived, Tom was watching television.
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10 o clock last night?
The television was on but they werent watching it.
Past Perfect
I had done
I couldnt get into the house because I had lost my key.
When I arrived at the party, Tom wasnt there. He had gone home.
They didnt come to the cinema with us because they had already seen the film.
The house was dirty because we hadnt cleaned it for weeks.
Future
I will
I will probably arrive at about 8 o clock.
Daisy will be a dentist next year
Will you have dinner with me tomorrow night?
We wont go to the lecture next week.
Idiomatic Future
I am going to
Im going to watch the news.
Tom is going to go to Canada next summer.
Are they going to travel soon?
We are not going to leave for Acapulco today.
145