Modele Matematice La PV-Eoliene Etc 2014 PDF

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 38 (2014) 99120
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
A review on Integrated Renewable Energy System based power

generation for stand-alone applications: Congurations, storage
options, sizing methodologies and control
Anurag Chauhan n, R.P. Saini
Alternate Hydro Energy Center, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 3 March 2014
Received in revised form
9 May 2014
Accepted 21 May 2014
Available online 14 June 2014
Uneconomical extension of the grid has led to generation of electric power at the end user facility and
has been proved to be cost effective and to an extent efcient. With augmented signicance on ecofriendly technologies the use of renewable energy sources such as micro-hydro, wind, solar, biomass and
biogas is being explored. This paper presents an extensive review on various issues related to Integrated
Renewable Energy System (IRES) based power generation. Issues related to integration congurations,
storage options, sizing methodologies and system control for energy ow management are discussed in
detail. For stand-alone applications integration of renewable energy sources, performed through DC
coupled, AC coupled or hybrid DCAC coupled congurations, are studied in detail. Based on the
requirement of storage duration in isolated areas, storage technology options can be selected for
integrated systems. Uncertainties involved in designing an effective IRES based power generation system
for isolated areas is accounted due to highly dynamic nature of availability of sources and the demand at
site. Different methodologies adopted and reported in literature for sizing of the system components are
presented. Distributed control, centralized and hybrid control schemes for energy ow management in
IRES have also been discussed.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Renewable energy
Integrated system
Load
Demand
Stand-alone applications
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Integration congurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.
DC coupled conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.
AC coupled conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.
Hybrid DCAC coupled conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Options for storage technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.
Battery storage system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.
Super capacitors energy storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.
Flywheel energy storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.
Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.
Hydrogen storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mathematical model for renewable energy sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.
Mathematical model for wind energy system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.
Mathematical model for Micro Hydro Power system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.
Mathematical model for solar photovoltaic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.
Mathematical model for biomass gasier system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.
Mathematical model for biogas system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 8171015620.

E-mail address: anurag.chauhan36@gmail.com (A. Chauhan).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.079
1364-0321/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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A. Chauhan, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 38 (2014) 99120
5.
Unit sizing and cost optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1.
Criteria for unit sizing and cost optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.1.
Economic criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2.
Power reliability analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.
Sizing methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1.
Articial intelligence (AI) approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2.
Multi objective design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.3.
Iterative approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.4.
Analytical method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.5.
Probabilistic approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.6.
Graphical construction method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.7.
Commercial available computer tools for unit sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. System control for energy ow management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.
Centralized control arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.
Distributed control arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.
Hybrid centralized and distributed control arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Discussions and ndings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Challenges and future scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Introduction
Requirement of energy in its most suitable form is the need of
millions of people throughout the globe. It can be fuel, used in
transportation, electrical energy for lighting loads, etc. With the
beginning of 21st century, industrialization has raised many folds
compared to 18th century; this has resulted in a massive scale
extraction of fossil fuels at an alarming pace globally. The global
climate change has added to the problem of scarcity of fossil
fuels. Now it is time to look into the solution of energy crisis,
created by the reduction of fossil fuels without altering the
climate behavior. In stand-alone mode, transportation of conventional energy sources (like coal, oil, and natural gas) is quite
difcult and grid extension is also not cost effective due to
remoteness and difcult terrain. Renewable energy is the most
appropriate solution to supply energy in isolated areas. Utilization of locally available resources is the best possible option to
meet the energy requirement. Depending on the site conditions,
single technology or aggregated technology would be selected in
stand-alone mode.
Single technology based system (solar photovoltaic/wind/
small hydro) is a viable option to supply energy in isolated areas.
Un-electried rural areas like village hamlets or small villages
that are far away from the utility grid can be electried by single
technology. In plane remote areas, possible schemes are solar
photovoltaic based system, wind energy system etc. Biomass
gasier/biogas based system are suitable for forest remote areas
and Micro Hydro Power (MHP) based scheme is appropriate for
remote hilly regions. Presently, rooftop solar photovoltaic systems are popular in urban areas to meet out energy demand of a
building. Renewable energy resources are highly site-specic and
intermittent in nature as some of the energy sources are available
in abundance during winter and others during summer. Therefore, as demand increases in stand-alone mode, single technology
based system are associated with high system cost and low
reliability. In order to deal with such limitations of single
technology based system, the concept of Integrated Renewable
Energy System (IRES) has been evolved for power generation in
stand-alone applications [1].
Integrated Renewable Energy System (IRES) has been proposed by various researchers to electrify remote areas [26]. In
IRES, energy demand of a remote area is met by using energy
potential of locally available renewable energy sources. In this
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technology, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, Micro

