First Aid

First Aid
Bleeding
Wound
Shock
Poisoning
Fracture
Muscle Injury
Burns
Heat Stroke
Seizure
Diabetic Emergency

Immediate and temporary proper aid provided to a

sick or injured person or animal until medical
treatment can be performed

Consist of series of simple, lifesaving medical

technique that a non-doctor or lay person can be
trained to perform with minimal equipment

History

Knight Hospitaller

History

1863, four nations met in Geneva and formed the

organization which has grown into the RED CROSS

Development in first aid and many other medical

techniques have been fueled in large by wars

First to specialize in battlefield care for wounded

St. John Ambulance

Formed in 1877 to teach first aid (a term derived by the

order) in large railway center and mining district

American civil war prompted Clara Barton to organize the

American Red Cross

The order and its training began to spread throughout the

British Empire and Europe

Today several groups promote first aid

New techniques and equipment have helped make

today`s first aid simple and effective

In 1859, Henry Dunant helped organized villagers in

Switzerland to help victims of Battle of Solferino

Conditions that Often

Require First Aid

Training

1. Altitude Sickness

Requires hand on training by experts to perform

First. Aid and Safety

More useful if it occur before an actual emergency

Proper emergency preparedness is achieved only

with regular and up to date refresher course and
recertification

Can begin with susceptible people at altitude as low as

5,000 feet
Can cause potentially fatal sweeling of the brain and
lungs
2. Battlefield First Aid

After the 911 terrorist attack, this protocol refers to treating

shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc.

Conditions that Often

Require First Aid
3. Bone Fracture
Break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with splint
4. Burns
Can result in damage to tissue and loss of body fluid through the burn site
5. Chocking
Blockage of the airway
Can quickly result in death due to lack of oxygen if the patient`s trachea is
not clear

Conditions that Often

Require First Aid
6. Childbirth
7. Cramps
Due to lactic acid buildup caused by inadequate oxygenation of
muscle or lack of water or salt
8. Diving Disorder Resulting from too much pressure
9. Gastrointestinal Bleeding
10. Gender Specific Condition

Heimlich Maneuver

Conditions that Often

Require First Aid
11. Heart attack or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessel
supplying the heart muscle
12. Heat Stroke
Sunstroke or hyperthermia
Can occur during heavy exercise in high humidity or with
inadequate water (heat exhaustion), lost of salt (heat cramps)

Conditions that Often

Require First Aid
13. Hemorrhage
Heavy bleeding
Treated by applying pressure (manually and later
with a pressure bandage) to the wound site and
elevating the limbs if possible

May occur spontaneously in some chronically ill

14. Hyperglycemia - Diabetic Coma

Unconsciousness for more than 2 hours usually leads to

permanent disability

15. Hypoglycemia - Insulin Shock

Conditions that Often

Require First Aid
16. Hypothermia
When a person`s core body temperature falls
below 33.7 C (92.6 F)
First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient included
rewarming
17. Insect and Animal Bites or Sting
18. Poisoning

Conditions that Often

Require First Aid
19. Muscle Strain
A muscle strain is the stretching or tearing of
muscle fiber. A muscle strain can caused by
sports, exercise, a sudden movement or trying to
lift something too heavy
Symptoms of muscle strain includes pain,
tightness, sweeling, tenderness and the inability to
move the muscle very well

Conditions that Often

Require First Aid

Conditions that Often

Require First Aid
22. Sucking Chest Wound

20. Sprain

Temporary dislocation of a joint that immediately

reduces automatically but may result in ligament
damage

21. Stroke

Temporary loss of blood supply to the brain

Life threatening hole in the chest which can cause the chest cavity
to fill with air and prevent the lungs from filling

Treated by covering with an occlusive dressing to let the air out but
not in

23. Toothache

Can result in severe pain and loss of tooth

Rarely life threatening

24. Wound and Bleeding

Providing First Aid

First Aid

Artificial respiration

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Emergency medical service

Occlusive dressing

Rescue squad

Oxygen first aid

First aid kit

Triage

Emergency team

Tourniquet

Subabdominal thrust/ Heimlich manuever

Emergency action principle

Artificial Respiration

Triage

Rescue breathing

French word used in first aid and medical context

Procedure of causing air flow into and out of lungs

of person when his natural breathing ceased or
inadequate

Sorting and classification of causalities and

establishment of treatment priorities

Methods: Mouth to mouth, Mouth to nose

Mass casualty situation, such as an earthquake or

bus accident

Respiratory arrest and Cardiac Arrest

Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy

Increasing number of pharmaceuticals

Relief of stress symptoms

Support of defense system

Adjunct to other supplemental and curative therapies

Application of drugs in the prevention, treatment or diagnosis of

disease and their use in purposeful alteration of normal function

Division of Pharmacy which correlates pharmacokinetics and

pharmacodynamics aspect

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Pharmacotherapy
Drugs

Pharmacokinetics - The study of the absorption,n

distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of
drugs by living organism

Pharmacodynamics - The study of the

biochemical and physiologic mechanism of drug
action

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Drugs

Any substance that

alters physiological
function with potential
for affecting health

Refers to "Active
Ingredient"

Could be poison

Chemical substance that have an effect on living

organism

Therapeutic drugs often called Medicine, are those

drugs used in the prevention or treatment of disease

Up until a few decades ago, dried plants were the

greatest source of medicine, thus the word "drug"
was applied to the active ingredient

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Medicine

Drugs administered for

therapeutic effect
Refers to "Active +
Inactive Ingredient"

