UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

SEMESTER I FINAL EXAMINATION
GROUP:
, 2008

BPHARM 2

SUBJECT:

DATE: December

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (ANP2001)

DURATION: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
ANSWER ANY THREE (3) QUESTIONS
EACH QUESTION IS WORTH THIRTY (30) MARKS

QUESTION NO. 1
(a)
functions.

Relate the structural features of the trachea and the alveoli to their
(8 marks)

(b)

Why is inspiration normally active and expiration normally passive?

(2 marks)

(c) Distinguish between the DRG and the VRG.

marks)

(2

(d)
During an experiment Fred was instructed to hyperventilate in fresh air
and then hold his breath. After 5 minutes he was then asked to hyperventilate into a
paper bag and hold his breath again.
(i) In which case would Fred be able to hold his breath the longest?
(1 mark)
(ii) Explain, fully, your predicted results.
(7 marks)

(e)
Why is the Cl concentration inside red blood cells in venous blood
greater than in red blood cells in arterial blood?
(4 marks)
-

(f) What is the significance of the plateau and the steep portions of the oxygenhaemoglobin dissociation curve?
(2 marks)
(g)
(4 marks)

Discuss two factors that affect haemoglobin saturation.

QUESTION NO. 2
(a)
Occasionally, testicular tumors composed of interstitial cells of Leydig
may secrete up to 100 times the normal amount of testosterone. When such a tumor
develops in young children, they grow up much shorter than their genetic potential.
(i) Explain why this would result.
(1
mark)
(ii) State three other symptoms that would be present?
(3 marks)
(b)
(7 marks)

Describe the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.

(c) Outline the differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis.

(d)
(5 marks)

(8 marks)

Explain how parturition is initiated.

(e)
Describe the positive-feedback mechanism that promotes uterine
contractions and expulsion of the foetus.
(6 marks)

QUESTION NO. 3
(a)
marks)

Define acidosis and alkalosis.

(2

(b)
Describe the three mechanisms and the speed of action used against
changes in hydrogen ion concentration.
(15 marks)
(c) Alcoholic beverages inhibit vasopressin secretion.
(i)
marks)

Predict the actions of alcohol on ECF osmolarity.

(5

(ii)
Explain why a person still feels thirsty after excessive
consumption of alcoholic beverages.
(2 marks)
(d)
In January 2007, Jennifer Strange, a 28 year old from California, USA
entered a contest to win a Nintendo Wii game console. In order to win the game she
was required to drink large quantities of water without urinating. A few hours after the
contest Jennifer was found dead at her home.
(i)
What was the cause of death?
(1 mark)
(ii)
(iii)
death.

Explain fully the physiology behind the cause of death.

(4 marks)

Give two symptoms Jennifer would have experienced before her

(1 mark)

QUESTION NO. 4
(a)
Compare and contrast the structure of the heart wall, aorta and
pulmonary vein. Relate structure to function.
(9 marks)
(b)

Trace an electrical impulse through the conducting system of the heart.

(5 marks)

(c) Draw and label a standard ECG waveform. Explain what each wave represents.
(3 marks)
(d)

Describe the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.

(4 marks)

(e)
return.

Describe how the respiratory and skeletal muscle pumps aid venous
(5 marks)

(f) Explain how blood pressure may be affected by the following conditions:
(i) polycythemia
(ii) atherosclerosis
marks)

(4

QUESTION NO. 5
(a)
Distinguish between the locations and structural features of the stratum
spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum.
(9

marks)
(b)
Explain the following phenomena based on what you have learnt:
(i) pimples
(ii) dandruff
(iii) freckles
(iv) greasy hair
(v) keloids
(10
marks)
(c) Katie notices an odour from her armpits since her 12 birthday. Describe the types of
glands that exist in the skin. Identify the gland causing the problem and give reasons for
this.
(6 marks)
th

(d)
Which layers of the hair shaft are affected by dyes? Why are the effects of
dying hair not permanent?
(5 marks)

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