Hydro Power (MHP), biomass, biogas etc. can be considered for
power generation. IRES have the potential to aggregate benets
such as energy efciency and energy conservation, resulting from
the combination of renewable energy sources. Integrated use of
different renewable energy resources minimizes energy storage
requirement, increases reliability of power supply and quality of
power. For stand-alone applications, these systems are always
incorporated with storage devices in order to manage the
stochastic behavior of renewable energy sources like solar and
wind. WindsolarMHP based integrated system is shown in
Fig. 1. Control system is the heart of IRES that provides the
information and communication among various components of
system. Control system regulates the output of renewable energy
sources and also, generates the signals for scheduling of storage
subsystem and dump load. It protects the storage system from
overcharging and it help to operate the storage system in
prescribed limit. Whenever surplus energy is available, it is sent
to storage subsystem to store the surplus energy and if storage
system if fully charged, it is wasted in dump load that can be
utilized in cooking, water heating, baking etc. Under condition
when demand exceeds generation, stored energy is used in order
to fulll decit load demand.
Some remote places have not sufcient availability of renewable energy resources, under such conditions it is required to add
some conventional option like diesel/petrol/gasoline based generator, along with renewable energy resources to fulll load
demand. As diesel generator based integrated system pollutes
the environment, it is therefore analysis of green house gas
emission level must be carried out. This scheme is not appropriate for hilly terrain and remote areas as problems associated
with transportation of fuel.
This paper presents an extensive review on various issues
related to IRES in stand-alone mode, like integration congurations, storage options, sizing methodologies and system control of
IRES. Various integration congurations for integrating renewable
energy sources are given in Section 2. Section 3 deals with the
storage technology options for integrated system. Mathematical
model for energy conversion of renewable energy sources is given
in Section 4. Criteria for sizing of system components and various
sizing methodologies are discussed in detail in Section 5. System
control schemes of IRES for energy ow management are given in
Section 6. Discussions and ndings of review work of IRES is
101
Fig. 1. Schematic of windsolarMHP based integrated system.
DC Bus
Small Hydro
AC / DC
Converter
DC Loads
Wind
AC/DC or
DC/DC
Converter
DC / AC
Converter
AC Loads
Solar
DC /DC
Converter
Bidirectional
Converter
Storage
system
Fig. 2. DC coupled conguration of small hydrowindsolar based integrated system.
presented in Section 7. Finally, challenges and future scope in the

design and development of IRES based power generation for
stand-alone applications are discussed in Section 8.
2. Integration congurations
All renewable energy sources have their own different operating characteristics, it is necessary to make a standard procedure
for integrating renewable energy sources in integrated system.
Generally, there are three possible congurations to integrate
different renewable energy sources viz: DC coupled conguration,
AC coupled conguration, Hybrid coupled conguration [7,8].
2.1. DC coupled conguration

This conguration has only one DC bus and all renewable
energy sources are connected to the bus by proper power electronics interfacing circuits. Energy sources producing DC power are
directly connected to DC bus. DC loads are served from DC bus
through DC/DC converters to maintain constant DC voltage level at
the user end. This conguration can also supply power to AC loads
through an inverter. DC coupled scheme is simple as synchronization is not required to integrate various energy sources. In this
scheme, under the condition when inverter fails then whole
system will unable to supply energy to AC load. This problem
might be eliminated by using several small rating synchronized
102
PFAC Bus
Wind
AC Loads
DC/AC or
AC/AC
Converter
AC/DC
Converter
Solar
DC Loads
DC/AC
Converter
Bidirectional
Converter
Storage
system
Fig. 3. AC coupled conguration of windsolar based integrated system.
DC Bus
Solar
AC Bus
Wind
DC/DC
Converter
Small Hydro
Storage
system
DC Loads
Bidirectional
Converter
DC/DC
Converter
DC/AC
AC Loads
Fig. 4. Hybrid coupled conguration of small hydrowindsolar based integrated system.
inverters, connected in parallel to supply AC power [9]. A DC coupled

conguration of small hydrowindsolar based integrated system is
given in Fig. 2.
2.2. AC coupled conguration
This integration conguration can be categorized into two
congurations as power frequency AC coupled (PFAC) and high
frequency AC (HFAC) coupled. Schematic of PFAC coupled conguration of windsolar based integrated system is shown in Fig. 3.
In this conguration, different energy sources are connected to
power frequency AC bus through appropriate power electronics
circuits. Storage system is connected to bus through bidirectional
converter. AC loads are directly connected to bus and DC loads are
connected to PFAC bus through AC/DC converter. Synchronization
among various system components is not required in PFAC based
coupled system. In high frequency AC (HFAC) coupled conguration, different sources are coupled to HFAC bus. This conguration
is extensively used in high frequency loads like airplanes, submarines and space station applications [10].
2.3. Hybrid DCAC coupled conguration
Hybrid scheme has both DC and PFAC bus. In this scheme, all
DC energy sources (solar) are coupled to DC bus by proper
interfacing circuits. DC loads are directly served through DC bus
by using DC/DC converter (if required). AC loads receives energy
from PFAC bus (5060 Hz). In this control scheme, PFAC energy
sources can be directly connected without any interfacing circuits.
This eliminates the use of converters and hence reduces conversion losses in the conguration. As a result, hybrid DCAC coupled
conguration has lower cost and higher energy efciency as
compared to DC coupled and AC coupled schemes. But hybrid
scheme has relatively complex control and energy management.
Hybrid coupled conguration of small hydrowindsolar based
integrated energy system is presented in Fig. 4.
3. Options for storage technologies

Energy storage systems (ESS) is one of the important component
of integrated systems in order to offset the unpredictable variation of
the energy supplied by intermittent renewable energy sources like
solar, wind etc. Energy storage levels the mismatch between renewable power generation and demand which is important for both
economical and technical reasons. Almost all isolated generating
schemes have some kind of storage systems which are connected to
renewable sources using proper power electronics circuits that
controls the ow of energy in the storage system and the rate ow
of power into and out of the storage system. Energy storage systems
help in peak shaving, smoothing out load uctuations, making up for
intermittent variation in renewable energy sources so as to make an
efcient energy management in integrated systems [11]. Load prole
of an isolated area is sharp peaked during evening time. Various
generator sizes have to be increased in integrated system in order to
meet evening peak load, and this raises the system cost. In integrated
system, energy storage system helps in reducing peak power
demand. During peak power demand, decit energy (energy above
Discharging
period
Peaks
Response
time
Without storage
With storage
Mid merit
Storage period
Charging period
Base load
Electricity demand
103
6 am
6 pm
Mid day
Midnight
Fig. 5. Energy generation management using energy storage [12].
Table 1
Modes of energy storage systems.
Sl. no.
Modes of energy
storage systems
Summary
1.
Charging
2.
3.
Storage
Discharging
In this mode, energy generation at particular instant is more than demand at that instant. Energy storage systems
store the excess amount of energy and maintain energy balance to assure good power quality.
In this mode, energy generation is nearly equal to demand and energy storage systems store the energy.
In discharging mode, generation is decit and not able to meet load demand. Decit amount of energy is supplied by storage systems.
Table 2
Classication of ESS based on time frame [13].
Sl. no.
Duration
Storage technologies
1.
2.
3.
Short term
Medium term
Long term
Capacitors, super-capacitors, ywheel, super conducting magnetic storage (SMES)

