4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE 2015)

IGEE, Boumerdes, December 13th-15th 2015

Wind Power Impact in the Environmental/Economic

Dispatch
Ismail Ziane(1), Farid Benhamida, Amel Graa

Yacine Salhi

Irecom laboratory, dept. of electrotechnics

UDL university of Sidi Bel Abbes
Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
(1)
ziane_ismail2005@yahoo.fr

Apelec laboratory, dept. of electrotechnics

UDL university of Sidi Bel Abbes
Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
(2)
salhiyacine13@yahoo.fr

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the effect of the wind

energy in electrical power system on economic dispatch. An
economic dispatch problem considering wind power injection is
formulated and solved by Simulated Annealing (SA). To show
the advantages of the proposed algorithm, it has been applied
for solving economic load dispatch problem in a 3-generator
system with transmission losses and gas emission. This technique
is compared with other techniques which reveals the superiority
of the proposed approach and confirms its potential for solving
other power systems problems, and its capacity to solve the
environmental/economic power dispatch problem with the
renewable energy.
Keywords- environmental/ dispatch; wind power; simulated
annealing; optimization.

I. INTRODUCTION
The production of electric energy resulting from fuel
combustion generates gas emissions harmful to the
environment. It is necessary to go to the exploitation of
natural energies such as solar and wind power and overcame
to reduce gas emissions [1]. The US Air Act Amendments of
1990 mandates that the electric utility industry reduce its SO2
emission by 10 million tons/yr from the 1980 level. The NOx
emission is required to be reduced by 2 million tons/yr from
the 1980 level [2].
The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the
process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical
power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy
in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power
can be used for a generator can convert this mechanical
power into electricity.
The economic load dispatch problem allocates loads to
plants at minimum cost while meeting the constraints. It is an
optimization problem which minimizes the total fuel cost of
all committed plants while meeting the demand and losses
[3]. Each technology used for generating electricity has its
associated harmful environmental impacts. For example,

coal-fired power plants release SO2, NOx, mercury and other

pollutants to the atmosphere [4]. Many studies have been
carried out to solve the generation dispatch with or without
wind power. These studies include use of Monte Carlo [5],
Sequential quadratic programming [6], Harmony Search [7],
Genetic Algorithm [8], firefly algorithm [9], and particle
swarm optimization algorithm [10].
II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF ED WITH WIND ENERGY

The objective of ED is to simultaneously minimize the

generation cost rate and to meet the load demand of a
power system over some appropriate period while
satisfying various constraints [11].
The fuel cost function of a generating unit is usually
described by a quadratic function of power output Pi as:
ai Pi 2

Fi ( Pi )

bi Pi

ci

(1)

1) Constraints
Power balance constraints

Pi

PD

PL

(2)

where PD is the load demand and PL is the total transmission

network losses, which is a function of the unit power outputs
that can be represented using B coefficients:
n

PL

B ij Pi Pj

(3)

i 1 j 1

Generator limit Constraints

The power generation of unit i should be between its
minimum and maximum limits.

Pi min

Pi

Pi max

(4)

where Pi min is the minimum generation limit of unit i and Pi max

is the maximum generation limit of unit i.
The economic dispatch problem can be modeled by

2015 IEEE

min FT (P ) min

Fi (Pi )

(5)

i 1

where FT is the total fuel cost; FT(Pi ) is the fuel cost of

generating unit i; n is the nunber of generator.
n

min PL

min

B ij Pi Pj

(6)

i 1 j 1

The minimization of real power loss in a power system while

satisfying the unit and system constraints.
2) Wind energy
Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the
uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the
irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.
Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies
of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion
energy, when "harvested" by modernwind turbines, can be
used to generate electricity [12].
The power contained in the form of kinetic energy, P (W), the
wind is expressed by:
1
min P
. .A . 3
(7)
2
A is the area traversed by the wind (m2); is the density of air
(= 1.225kg/m3) and v is the wind speed (m / s)
3) Wind Turbines
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the
moving air and power anelectric generator that supplies an
electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite
of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan,
wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns
the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator
and makes electricity [12].
The wind generator can recover some of this wind power and
represents the power produced by wind generator [9]:
1
Pel
. .C e .A . 3 .10 3
(8)
2
Ce is the efficiency factor, which depends on the wind speed
and the system architecture [9].
3)Wind energy estimation
The calculation of the wind resources on-site and the
corresponding energy production are based on the assessment
of wind potentials by anemometric measurement. The wind
data is processed by software packages to calculate the
expected wind energy yield for the proposed sit.
The Wind energy estimation can be defined by:

