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THREADING CO.

1.CROSS SECTIONAL AREA (A): The cross sectional area expressed in

square inches is used in various tubular goods equations. The formulas
describedbelowarebasedonfullsections,exclusiveofcornerradii.

{1a}RoundTube:A=p/4(D5d5)
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Where:
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D=OutsideDiameter,inchesd=InsideDiameter,inches
Example:Calculatethecrosssectionalareaofa7"O.D.x.500"walltube.
D=7.000d=7.0002(.500)=6.000inches

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A=p/4(D5d5)
A=3.1415/4(7.00056.0005)
A=10.210inches

{1b}SquareTube:A=D5d5
Where:
D=OutsideLength,inchesd=InsideLength,inches
Example:Calculatethecrosssectionalareaofa7"O.D.x.500"walltube.
D=7.000d=7.0002(.500)=6.000inches
A=D5d5
A=4936=13
A=13.00inches5

{1c}RectangularTube:A=D1Dd1d
Where:
D=OutsideLength,longside,inches
D1=OutsideLength,shortside,inches
d=InsideLength,longside,inches

d1=InsideLength,shortside,inches
Example:Calculatethecrosssectionalareaofa
4"x6"rectangulartubewith.500"wallthickness.
D=6.00"D1=4.00"d=5.00"d1=3.00"
A=D1Dd1d
A=4.00(6.00)3.00(5.00)=9.00
A=9.00inches5

2.PLAINENDWEIGHT(Wpe):The plain end weight expressed in pounds

per foot is used in connection with pipe to describe the nominal or specified
weight per foot. This weight does not account for adjustments in weight due to
endfinishingsuchasupsettingorthreading.

{2}Wpe=10.68(Dt)t
Where:
Wpe = plain end weight, calculated to 4 decimal places and rounded to 2
decimals,pounds/foot
D=SpecifiedOutsideDiameterofthePipe,inches
t=SpecifiedWallThickness,inches
Example: Calculate the plain end weight of pipe having a specified O.D. of 7
inchesandawallthicknessof.540inches.
Wpe=10.68(7.000.540).540
Wpe=37.2561
Wpe=37.26pounds/foot

3.INTERNALYIELDPRESSUREBURSTRESISTANCE(P):
The internal yield pressure or burst resistance of pressure bearing pipe is
expressed in pounds/square inch (psi). The .875 factor is to allow for minimum
permissiblewallbasedonAPIcriteriaforOCTGandlinepipe.Thisfactorcanbe
changed based on other applicable specifications regarding minimum
permissiblewallthickness.

{3}P=0.875[2Ypt/D]
Where:
P = Minimum Internal Yield Pressure (Burst Resistance) in pounds per square
inch,roundedtothenearest10psi.
Yp=SpecifiedMinimumYieldStrength,poundspersquareinch.
t=Nominal(specified)WallThickness,inches
D=Nominal(specified)OutsideDiameter,inches
Example:Calculatetheburstresistanceof7"O.D.x.540"wallAPIL80casing.

P=0.875[2Ypt/D]
P=0.875[(2)(80,000)(.540)/7]
P=10,800psi

4.PIPESPECIFICATIONSBASICS
PressureDeterminations:Barlow'sFormulaiscommonlyusedtodetermine:
1.InternalPressureatMinimumYield
2.UltimateBurstingPressure
3.MaximumAllowableWorkingPressure
4.MillHydrostaticTestPressure
ThisformulaisexpressedasP=2Stwhere:
P=Pressure,psig
I=Nominalwallthickness,inches
D=OutsideDiameter,inches
S=AllowableStress,psi,whichdependsonthepressurebeingdetermined
To illustrate, assume a piping systems 8 5/8" O.D. x .375" wall has a specified
minimum yield strength (SMYS) of 35,000 psi and a specified minimum tensile
strengthof80,000psi.
For1.InternalPressureofMinimumYield
S=SMYS(35,000)psiand
P=2St=(2)(35,000)(0.375)
D8.625=3043or3040psig(roundedtonearest10psig)
For2.UltimateBurstingPressure
S=SpecifiedMinimumTensiteStrength(60,000psi)and
P=2St=(2)(60,000)(0.375)
D8.625=5217or5220psig(roundedtonearest10psig)
For3.MaximumAllowableWorkingPressure(MAOP)
S=SMYS(35,000psi)reducedbyadesignfactor,usually0.72and
P=2St=(2)(35,000x2)(0.375)
D8.625=2191or2190psig(roundedtonearest10psig)
For4.MillHydrostaticTestPressure
S = SMYS (35,000 psi) reduced by a factor depending on O.D. grade (0.60 for 8
5/8"O.D.gradeB)and
P=2St=(2)(35,000x0.60)(0.375)
D8.625=1826or1830psig(roundedtonearest10psig)