Fuel cells, compressed air energy storage (CAES), batteries
Pumped storage
Table 3
Classication of ESS based on the form of energy storage [14].
Sl. no.
Form of energy storage
Storage technologies
1.
2.
Mechanical energy storage

Chemical energy storage
3.
Electrical energy storage
Pumped hydro storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), ywheels

Battery energy storage (leadacid, NiCd, NaS, Li-ion, metalair batteries),
ow batteries (vanadium redox battery, polysulphide bromide battery,
zincbromine battery), fuel cells and hydrogen storage
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), super capacitor
the base generation) is supplied by the storage systems. A simplied

generation prole (with and without storage system) is given in
Fig. 5.
Based on a typical load prole, storage systems work in three
modes i.e. charging, storage, discharging. Summary of different
modes of energy storage systems is given in Table 1.
In general, storage technologies are classied on the basis of
time frame or form of storage. Based on the storage duration,
energy storage systems are classied as short term, medium term
and long term ESS. List of storage technologies based on time
frame is given in Table 2. Based on the form of storage, ESS
classied as mechanical energy storage, chemical energy storage
and electrical energy storage. Storage technologies based on form
of storage is given in Table 3.
Currently, a wide range of energy storage technologies are

available with each occupying a particular area of application.
These technologies are discussed in the following sections.
3.1. Battery storage system

Rechargeable batteries are one of the oldest electricity storage
systems that store electrical energy in the form of chemical
energy. Among various storage technologies, battery storage
system is the most exible, reliable and responsive for standalone generating systems. Batteries are modular and non-polluting, can be placed near load centers or installed with renewable
energy sources.
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Batteries respond in about 20 ms to compensate resource and

load transients. The round trip efciency (AC/DC and DC/AC) of
battery storage system varies in the range from 60% to 90%.
Various types of battery storage applications include leadacid,
nickelcadmium, sodiumsulfur, vanadium redox batteries etc.
Leadacid battery consists of lead dioxide as positive electrode
and a negative electrode with a separator to isolate both electrodes. Sulfuric acid is used as electrolyte to provide the sulfate ions
for the discharge reactions. It is popular storage system for power
quality, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and intermittent
renewable energy sources. However, low energy density (30
50 Wh/kg), short cycle life (5001000 cycles), failure of deep
discharge and processing of lead are the some issues with the
use of leadacid battery. Nickelcadmium (NiCd) batteries consist
of a nickel hydroxide as positive electrode, a cadmium hydroxide
as negative electrode, an alkaline electrolyte and a separator. This
storage system is reliable, requires low maintenance and having
comparatively high energy density (5075 Wh/kg). Disposing of
cadmium is one of the environmental issues with NiCd batteries as
cadmium is a toxic heavy metal. Also, NiCd batteries have
relatively high cost and low cycle life of 20002500 [1416].
Sodiumsulfur (NaS) battery consists of liquid sodium at the
negative electrode, liquid sulfur at positive electrode and these are
separated by a solid beta alumina ceramic electrolyte. Positive
sodium ions enter in the electrolyte and combine with the sulfur
to produce sodium poly sulde. The temperature of the cell is
required to be 300350 1C in order to favor the conduction of
sodium ions. To acquire this high temperature, NaS battery takes
heat energy from own stored energy. NaS battery storage system
has no self discharge, high efciency of 90% including heat losses
and high capital cost. Vanadium redox ow battery comprised of
electrodes, electrolytes and membranes. This storage system has
positive and negative half cells which are isolated by a membrane.
Vanadium redox batteries have low energy density of about
25 Wh/kg of electrolyte [17,18]. Other ow batteries include zinc
bromide battery (ZnBr) and Polysulphide bromide battery (PSB).
Cycle life, reliability, depth of discharge and cost are some of the
major issues with the use of batteries as storage system for IRES in
stand-alone applications.
3.2. Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system
SMES system has three parts: superconducting magnetic coil;
power conditioning equipment and refrigeration system. SMES
system stores energy in the magnetic eld, created by the ow of
DC current in the superconducting coil. The coil of SMES is kept at
superconductive temperature to meet the superconducting properties of magnetic coil. This storage system has high efciency in
storing DC electric energy. Excess off-peak AC power is converted
into direct current and supplied into a superconducting magnetic
coil. This storage system switches within 17 ms between charging
and discharging at high efciency of 98%. Coil with 1000 m
diameter is suitable for 1000 MW5 h SMES plant and coil with
1 m diameter for 1 MW1 s module. High system cost and
environmental issues (strong magnetic eld) are the major problem for the wide deployment of SMES as storage for IRES [17,19].
The voltage of module is currently limited in the range of 200