PL'

PL

and independently by Cerny [13]. Simulated annealing is a

robust, general-purpose combinatorial optimization algorithm
based on probabilistic methods which has been applied
successfully to many areas such as VLSI circuit design,
neural-networks, image processing, code design, capacitor
placement in power systems, and economic load dispatch.

PW

(9)

The name simulated annealing comes from an analogy

between combinatorial optimization and the physical process
of annealing. In physical annealing a solid is cooled very
slowly, starting from a high temperature, in order to achieve a
state of minimum internal energy. It is cooled slowly so that
thermal equilibrium is achieved at each temperature. Thermal
equilibrium can be characterized by the Boltzmann
distribution.
EX

PT X

(e

kBT

Ei

)/(

kBT

(10)

where X is a random variable indicating the current state, EX

is the energy of state x, kB is Boltzmanns constant, and T is
temperature.
The evolution of the state of a solid in a heat bath toward
thermal equilibrium can be efficiently simulated by a simple
algorithm based on Monte Carlo techniques which was
proposed by Metropolis [18] in 1953. The Metropolis
algorithm takes the current state x, and generates a new state
y by applying some small perturbation. The transition from
state x to state y is then accepted with probability
Paccept x , y

1,
e

( E x E y )/ k BT

if E X

EY

if E X

EY

(11)

If accepted, y becomes the current state and the procedure is

repeated. This acceptance rule is known as the Metropolis
criterion. Given a particular combinatorial optimization
problem let the solution x correspond to the current state of
the solid, the cost function correspond to the energy of the
current state, and the control parameter T correspond to the
temperature of the solid. The simulated annealing algorithm
consists simply of iterating the Metropolis algorithm for
decreasing values of the artificial temperature parameter T.
TABLE I. . SIMULATED VS. PHYSICAL ANNEALING
Optimization Problem
Physical System
solution x
current state of the solid
cost or objective value f(x)
energy of current state
control parameter T
temperature
optimal solution xopt
ground state
simulated annealing
gradual cooling

Some of the analogies between the thermal process of

physical annealing and the artificial process of simulated
annealing in a combinatorial optimization problem are
summarized in table I.

where PW is wind power, PL is the actual demand.

III. A SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM FOR MULTIOBJECTIVE DISPATCH MODEL

The concept of simulated annealing was first introduced in

the field of optimization in the early 1980s by Kirkpatrick

A. Simulated Annealing algorithm

The SA algorithm for dispatch problem [14] is stepped as
follows:

Step 1: Initialization of the values temperature T, parameter

and iterations number criterion. Find randomly, an initial
feasible solution, which is assigned as the current solution Si
and perform ELD in order to calculate the total cost, Fcost
with the preconditions (2) and (4) fulfilled.
Step 2: Set the iteration counter to

= 1.

Step 3: Find a neighboring solution Sj through a random

perturbation of the counter one and calculate the new total
cost Fcost
Step 4: If the new solution is better, we accept it, if it is
worse, we calculate the deviation of cost S=Sj-Si and
generate a random number uniformly distributed
over
0,1 .
S

If e t
0,1
Accept the new solution Sj to replace Si
Step 5: If the stopping criterion is not satisfied, reduce
temperature using parameter : T (t )
T and go to Step 2.
TABLE II.
Load(MW)
GA[15]
Fuel
PSO[15]
cost
GAMS[16]
($/h)
QP [17]
SA
GA[15]
Emission
PSO[15]
output
GAMS[16]
(kg/h)
QP [17]
SA

350
18566
18564.6
18564.484
18564.4
18564.4840
164.395
164.359
164.951
164.951
164.9509

400
20828.5
20812.4
20812.294
20812.2
20812.2936
206.056
205.716
206.359
206.358
206.3598

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The proposed AS algorithm has been tested in a 3
generator system. The software was implemented by the
MATLAB language.
For conducting the test, the initial temperature is fixed at
20 C, alpha is fixed at 0.99 and max tries is 10000. The final
temperature is 1e-10 C.
The cases considered are as follows:
Case I: ED without wind energy integration
Case II: ED with wind energy integration
A.
1.