WallThickness
Barlow's Formula is also useful in determining the wall thickness required for a
pipingsystem.Toillustrate,assumeapipingsystemhasbeendesignedwiththe
followingcriteria:

1.Aworkingpressureof2,000psi(P)
2.Thepipetobeusedis85/8"O.D.(D)specifiedtoASTMA53gradeB(SMYS
35,000psi)
RearrangingBarlow'sFormulatosolveforwallthicknessgives:

t=PD=(2,000)(8.625)=0.246"wall
2S(2)(35,000)
Wall thickness has no relation to outside diameter only the inside diameter is
affected. For example, the outside diameter of a oneinch extra strong piece of
pipe compared with a oneinch standard weight piece of pipe is identical
however, the inside diameter of the extrastrong is smaller than the inside
diameterofthestandardweightbecausethewallthicknessisgreaterintheextra
strongpipe.

5. WATER DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS: To calculate the volume

beingdisplacedthroughapipeortheamountofvolumeofanirrigationwell,the
followingformulaisapplicable:

Q=3.61AH%Y
Where:
Q=DischargeinGallonsperminutes
A=Areaofthepipe,inchessquared
H=Horizontalmeasurement,inches
Y=verticalmeasurement,inches
Example:Calculate the discharge of a 10" pipe which has an area of 78.50 in2, a
horizontalmeasurementof12"andaverticalmeasurementof12".
Q=3.61AH
%Y
Q=3.61(78.50)(12)
%12
Q=3400.62
3.464
Q=981.70gallonsperminute
This formula is a close approximation of the actual measurement of the volume
being displaced. The simplest method is to measure a 12 inch vertical
measurementasastandardprocedure,thenmeasurethedistancehorizontallyto
thepointofthe12"verticalmeasurement.

GENERALTECHNICALINFORMATION
WATER
One miner's inch: 1 1/2 cubic feet per minute = 11.25 U.S. gallons per minute =
flowperminutethrough1inchsquareopeningin2inchthickplankunderahead
of 6 1/2 inches to center of orifice in Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada and
Oregon. 9 U.S. gallons per minute in Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico,
NorthDakota,SouthDakotaandUtah.


Onehorsepower:33,000ft.poundsperminute

Cubicfeetpersecond:Gallonsperminute449
TheoreticalwaterUSGPMxheadinfeetxSp.Gr.
horsepower:3960

TheoreticalwaterUSGPMxheadinpounds
horsepower:1714

Brakehorsepower:Theoreticalwaterhorsepower
Pumpefficiency
Velocityinfeet.408xUSGalPerMin=.32xGPM
persecond:Pipediameterininches2pipearea
Oneacrefoot:325,850USgallons
1,000,000USgallonsperday:695USgallonsperminute
500poundsperhour:1USgallonperminute
Doublingthediameterofapipeorcylinderincreasesitscapacityfourtimes

Frictionofliquidsinpipesincreasesasthesquareofthevelocity.

Velocity in feet per minute necessary to discharge a given volume of water, in a

giventime=
CubicFeetofwaterx144
areaofpipeinsq.inches
Area of required pipe, the volume and velocity of water being given = No. cubic
feetwaterx144
Velocityinfeetpermin.
Fromthisareathesizepiperequiredmaybeselectedfromthetableofstandard
pipedimensions.

Atmosphericpressureatsealevelis14.7poundspersquareinch.Thispressure
withaperfectvacuumwillmaintainacolumnofmercury29.9inchesoracolumn
ofwater33.9feethigh.Thisisthetheoreticaldistancethatwatermanubedrawn
bysuction.Inpractice,however,pumpsshouldnothaveatotaldynamicsuction
liftgreaterthat25feet.