400 V for safety and reliability issues [19].
3.4. Flywheel energy storage
Flywheel energy storage is suitable for regenerative breaking,
voltage support, transportation, power quality and UPS applications. In this storage scheme, kinetic energy is stored by spinning a
disk or rotor about its axis. Amount of energy stored in disk or
rotor is directly proportional to the square of the wheel speed and
rotor's mass moment of inertia. Whenever power is required,
ywheel uses the rotor inertia and converts stored kinetic energy
into electricity [17]. In the present scenario, ywheels of 1 kW
power storage capacity for 3 h and 100 kW for 30 s have been
successfully developed. Design of Larger wheel to store 250 kW
power for 1015 min is under progress. Depending on winding
losses, bearing losses and cycling process, the round trip efciency
of ywheel modules varies from 80% to 85% [19].
3.5. Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS)
Pumped hydroelectric storage is a mature technology with high
efciency and large storage period. Conventional pumped hydro
plant has two vertically separated reservoirs. During low power
demand period, water is pumped from the lower reservoir to upper
reservoir. Whenever electricity is required during peak hours, the
water discharge is owed into lower reservoir and the potential
energy of water is used to rotate hydro turbine that drives the
coupled generator. Pumped hydro storage requires a signicant area
for upper and lower reservoirs. Amount of energy storage depends on
the available water discharge in upper reservoir and the height
difference between two reservoirs. Depending on penstock size,
hydro turbines and generator used, the round trip efciency of
pumped hydro plant varies in the range of 6080% [19]. PHS systems
need specic site for upper and lower reservoir.
3.6. Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
Besides pumped hydro storage, CAES is the only capable
storage technology having very large storage capacity of above
50 MW. The typical rating of CAES storage system is in the range of
50300 MW. Storage period can be a one year with very small
losses. In CAES, off-peak electrical energy is used to compress air
into an underground surface vessel or tank. When electricity is
required, air is used in heating and combustion of fuels in order to
run turbine for driving generator. The compressed air is stored in
different types of underground medium like porous rock formation, salt or rock formation and natural gas elds. The ACAC
roundtrip efciency of CAES varies in the range of 8590%.
A 290 MW, 4 h CAES storage plant has been developed in Huntorf,
West in Germany [19]. Second CAES plant of capacity 110 MW,
26 h is in operation in McIntosh, Alabama, USA [14]. Like pumped
hydro, CAES also requires specic geographical location like salt
caverns, rock mines, aquifers or depleted gas elds.
3.7. Hydrogen storage
3.3. Super capacitors energy storage

Super capacitors have higher energy density as compared to
common capacitors and batteries. Super capacitor uses two layer
plates for the effective separation of charges. Therefore, this
storage has very long cyclic life and ideal suited for high power,
short-discharge applications. In present time, each super capacitor
cell operates in the range of 2-V. Therefore, these cells are series
packed in a module with parallel connected adjacent modules.
Hydrogen is generated by electrolysis process of water by

utilizing off-peak electrical power from renewable energy sources.
At present, hydrogen is generated at low pressure of 30300 psia
and then compressed and stored at high pressure of 3000 psia in
tanks. The hydrogen storage has the ACAC round trip efciency of
4060% [19]. To develop a reliable, safe and low cost hydrogen
storage system is the major challenge in the present scenario. Fuel
cells hydrogen storage technology includes hydrogen fuel cell,
direct methanol fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, solid oxide
fuel cell, metalair battery.
105
Annual energy generated from a MHP system can be calculated as

EMHPS P MHPS 365 24 capacity factor:
4.3. Mathematical model for solar photovoltaic system
4. Mathematical model for renewable energy sources

4.1. Mathematical model for wind energy system
Wind speed continuously varies at a particular site. It depends
on local land terrain, weather system and height above the
ground. Therefore it is necessary to capture wind speed variation
in a model to forecast the energy production. Weibull probability
density function best describes the wind speed variation. The
Weibull probability density function of wind speed (V) is expressed
as [20]
" #
k 1
k
V
V k
f V; k; c
exp
c
c
c
where f(V,k,c) is the probability of wind speed (V), c is the scale
parameter, k is the shape parameter and VZ0, k41, c40.
The output of wind energy system depends on its rated power
(Pr) of wind turbine, cut-in speed, cut-out speed and rated speed.
Mathematically, electrical power output of wind turbine (PWT) is
calculated as [21]
8
for 0 r V oV cut in and V 4 V cut out
>
< 0;
3
P WT aV bP r ; for V cut in r V o V rated
>
:P ;
for V
rV rV
r
rated
cut out
where Vcut-in is cut in speed, Vcut-out is cut out speed, Vrated is rated
speed of wind turbine. Constats a and b are function of rated speed
and cut in speed of wind turbine and calculated as
a
b
Pr
V 3rated V 3cut in
V 3cut in
3
V rated V 3cut in
Annual energy production (EWES) from a wind turbine at a

specic site can be estimated as
V

cut out
EWES 365 24
P WT f V; k; c
V 0
At a given hub height, wind speed can be calculated by using

following power-law relation:
V
Vr
n
h
hr
where V and Vr are the wind speed at hub height h and reference
height hr, n is the power-law exponent (1/7).
The input to solar photovoltaic (SPV) system is solar radiation.

SPV panels are inclined at an angle equal to the latitude of the
considered area to increase the amount of solar radiation received
on SPV surface. The electrical power output of inclined SPV system
mainly depends on amount of beam radiation and diffuse radiation, fallen on SPV surface. Total hourly solar radiation on a xed
inclined surface (HT) can be calculated as [23]
H T H b Rb H d Rd H b H d Rr
where HT is in kWh/m2, Hb is the beam part of solar radiation
(kWh/m2), Hd is diffused part of solar radiation (kWh/m2), Rb is tilt
factors for beam radiation, Rd is tilt factors for diffused radiation
and Rr is the tilt factor for reected part of solar radiations. Hourly
power output of SPV system (PSPVS) is calculated as
P SPVS H T A
where is the conversion efciency of SPV system, A is the surface
areas of SPV system.
Annual energy output of SPV system is estimated as
8760
ESPV S P SPVS i:
i1
4.4. Mathematical model for biomass gasier system