Sources of Drug
1. Natural - Plants, Animals, Minerals or Mineral
Products
2. Synthetic - Synthetic are often more effective and
less toxic than the naturally obtained substance
and are easier to prepare in standardized units

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Drug Nomenclature

Drugs used as therapeutic agents may be

convenient divided into two main groups

Nonprescription Drugs

Prescription Drugs

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Chemical Name

Exactly the chemical constitution of the drug and

the exact placing of its atoms or molecular
grouping

Chemical name composition of the drug by its

molecular structure

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Generic Name (Nonproprietary Name)

Provided by the United States Adopted Name

(USAN) Council

Is equivalent to the same drug with a brand name,

but is less expensive

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Official Name

Name under which the drug is listed by the US FDA

FDA - empowered by Federal Law to name drugs

for human use in the US

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Trade Name (Brand Name)

Name registered and that its use is restricted to the

owner of the drug, who is usually the manufacturer
of the product

Should have a consistent bioavailability

More easily recognized by appearance

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Drug Classification

According to body system they affected

According their therapeutic use or clinical

indication

According to their physiological or chemical action

According to prescription or non-prescription

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EFFECTS ON THE BODY SYSTEM
Nervous System Skeletal Muscle
Relaxant
Nervous System Stimulant
Respiratory Antitussive, Expectorant,
Mucolytic
Respiratory Smooth Muscle Relaxant
Skin & Mucus Membrane Agent &
Enzyme
Joint Drugs
Blood Coagulants & Anticoagulants
Dental Agents
Eyes, Ears, Nose Vasoconstrictors
GI Enzymes and Acid Agents
GI Muscle Movement Agent
Genitourinary Muscle Relaxant

CLINICAL INDICATION
Laxatives
Antibiotics
Analgesic
Antitussive
Antihypertensive
Hypoglycemic
Antiangina
Mucolytic

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PHYSIOLOGICAL/CHEMICAL
ACTION
Glaucoma Agent
Adrenal agents
Pituitary Agents
Reproductive Agents
Thyroid Agents
Adrenergic Agents
Anticonvulsants, Sedatives
and Hypnotics
Tranquilizers
Cholinergic, Anticholinergics
Serum, Toxoids and Vaccines
Vitamins and Caloric Agents

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Antineoplastics
Cardiac Muscle Drugs
Diuretics
Antihistamine
Anti-infectives
Anti-fungal
Anti-inflammatory

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Illegal Drugs

Non- Prescription

Over the counter medication (OTC) which can be

purchased by anyone

No prescription needed

Illegal Drugs - Recreational Drugs

Drugs and chemical substances used for nontherapeutic purpose

Obtained illegally or have not received approval for

use by the FDA

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Source of Drug Standard
1. United State Pharmacopoeia - USP verifies the identity,
strength, purity and quality of dietary supplement finished
product, dietary supplement ingredient and pharmaceutical
ingredient
2. National Formulary - A manual containing a list of medicines
that are approved for prescription throughout the country,
indicating which products are interchangeable
3. USP Dictionary or USAN and International Drug Name - A
database that contains more established drug name listing than
any other comparable resources

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STANDARD OF PRACTICE
Information for Administering Medication

Generic Name/Trade Name/Classification

Clinical Use/Safe Dosage

Mechanism of Action

Side Effect/Adverse Effect

Contraindication/Precaution

Significant Drug Interaction

Monitoring Needs/Patient Education

Evaluation of Effectiveness

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PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

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Prescription - A written order from an authorized prescriber
Parts of a Prescription

LIQUID

SOLID

SEMI-SOLID

OTHER

1. Patients Information
2. Date

Syrup

Capsule

Cream

Aerosol

Elixir

Tablet

Ointment

Parenteral

3. Superscription
4. Inscription
5. Subscription
6. Transcription

Suspension

Powder

Gels

7. Prescriber`s Information

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Routes of Administration
The path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is
brought into contact with the body

Drug Action

Mode of drug administration affects the rate at which onset of

action occurs and may affect the therapeutic response that results

Crucial in determining the suitability of a drug

Enteral - administered along any portion of the GIT

Parenteral - administered outside the GIT (Injectable)

Topical - Creams, Ointment, Gels

Pharmaceutics

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Drug Effect

Biochemical, physiological mechanism body which

the chemical produces a response in living
organism
Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamic

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Desired Effect - Therapeutic Effect

Therapeutic Effect (Primary Effect)

Adverse Effect/Side Effect - Harmful undesirable response

Side Effect (Secondary Effect)

Adverse Effect (Secondary Effect)

Drug Allergy - Patient`s immune system identifies a drug as

dangerous to the body and must be destroyed or
neutralized. It may vary from mild itching to life threatening

Toxic Effect (Secondary Effect)

Adverse Drug Reaction - Any noxious unintended and

undesired effect of a drug that occur at doses used for
prevention, diagnosis or treatment

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Adverse Drug Reaction

Associated with long term drug therapy

Well known and can be anticipated

Example: Side effect, secondary effect, Drug interaction

Example: Benzodiazepine dependence, analgesic neuropathy

Type B (Bizarre)

Unpredictable, uncommon, usually not related to the

pharmacological action of the drug

Example: Idiosyncratic reaction, Pseudoallergy, hypersensitivity

Type E ( End of Use)

Type C (Continuous)

Predictable, common, and related to pharmacologic action of

the drug

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Type A (Augmented)

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Withdrawal Syndrome

Type F (Failure of Effect)

Result of imperfect or counterfeit manufacture of

product

Type D (Delayed)

Refer to carcinogenic and teratogenic effect. They are delayed

in onset and are very rare since extensive mutagenicity and
carcinogenicity studies are done before drugs are licensed

End