CRUDEOIL
Onegallon:58,310grains
Onebarreloil:42USgallons
Onebarrelperhour:.7USgallonsperminute

Gallonsperminute:bbls.perdayx.02917
Bbls.perhour:gallonsperminutex.7
Onebarrelperday:.02917gallonsperminute
Gallonsperminute:bbls.perdayx.02917
Bbls.perday:gallonsperminutex.02917
Velocityinfeetpersecond:.0119xbbls.perdayxpipedia.ininches2 x .2856 x
bbls.perhourxpipedia.ininches2
Nethorsepower:Thetheoreticalhorsepowernecessarytodothework
Nethorsepower:Barrelsperdayxpressurex.000017
Nethorsepower:Barrelsperhourxpressurex.000408
Nethorsepower:Gallonspermin.xpressurex.000583
The customary method of indicating specific gravity of petroleum oils in this
country is by means of the Baume scale. Since the Baume scale, for specific
gravitiesofliquidslighterthanwater, increases inversely as the true gravity, the
heaviestoil,i.e.,thatwhichhasthehighesttruespecificgravity,isexpressedby
thelowestfigureoftheBaumescalethelightestbythehighestfigure.

MISCELLANEOUS

Areasofcirclesaretoeachotherasthesquaresoftheirdiameters.
Circumferencediameterofcirclex3.1416
Areacirclediametersquaredx.7854
Diametercirclecircumferencex.31831
Volumeofspherecubeofdiameterx.5236
Squarefeetsquareinchesx.00695
Cubicfeetcubicinchesx.00058
Cubicyardcubicfeetx.03704
Statutemileslinealfeetx.00019
Statutemileslinealyardsx.000568
1gallon8.33pounds
1liter.2642gallons
1cubicfeet7.48gallonsand/or62.35pounds
1meter3.28feet

STATICHEAD
Staticheadistheverticaldistancebetweenthefreelevelof the source of supply
and the point of free discharge, or to the level of the free surface of the
dischargedliquid.

TOTALDYNAMICHEAD
Totaldynamicheadistheverticaldistancebetweensourceofsupplyandpointof
discharge when pumping at required capacity, plus velocity head friction,
entranceandexitlosses.

Totaldynamicheadasdeterminedontestwheresuctionliftexists,isthereading
ofthemercurycolumnconnectedtothesuctionnozzleofthepump,plusreading
ofapressuregageconnectedtodischargenozzleofpump,plusverticaldistance
betweenpointofattachmentofmercurycolumnandcenterofgage,plusexcess,
ifany,ofvelocityheadofdischargeovervelocityheadofsuction,asmeasuredat
pointswheretheinstrumentsareattached,plusheadofwaterrestingonmercury
column,ifany.
Total dynamic head, as determined on tests where suction head exists, is the
readingofthegageattachedtothedischargenozzleofpump,minusthereading
of a gage connected to the suction nozzle of pump, plus or minus vertical
distance between centers of gages (depending upon whether suction gage is
below or above discharge gage), plus excess, if any, of the velocity head of
dischargeovervelocityheadofsuctionasmeasuredatpointswhereinstruments
areattached.
Total dynamic discharge head is the total dynamic head minus dynamic suction
lift,ofplusdynamicsuctionhead.

SUCTIONLIFT
Suction lift exists when the suction measured at the pump nozzle and corrected
tothecenterlineofthepumpisbelowatmosphericpressure.
Static suction lift is the vertical distance from the free level of the source of
supplytocenterlineofpump.
Dynamic suction lift is the vertical distance from the source of supply when
pumpingatrequiredcapacity,tocenterlineofpump,plusvelocityhead,entrance
and friction loss, but not including internal pump losses, where static suction
head exists but where the losses exceed the static suction head the dynamic
suction lift is the sum of the velocity head, entrance, friction, minus the static
suctionhead,butnotincludinginternalpumplosses.
Dynamicsuctionliftasdeterminedontest,isthereadingofthemercurycolumn
connected to suction nozzle of pump, plus vertical distance between point of
attachment of mercury column to centerline of pump, plus bead of water resting
onmercurycolumn,ifany.