Presently, biomass gasier based power generation system is a
mature technology for electrication of isolated areas. In biomass
gasication, producer gas is generated when biomass is burned
with insufcient oxygen. The generated producer gas is mixed
with diesel in certain ration and used in diesel engine that run
coupled generator to produce electricity.
The hourly electrical power output of biomass gasier system
depends on biomass availability and generator operating hours per
day. Mathematical model of biomass gasier System is represented as follows [24]:
P BMGS
total biomss available tons=year CV BM BMG 1000

365 860 operaing hours per day
where PBMGS is hourly output of biomass gasier system, CVBM is

caloric value of biomass (4015 kcal), BMG is the overall conversion efciency of the biomass gasier system from biomass (fuel
wood) to electricity production (21%).
Annual energy production of a biomass gasier based system
can be estimated as
EBMGS P BMGS 365 24 capacity factor:
4.5. Mathematical model for biogas system
4.2. Mathematical model for Micro Hydro Power system

In hydro power generation, kinetic energy of water is used to
rotate hydro turbine, which in turn rotate the coupled shaft and
generator and this produce electricity. The power output of Micro
Hydro Power (MHP) system depends on water discharge and net
head available at particular site. The theoretical electrical power
generated by the MHP system (PMHPS) in watt is given by [22]
P MHPS 9:81 Q H net 0 W
where Q is the discharge (m3/s), Hnet is the net head (m), W is the
water density (kg/m3), 0 is the overall efciency of MHP system
including the efciency of hydro turbine, generator and brush gear.
Biogas is produced from animal manure and human sewage.

In stand-alone mode, biogas and diesel are mixed in the ratio of
80:20 to run the diesel engine that in turn rotates the coupled
alternator. In remote areas, biogas is mostly used to fulll the
cooking energy needs of villages household and thereafter, if any
surplus biogas is available that can be used for electricity generation. The hourly power output of biogas based system depends on
biogas generation per day and operating hours of alternator in a
day. The mathematical model for biogas based power generation
system is represented as follows [24]:
P BGGS
total biogas generated m3 =day CV BG BGGS

860 operating hours=day
106
where CVBG is caloric value of biogas (4700 kcal), BGGS is the

overall conversion efciency of biogas system from biogas to
electricity production (27%).
Annual energy production of a biomass gasier based system
can be estimated as
EBGGS P BGGS 365 24 capacity factor:
where Cav is the average generation cost ($/kWh), Ki is the load

factor for ith generator, m is the operation and maintenance (O &
M) cost ($/kWh), n is the payback period (in years), Pi is ith
generator capital cost ($/kW), Ri is the ith generator rating in kW.
Capital recovery factor (CRF) can be evaluated in terms of discount
rate (r) and project lifetime n (in years) as
CRF
r1 rn
:
1 rn 1
5. Unit sizing and cost optimization

Optimum unit sizing is essential for efcient and economic
utilization of the renewable energy sources in integrated system.
Optimum sizing assures the lowest net present cost with system
reliability requirement so that the system can operate at the
optimum conditions. Optimal resource-need matching in an integrated system is necessary to have acceptable system cost and
reliability. These planning issues are generally contradictory with
each other and therefore, a reasonable trade-off between them is
enviable. Over sizing the system components will enhance the
system cost while under sizing leads to failure of power supply.
5.1. Criteria for unit sizing and cost optimization
For unit sizing and cost optimization of IRES, it is required to
evaluate the system in terms of economics and power reliability.
In economic criteria, parameters like net present cost (NPC), levelised
cost of energy (LCE), annualized cost of system (ACS), payback
period (PBP), internal rate of return (IRR) etc. are considered by
the various authors. Since solar and wind energy systems are
highly intermittent in nature, therefore it is necessary to evaluate
system reliability. System reliability assessment provides the
useful inform regarding generation whether it is able to balance
the load demand or not for the considered period of time.
In power reliability criteria, most of the researchers consider
parameter like loss of power supply probability (LPSP), expected
energy not supplied (EENS), energy index ratio (EIR), level of
autonomy (LA) etc.
5.1.1. Economic criteria
5.1.1.1. Levelised cost of energy (LCE). LCE is an economic evaluation
tool for the energy production in integrated system which includes
all recurring and non recurring costs over project lifetime. It is
dened as the ratio of the total annualized cost of system (ACS) to
the annual electricity production (ETotal) by the system.
Mathematically, it can be estimated by the following formula [25]:
LCE
ACS
ETotal
LCE can also be calculated in terms of average generation cost (Cav)

and given by [23]
C av
5.1.1.2. Annualized cost of system (ACS). The annualized cost of

system is the sum of the annualized capital cost (Cannz_cap), the
annualized replacement cost (Cannz_rep), and the annualized
maintenance cost (Cannz_main) of all components of system [25]
ACS C annz_cap C annz_rep C annz_main :
5.1.1.3. Net present cost (NPC). Net present cost represents life cycle
cost of IRES. The total NPC comprise of all outlay and incomes that
take place in the plant life, with future cash ows discounted back
to the present. The total NPC comprises capital cost of the system
components, replacement cost of component that occurs in
operation period of plant, the cost of maintenance and fuel. The
NPC also considers any salvage costs of components, which is the
worth remained in the system components after the operation
period of system. If TAC is total annualized cost and CRF is capital
recover factor, NPC is calculated as [26]
NPC
TAC
CRF
NPC can also be calculated as follows:

NPC
TCO1 iN
1 ROI
where TCO is total capital outlay which is the sum of capital cost,
operation and maintenance cost and replacement cost, i is the
annual ination rate, N is the cumulative number of years, ROI is
rate of return of the investment or market discount rate (MDR).
MDR is adjusted according to the ination rate so that all future
costs are being discounted to represent the real discount rate. Net
present value (NPV) of the system is opposite in sign of NPC.
5.1.1.4. Internal rate-of-return (IRR). The internal rate-of-return
(IRR) is the true interest yield offered by the system during its
operational period. It is also referred to as the return on investment (ROI) or the time-adjusted rate-of-return. It is evaluated by
calculating the discount rate that results the net present value
(NPV) of the project to be equal to zero [27].
5.1.1.5. Payback period (PBP). Payback period is the time in which
the initial cash outow of an investment is expected to be
recovered from the cash inows generated by the investment [27].
CRF mN
i 1 P i Ri
87:6N
i 1 Ri K i
Sizing Methodologies
Artificial
Intelligence
Multi-objective
design approach
Analytical
Method
Iterative Method
Probabilitstic
approach
Graphical
Construction
method
Fig. 6. Sizing methodologies for unit sizing and cost optimization.
Available
computer
tools
where L is the average annual demand (kW), D is the duration

(h) in which load is not meet out.
It can be calculated as
initial investment
:
PBP
Cash inflow per period
5.1.2.3. Level of autonomy (LA). Level of autonomy represents the

fraction of time for which the specied load can be met. It depends
on number of hours in which loss of load occurs (HLOL) and total
number of hours of operation (HTotal). Mathematically, LA is
calculated as [30]
5.1.2. Power reliability analysis

5.1.2.1. Loss of power supply probability (LPSP). LPSP is dened as
being the fraction of the deciency energy and that required by
the load. LPSP can be estimated as [28]
LPSP
107
Tt 1 LPSt
Tt 1 P Load tt
LA 1
H LOL
:
H Total
where LPS(t) is loss of power supply at hour t, PLoad(t) load

demand at hour t.
In solarwindbattery based integrated system, LPS(t) at hour
t can be calculated as
LPSt P Load t P Wind t t P SPV t
t SOCt 1 SOCmin INV
Where, PWind(t) is wind power output, PSPV(t) is PV array output
and SOC (t 1) is previous state of charge of battery, SOCmin is
minimum state of charge, INV is the inverter efciency.
5.1.2.2. Expected energy not supplied (EENS). Expected energy not
supplied is the expected energy that is not supplied to the load
under the condition when load exceeds generation. EENS in kWh
is calculated as [29]
8760
EENS L:D
Fig. 7. Pareto front of a MOEA.
k1
Table 4
Summary of studies based on articial intelligence approaches.
Authors
Energy sources
considered
Paliwal
et al. [31]
Objective
function
Design constraints
Algorithm used
Outcome
LCE
Photovoltaic
(PV), wind, diesel
and battery
Number of generators, battery

SOC, system health state
PSO
Askarzadeh
[32]
PV, wind battery
Total annual
cost
Number of PV panels, number

wind turbine, number of
batteries, battery SOC
HS, SA
Merei et al.
[33]
PV, wind, diesel
NPV
Sources capacities, tilt angle,

hub height, SOC, part load
GA
Formulated a techno-socio-economic criterion for the

optimum mix of sources. Also analyzed the relationship
among size of storage units, number of cycles and
replacements over project life time.
Developed a novel discrete chaotic harmony search-based
simulated annealing algorithm for optimal sizing of
integrated system. Also compared the results with
discrete HS and discrete HSSA.
Optimized hybrid system with the combination of
three battery technologies (leadacid, lithium ion,
vanadium redox ow battery).
Proposed BBO algorithm that converges to global
optimum solution with relative computational simplicity
as compared to other optimization algorithms.
Minimized cost and increased efciency of an integrated
system by evaluating maximum capacity of the storage
system and excess energy (EE) for different load
shifting (LS) percentages.
Discussed the impact of component outages on
the reliability and system cost by yearly simulation
of 1 h time step.
Excess power was delivered to the electrolyzer and
decit power is fullled by fuel cell when generation
was not able to meet load demand.
Found that integrated system with 35 days' battery storage
was found to be appropriate for the required LPSP of 1% and
2% for the considered case.
Optimized hybrid system with battery storage using
Box-Behnken design and RSM based on an hourly
operating cost.
Reliability constraint LPSP was calculated by
simulations for 8760 h.
Developed a method for optimal sizing of system
components from a minimum of input data compared.
Kumar et al. Wind, PV, battery NPV, COE

[34]
Energy balance, SOC, number of BBO

generators, battery capacity
Arabali
SPV, wind,
et al. [35] battery
Cost,
efciency
Energy balance
GA, fuzzy C-means

(FCM) clustering
Kaviani
Wind, PV, and
et al. [36] fuel cell (FC)
Annualized
cost
Equivalent loss factor (ELF)
Particle swarm
optimization (PSO)
Hakimi
et al. [37]
Wind, FC
Net present
cost
Generation demand balance
PSO
Yang et al.
[38]
Solar, wind, and

battery
Ekren and
Ekren
[39]
Xu et al.
[40]
Mellit et al.
[41]
PV, wind, and

battery
LPSP
Annualized
cost of
system (ACS)
Hybrid
LLP
system cost
Wind, PV, and

battery
Solar, batteries
banks
Total capital LPSP

cost
PV generator LPSP
area
GA
Response surface
methodology (RSM),
Box-Behnken design
GA
Articial neural
network (ANN)
108
5.2. Sizing methodologies

In the eld of IRES based power generation, various sizing
methodologies have been reported in literature such as articial
intelligence, multi objective design, analytical approach, iterative
technique, probabilistic approach, graphical construction method,
commercially available computer tools. Available sizing methodologies for unit sizing of integrated system are given in Fig. 6.
5.2.1. Articial intelligence (AI) approach

