Mass and Energy Balance

Part 1: Mass Balance

Instructor: Pham Ho My Phuong, PhD
Fall 2015

Mass and Energy Balance

Credit: 2
Hours: 45 total (30-theory and 15-exercises)
Times: 14 weeks
Locations: Room 202 B1 Monday
Objectives:
An introduction to material and energy balances in chemical engineering
applications.
Engineering problem solving, the equilibrium concept, first law of
thermodynamics.
Introduction to chemical engineering as a profession.

Grade:
35% Midterm examination
35% Final examination
20% Homework
10% Problem session quizzes and in-class exercises

Mass and Energy Balance

Course text: R.M Felder and R.W. Rousseau, Elementary Principles of Chemical
Processes, 2005, 3rd edition.
Reference: David M. HimmelBlau, Basic Principle and Calculation in Chemical
Engineering

Dimensions and Units

In M&E balances:
A quantity is meaningless without units
Any equation that is not dimensionally
consistent is incorrect

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

DIMENSIONS
Properties that can be measured,
mass, temperature, pressure, force, time
Basic Dimensions:
Length [L], Mass [M], Time [T],
Temperature [], Quantity of substance [N]
Derived Dimensions:
Calculated from basic dimensions,
Volume [L3], Force [MLT-2]
Pressure [ML-1T-2], Energy [ML2T-2]

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

UNITS
expressions for dimensions based on convention, custom or law,
[M]: gram, pound, tonne, ounce
[L]: yard, foot, mile, kilometre
Categories of units:
Basic (base) units
Derived units
Multiple units

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

SYSTEMS OF UNITS
SI (Systme Internationale dUnits): the legal
system of units in Australia
cgs (centimetre-gram-second)
British
American Engineering

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

BASE UNITS

Table 2.3-1a (p. 11)

SI and CGS Units
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processs, 3/E by Richard M. Felder and Ronald W. Rousseau
.

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Derived Units

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Derived Of Properties

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Derived Of Properties (cont)

Produced by combining fundamental dimensions.

Coherent Derived Units:
Value = Combined value of Basic Units
Non-coherent Derived Units:
Value Combined value of Basic Units
Conversion Factor needed!
e.g. American and British units: lbf, BTU

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Multiple Unit
Multiples or fractions of basic units defined for convenience:

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Coherent Units System

S.I. (Systme Internationale)
Quantity

Derived Unit

Force

Newton (N)

Energy

Joules (J)

Pressure

Pascal

Power

Watt

Defined

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

2.1 Units and dimensions

Non-coherent Units System

British / American system
Quantity

Derived Unit

Force

Pound (force)

Energy

Defined

Foot pound (force)

British Thermal Unit

Pressure

Pound (force) per foot

squared

Power

Horsepower

hp

Table 2.3-1c (p. 11)

SI and CGS Units

Elementary Principles of Chemical Processs, 3/E by Richard M. Felder and Ronald W. Rousseau

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Unit Conversion

Conversion of units from one system to another is necessary in process

calculations and analysis, if
Data is from different sources, or
Variables are measured from instruments of different standards
Unit consistency: all units used in a calculation must be of same system.
Unit conversion is simple, if equivalence between different systems is known.

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Conversion Factors
Table of conversion factors is available, In most cases, only a knowledge of
basic units is required:

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Unit Conversion

Conversion of units from one system to another is necessary in process

calculations and analysis, if
Data is from different sources, or
Variables are measured from instruments of different standards
Unit consistency: all units used in a calculation must be of same system.
Unit conversion is simple, if equivalence between different systems is known.

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Dimensional Equation
A convenient method for unit conversion.
How to set up a dimensional equation?
Write the given quantity and its units on the left, write the units of conversion
factors that cancel the old units and replace them with the described
ones, fill in the values of the conversion factors, and carry out the indicated
arithmetic to find the desired value.

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Dimensional Equation (cont)

Example 1:
Convert a mass of 150 lbm into equivalent in kg.
Solution:
If 1 lbm is equivalent to 0.454 kg then or by dimensional
equation

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Dimensional Equation (cont)

Example 2:
Convert a 40 mile/gal into km/L
Solution:
km/L

Example 3:
Convert a force of 40lbf into equivalent in N.
Solution: using conversion factor

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Dimensional Equation (cont)

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Dimensional Consistency
Every valid equation must be dimensionally consistent (or homogeneous): all
additive terms on both sides must have same dimensions.

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Ideal Gas example

Example: Ideal gas equation PV = nRT
Symbol

Parameter

SI Units

Pressure

Pa

Volume

m3

No. moles

mol

Gas constant

Temperature

Dimensions

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

2.1 Units and dimensions

Ideal Gas example (cont)

Solution:
Dimensions:

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Drag force equation example

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

2.1 Units and dimensions

Drag force equation example (cont)

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Pipe flow equation example

Example 6: Pipe flow equation

If equation is valid, what is the dimension of the viscosity ?

P
L
V
D

Pressure difference (Pa)

Pipe length
(m)
Fluid velocity
(ms-1)
Pipe diameter
(m)

[M][L] -1[T] -2
[L]
[L][T] -1
[L]

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Pipe flow equation example (cont)

Solution:

SI unit of viscosity is Pas (= kgm-1s-1)

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Pipe flow equation example (cont)

Solution:

SI unit of viscosity is Pas (= kgm-1s-1)

Chapter 2: Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Class Exercise

Arithmetic Calculations

Scientific Notation

Use for very large or small numbers, e.g.

123 400 000 = 1.234 108
0.000089 = 8.9 10-5
Significant Figures (S.F)?
Number of digits from first non-zero digit on the left to
either:
1) Last digit on right if there is a decimal point
2) Last non-zero digit if there is no decimal point

2.5 Numerical calculation and estimation (p13)

Significant Figures
Examples 7:

Significant Figures (S.F)?

Number of digits from first non-zero digit on
left to:
Last digit on right if decimal point
Last non-zero digit if no decimal point

Number

Significant Figures

9.00

90. x 102

3.14159x 102

9 x 10-3

If quantity known precisely, Significant Figures

Accuracy & Precision

Accuracy & Precision (cont)

Errors in Multiplication & Division

http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/SigFigs/SigFigs.html
http://www.chem.sc.edu/faculty/morgan/resources/sigfigs/index.html
http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/sigfigures.html
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch1/sigfigs.html
http://www.fordhamprep.com/gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson23.htm

 Estimation of Measured Values: Sample Mean

A Product
45 oC

After 2 minutes, draw a sample from the reactor and analyze it to

determine X, the percentage of the A fed that has reacted.

Page 16
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processs, 3/E by Richard M. Felder and Ronald W. Rousseau