ED without wind energy integration

3-generator system
The generator cost coefficients, emission coefficients and
generation limits of 3 units system are taken from [15]. The
ELD problem solution for the 3-unit system is solved using
GAMS for different power demand, which is shown in table II
and comparison of result for the same system with GA and
PSO is shown in table II.

COMARAISON OF RESULT OF 3 UNIT SYSTEM

450
23127.1
23112.5
23112.363
23112.3
23112.3635
257.001
256.628
257.336
257.335
257.3341

500
25469.3
25465.6
25465.469
25465.4
25465.4691
317.362
317.233
318.021
318.021
318.0209

B.

ED with wind energy integration

Here, the SA method is applied for improving the cost of
fuel and emission, taking into account the injection of wind
energy (Pw = 10 MW) into the two test systems.

550
27875.4
27872.6
27872.405
27872.4
27872.4051
387.796
387.673
388.557
388.557
388.5578

600
30335
30334.2
30333.986
30333.9
30333.9858
468.168
468.092
469.089
469.089
469.0890

650
32852.7
32851.3
32851.046
32851.04
32851.0461
558.751
558.639
559.767
559.767
559.7665

700
35426.8
35424.7
35424.442
35424.4
35424.442
659.623
659.467
660.744
660.744
660.7435

The figures 1 and 2 presents convergence curve for fuel

cost minimization with wind energy variation.
From the figures, we can see that the wind energy can
make decreasing in fuel cost.

1.

3-generator system
The injection of wind energy (Pw = 10 MW) into the
network is estimated by 4 levels: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%
from Pw.
TABLE III.
P1
P2
P3
Losses (MW)
Fuel cost ($/h)
Emission output (kg/h)

RESULT OF 3 UNIT SYSTEM WITH WIND ENERGY VARIATION

0 % Pw
166.8976
308.7655
301.7499
27.4130
38055.0518
772.1778

25 % Pw
166.2748
307,7989
300,6504
27,2241
37922,1486
766,3550

In this case, if the system of wind energy works only at 25 %

of its capacity, we can save 37922.1486 $/h of cost of fuel
and 766.3550 kg/h of gas emission, and in the favorable
conditions i.e. the system operate at 100 % of its capacity, we
can save up to 37524.3098 $/h of fuel cost and 749.0472 kg/h
of gas emission.

750
38058.9
38055.4
38055.052
38055.05
38055.0518
770.977
770.732
772.177
772.177
772.1778

50 % Pw
165.6538
306.8252
299,5569
27.0359
37789.3907
760.5590

75 % Pw
165.0331
305.8517
298.4637
26.8485
37656.7778
754.7894

100 % Pw
164.4113
304.8805
297.3699
26.6617
37524.3098
749.0472

REFERENCES
[1]
250000

0%
25%
50%
75%
100%

Fuel cost ($/h)

200000

[2]

[3]

150000

100000

[4]

50000

[5]

0
0

10

15

20

25

Number of iterations

[6]
Figure 1. Convergence curve for Fuel Cost minimization with wind energy
variation.

[7]

[8]
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%

Fuel cost ($/h)

40000

[9]

[10]
38000

[11]
0

10

15

20

25

Number of iterations

Figure 2. Zooming of convergence curve for Fuel Cost minimization with

wind energy variation.

CONCLUSION
In this paper, the effect of wind energy in the some
electrical power systems is studied on cost, losses and on the
environment. The environmental economic dispatch problem
is solved via the Simulated Annealing Algorithm. This work
strengthens the idea and gives a method for the integration of
renewable energies in the classical system.
In this paper, 2 test systems are tested (3-generator and 6generator systems) with and without wind energy.
The obtained results by SA are compared with MODE,
PDE, NSGA, SPEA, and GSA methods. By these simulated
results, SA method provides superior result than previously
reported methods.

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[15]

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