Articial intelligence approaches need no availability of
weather data for sizing of integrated energy systems in remote
sites. Number of AI approaches are reported in literature such as
genetic algorithms (GA), articial neural networks (ANN), particle
swarm optimization (PSO), biogeography based optimization
(BBO), harmony search (HS), ant colony optimization (ACO),
simulated annealing (SA), fuzzy logic (FL), or a hybrid of such
techniques. These algorithms can handle the non-linear variation
of system components of IRES or intermittent nature of solar and
wind energy sources.
Paliwal et al. [31] optimized photovoltaicwinddiesel based

integrated system to fulll techno-socio-economic criterion.
They also developed the relationship among size of storage
units, number of cycles and replacements over project life time.
Askarzadeh [32] developed a novel discrete chaotic harmony searchbased simulated annealing (DHSSA) algorithm for optimal sizing of
PVwindbattery based integrated system and compared the obtained
annual cost with discrete harmony search (HS) and discrete harmony
search simulated annealing (HSSA) algorithms. Merei et al. [33] carried
out analysis for optimal solution in PVwinddiesel based hybrid
system with the combination of three battery technologies (leadacid,
lithium ion, vanadium redox ow battery). Kumar et al. [34] proposed
a BBO algorithm for PVwind based system that converges to global
optimum solution with relative computational simplicity. They also
compared the results with other optimization algorithms such as GA,
PSO and HOMER. Arabali et al. [35] minimized cost and increased
efciency of an integrated SPV-wind system with battery storage using
genetic algorithm (GA) and two-point estimate method. They
also calculated maximum capacity of the storage system and excess
energy (EE) for different load shifting (LS) percentages. Kaviani et al.
[36] found that yearly simulation with 1 h time step offered high
accuracy with approximate evaluations of reliability indices in solar
Table 5
Summary of multi-objective design.
Author
Energy sources
considered
Objectives
Design constraints
Outcome
Maheri et al. [43] Wind, PV, diesel
Unmet load for

reliability, LCE for cost
Specied LCE and reliability
Ippolito et al. [44] Solar, battery
Total generation cost,

energy losses, green
house gas emission
Total system cost, CO2
emissions, loss of load
probability (LLP)
LCC, system embodied
energy, LPSP
Voltage regulation, Peak
power reduction, annual
cost
NPC, pollutant emission
Active power limit,

reactive power limit, power
transfer limit, voltage limit
Hydrogen storage
Proposed two algorithms and in one scenario, most reliable

system was created under cost constraint and in second scenario
the most cost-effective system was obtained under reliability
constraint.
Considered three scenarios and found that improvement of
voltage prole was the most suitable for the intermediate values
of objective functions.
Reduced system cost at the same fuel emission and LLP suing PSO
simulation based approach.
Shara et al. [45] PV, wind, diesel,

battery, fuel cell
Abbes et al. [46]
PV, wind, battery
Tant et al. [47]
SPV, battery bank
Arnette et al. [48] Solar, wind,

biomass, coal plant
Number of generator, SOC

Total annual cost limit
Biomass transport limit,

generation limit, capital
investment limit
Storage energy level,
PV panel tilt angle
Abedi et al. [49]
Wind, PV, FC
battery bank, and
diesel generators
NPC, fuel emission, loss

of load probability
Moura et al. [50]
Wind, solar, hydro
Renewable system share Energy consumption share,

to the peak load
maximum potential,
actual installed power,
yearly growth to the
installed power for each
renewable technology
ACS, LPSP
Ould et al. [51]
Solar, wind, and

battery
Katsigiannis et al. PV, wind
[52]
COE, GHG emission
Initial cost, unmet load,

capacity shortage, capacity
shortage, minimum renewable
fraction, components' size
Dufo-Lpez et al.
[53]
Diaf et al. [54]
PV, wind, diesel,

hydrogen, battery
PV, wind, battery
NPC, Pollutant
emissions, Unmet load
LCE, LPSP
Bernal-Agustn
et al. [55]
PV, wind, diesel
NPC, Pollutant emissions
Developed 120 Pareto optimal set and choose a conguration that

fullls 95% of residential electricity needed.
Presented the isocost trade-off curves between the objectives of
peak shaving and voltage control for public low-voltage
distribution grid.
Analyzed cost and emission under different scenarios like
minimize cost, minimize emission, minimax-equal weight,
minimax-cost weighted, minimax-emissions weighted.
Minimized the overall system cost, unmet load, and fuel emission
by using fuzzy technique and mixed-integer nonlinear
programming. Also modeled uncertainties of energy sources
based on Weibull and Beta probability distribution functions
(PDF).
Optimized the mix of the renewable system and maximized its
contribution to the peak load, while minimizing the combined
intermittence, at a minimum cost. Large-scale demand-side
management (DSM) and demand response (DR) technologies
were also considered.
Based on Pareto optimal, found that cost of the optimal
conguration was highly inuenced by load proles.
Set of non-dominated solutions called Pareto-set were developed
by using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II).
Calculated GHG emissions based on life cycle analysis (LCA) of
each system's component.
Simultaneously optimized three conicting objectives by
presenting 2D and 3D Pareto front.
Presented technical sub models based on LPSP and economic sub
model based on LCE. Also, presented trade-off curves between
wind power and solar power, trade-off curves between LCE and
battery storage.
Multi-objective design was applied in the design of hybrid
systems using Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA).
109
windfuel cell based system and discussed the impact of component