SUCTIONHEAD
Suction head (sometimes called head of suction) exists when the pressure
measured at the suction nozzle and corrected to the centerline of the pump is
aboveatmosphericpressure.
Static suction head is the vertical distance from the free level of the source of
supplytocenterlineofpump.
Dynamic suction head is the vertical distance from the source of supply, when
pumping at required capacity, to centerline of pump, minus velocity head,
entrance,friction,butnotminusinternalpumplosses.
Dynamicsuctionhead,asdeterminedontest,isthereadingofagageconnected
tosuctionnozzleofpump,minusverticaldistancefromcenterofgagetocenter
line of pump. Suction head, after deducting the various losses, many be a
negativequantity,inwhichcaseaconditionequivalenttosuctionliftwillprevail.

VELOCITYHEAD
Thevelocityhead(sometimescalled"headduetovelocity")ofwatermovingwith
a given velocity, is the equivalent head through which it would have to fall to
acquire the same velocity: or the head necessary merely to accelerate the water.
Knowing the velocity, we can readily figure the velocity head from the simple
formula:
h=V2
2g
in which "g" is acceleration due to gravity, or 32.16 feet per second or knowing
thehead,wecantransposetheformulato:

V=%2gh
andthusobtainthevelocity.
The velocity head is a factor in figuring the total dynamic head, but the value is
usually small, and in most cases negligible however, it should be considered
whenthetotalheadislowandalsowhenthesuctionliftishigh.
Wherethesuctionanddischargepipesarethesamesize,itisonlynecessaryto
includeinthetotalheadthevelocityheadgeneratedinthesuctionpiping.Ifthe
discharge piping is of different size than the suction piping, which is often the
case, then it will be necessary to use the velocity in the discharge pipe for
computingthevelocityheadratherthanthevelocityinthesuctionpipe.
Velocity head should be considered in accurate testing also, as it is part of the
totaldynamicheadandconsequentlyaffectsthedutyaccomplished.
In testing a pump, a vacuum gage or a mercury column is generally used for
obtaineddynamicsuctionlift.Themercurycolumnorvacuumgagewillshowthe
velocity head combined with entrance head, friction head, and static suction lift.
Onthedischargeside,apressuregageisusuallyused,butapressuregagewill
not indicate velocity head and this must, therefore, be obtained either by
calculating the velocity or taking reading with a Pitometer. Inasmuch as the
velocityvariesconsiderablyatdifferentpointsinthecrosssectionofastreamit
is important, in using the Pitometer, to take a number of readings at different
pointsinthecrosssection.
Atable,givingtherelationbetweenvelocityandvelocityheadisprintedbelow:

Velocityinfeet
persecond

Velocityheadin Velocityinfeet
feet
persecond

Velocity head
infeet

.02

9.5

1.40

.06

10

1.55

.14

10.5

1.70

.25

11

1.87

.39

11.5

2.05

.56

12

2.24

.76

13

2.62

1.00

14

3.05

8.5

1.12

15

3.50

1.25

NETPOSITIVESUCTIONHEAD
NPSH stands for "Net Positive Suction Head". It is defined as the suction gage
readinginfeetabsolutetakenonthesuctionnozzlecorrectedtopumpcenterline,
minus the vapor pressure in feet absolute corresponding to the temperature of
the liquid, plus velocity head at this point. When boiling liquids are being
pumped from a closed vessel NPSH is the static liquid head in the vessel above
thepumpcenterlineminusentranceandfrictionlosses.

VISCOSITY
Viscosityistheinternalfrictionofaliquidtendingtoreduceflow.

Viscosity is ascertained by an instrument termed a Viscosimeter, of which there

are several makes, viz. Saybolt Universal Tangliabue Engler (used chiefly in
Continental countries) Redwood (used in British Isles and Colonies). In the
United States the Saybolt and Tangliabue instruments are in general use. With
few exceptions. Viscosity is expressed as the number of seconds required for a
definite volume of fluid under a arbitrary head to flow through a standardized
apertureatconstanttemperature.

SPECIFICGRAVITY
Specificgravityistheratiooftheweightofanyvolumetotheweightofanequal
volumeofsomeothersubstancetaken as a standard at stated temperatures. For
solidsorliquids,thestandardisusuallywater,andforgassesthestandardisair
orhydrogen.
Footpounds:Unitofwork
HorsePower(H.P.):(33,000ft.poundsperminute746watts.746kilowatts)Unit
formeasurementofpowerorrateofwork
Voltamperes:Productofvoltsandamperes
KilovoltAmperes(KVA):1000voltamperes
Watthour:Smallunitofelectricalworkwattstimeshours
Kilowatthour(KWHr):Largeunitofelectricalwork1000watthours
HorsePowerhour(HPHr):Unitofmechanicalwork
To determine the cost of power, for any specific period of time working hours
perday,week,monthoryear:
No.ofworkinghrs,x.746xH.P.motor=KWHrconsumed
EfficiencyofmotoratMotorTerminal
KWHrconsumedatMotorTerminalxRateperKWHr=Totalcostcurrentfortime
specified
Torqueisthatforcewhichproducesortendstoproducetorsion(aroundanaxis).
Turning effort. It may be thought of as a twist applied to turn a shaft. It can be
defined as the push or pull in pounds, along an imaginary circle of one foot
radius which surrounds the shaft, or, in an electric motor, as the pull or drag at
the surface of the armature multiplied by the radius of the armature, the term
beingusuallyexpressedinfootpounds(orpoundsat1footradius).
Starting torque is the torque which a motor exerts when starting. It can be
measureddirectlybyfasteningapieceofbeltto24"diameterpulley,wrappingit
partwayroundandmeasuringthepoundspullthemotorcanexert,withaspring
balance.Inpractice,anypulleycanbeusedfortorque=lbs.pullxpulleyradius
infeet.Amotorthathasaheavystartingtorqueisonethatstartsupeasilywitha
heavyload.
Running torque is the pull in pounds a motor exerts on a belt running over a
pulley24"indiameter.
Full load torque is the turning moment required to develop normal horsepower
outputatnormalspeed.
Thetorqueofanymotoratanyoutputwithaknownspeedmaybedeterminedby
theformula:
T=BrakeH.P.x5250
R.P.M.
With a known footpounds torque, the horsepower at any given speed can be
determinedbytheformula:
H.P.=TxR.P.M.
5250

H.P.=Txspeedofbelton24"pulleyinfeetperminute33000

COSTOFPUMPINGWATER
Costper1000gallonspumped:.189xpowercostperKWHrxheadinfeet
Pumpeff.xMotoreff.x60
Example:Powercosts.01perk.w.hourpumpefficiencyis75%motorefficiency
is85%totalheadis50feet.
.189x.01x50=$.0025or1/4ofacent
.75x.85x60
Costperhourofpumping:
.000189xg.p.m.xheadinftxpowercostperKWHr
PumpefficiencyxMotorefficiency
Costperacrefootofwater:
1.032xheadinftxpowerperKWHr
PumpefficiencyxMotorefficiency
Pumpefficiency:g.p.m.xheadinfeet
3960xb.h.p.(topump)
Head:3960xPumpeff.xb.h.pxg.p.m.
b.h.p.(Brakehorsepower)topump:Motorefficiencyxh.p.atmotor
b.h.p.:g.p.m.xheadinfeetx3960xPumpeff.
g.p.m.:3960xPumpeff.xb.h.p.xheadinfeet

COMPUTING H.P. INPUT FROM REVOLVING WATT HOUR

METERS
(DiskConstantMethod)
KilowattsInput=KWin=KxRx3.60xt
HPInput=HPin=KxRx3600=4.83xKxRxtx746t
K constant representing number os watthours through meter for on revolution
ofthedisk.(Usuallyfoundonmeternameplateorfaceofdisk)
Rnumberofrevolutionsofthedisk
tsecondsforRrevolutions

Costper1000gallonsofwater:
C=746xrxHPinxGPH
Ccostindollarsper1000gallons
rpowerrateperkilowatthour(dollars)
HPinHPinputmeasuredatthemeter(seeabove)
Htotalpumpinghead

GPHgallonsperhourdischargedbypump
Costper1000gallonsofwater
Foreachfootofhead:
C=746xrxHPinxHxGPH
Costperhour:
C=.746xrxHPin

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