outages on the reliability and system cost. Hakimi et al. [37] used
excess power of windfuel cell based system in electrolyzer and decit
power was fullled by fuel cell when generation was not able to meet
load demand. They used particle swarm optimization for simulation.
Using genetic algorithm, Yang et al. [38] proposed power reliability
model based on LPSP and economic model based on annualized
system cost. They also suggested that the solarwindbattery based
integrated system with 35 days' battery storage was found to be
appropriate for the required LPSP of 1% and 2% for the studied case.
Mellit et al. [41] developed a method for optimal sizing of components
of solarbattery based system. Various studies based on articial
intelligence approaches available in literature are given in Table 4.
method in SPV with battery energy storage systems and applied

the proposed system in the public low-voltage distribution grid.
They also presented the isocost trade-off curves between the
objectives of peak shaving and voltage control. Moura et al. [50]
optimized the mix of the renewable energy system among wind,
solar, hydro and maximized its contribution to the peak load,
while minimizing the combined intermittence at a minimum cost.
They also considered large-scale demand-side management (DSM)
and demand response (DR) technologies. Bernal-Agustn et al. [55]
applied Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA) to the
multi-objective design of PVwinddiesel based hybrid system
for electrical energy generation. Various studies on multi-objective
design are reported in literature and summarized in Table 5.
5.2.2. Multi objective design

There are two common approaches of multi-objective design. First
general approach is to merge all the individual objective functions into
a single composite and in second approach, an entire Pareto optimal
solution set is to be determined. Obtained solution is said to be Pareto
optimal if it is dominant among various solutions in the solution space.
A Pareto optimal solution cannot be improved with regard to any
objective without deteriorating at least one objective, since reducing
system costs implies a rising of pollutant emissions and vice versa. The
main objective of a multi-objective optimization algorithm is to know
solutions in the Pareto optimal set [42]. Fig. 7 shows Pareto front,
dominated solution and non-dominated solutions for multi objective
design.
Maheri et al. [43] proposed two algorithms for multi objective
optimization in wind-PV-diesel generator based system. In one
scenario, most reliable system was created under cost constraint
and in second scenario, the most cost-effective system was
obtained under reliability constraint. Abbes et al. [46] developed
120 Pareto optimal set for PVwind based integrated system and
choose a conguration that fullls 95% of residential electricity
needed. Tant et al. [47] proposed a multi-objective optimization
5.2.3. Iterative approach

Performance evaluation of integrated energy system in iterative
approach is achieved using a recursive program which ends when
the optimum system design is attained. In iterative approach,
optimization model generally considers the LPSP model for power
reliability and net present value (NPV), and/or levelised cost of
energy (LCE) model for system cost respectively. Most of the
authors considered parameters i.e. the capacity of PV panels, rated
power of wind system, and battery bank storage capacity. For the
desired reliability level, the optimum conguration is one which
having the lowest LCE/NPV from all the possible sets of congurations. In this method, system cost is minimized either by
linearly changing the values of the parameters or by linear
programming techniques. Furthermore, iterative technique does
not optimize the PV area, PV module slope angle, wind turbine
swept area, wind turbine installation heights as these parameters
enormously inuenced system costs (LCE and/or NPV).
Many papers are available in literature in which integrated
system sizing is done using iterative technique. Zhang et al. [56]
proposed an algorithm for component sizing in PV-diesel generator based integrated system based on the optimization of the
Table 6
Summary of iterative approach.
Author
Energy sources considered Indicator

optimized
Design constraints
Outcome
Zhang et al. [56]
PV, diesel generator, battery COE
Gupta et al. [57]
Solar photovoltaic (SPV),

micro-hydro, biogas
biomass
Total cost
Generator output power,

battery SOC
Unit generation limits,
individual capacity limit
battery storage limits
Ekren, and Ekren

[58]
PV, wind, battery
Hybrid system
cost
Proposed an algorithm for component sizing using

linear programming.
Developed a mixed integer linear mathematical programming
model (time-series) to determine optimal resource allocation in
such a way that resources with lesser unit cost would share the
greater of the total energy demand.
Optimized the sizing of PV area, battery capacity and wind
turbine rotor swept area using the OptQuest tool in ARENA software.
Yang et al. [59]
Solar, wind, and battery

bank
Annualized
system cost
Li et al. [60]
PV, battery, FC
Yang et al. [61]
Solar, wind, and battery

bank
PV, wind, battery
System cost,
system
efciency
LCE
LPSP
Optimal conguration was selected based on the lowest LCE.
LUC, REPG,
DPSP, UEP
Kellogg et al. [63] Wind, PV
Total cost
Ashok et al. [64]
Total capital
cost
Price per kWh, break

even distance
Resource availability
and equipment
Optimally designed integrated system based on the calculated

value of life cycle unit cost (LUC) of power generation or relative
excess power generated (REPG) or unutilized energy probability (UEP)
for a specied deciency of power supply probability (DPSP).
Justied the installation of stand-alone hybrid system by comparison with
the line extension, supplying the load with conventional utility power.
Developed a decision support system for the hardware design
of integrated energy system.
Prasad et al. [62]
Solar, wind, and

micro-hydro
Loss of load probability

(LLP), autonomy,
auxiliary
energy unit cost
LPSP
During cost optimization process, ve decision variables were

considered: PV module number, PV module slope angle,
wind turbine number, wind turbine installation height and
battery capacity.
Presented an algorithm to decide the minimal system
conguration based on energy balance.
110
power dispatch simulations. During optimization, they minimized

the cost of energy (COE) including capital depreciation cost, fuel
cost, maintenance cost and emissions damage cost. Gupta et al.
[57] developed a mixed integer linear mathematical programming
model (time-series) to determine the optimal operation, optimal
conguration, optimum control algorithm for hybrid energy systems. They optimized cost in such a way that resources with lesser
unit cost would share the greater of the total energy demand. Li
et al. [60] presented an algorithm to decide the minimal system
conguration based on energy balance. Yang et al. [61] optimized
the sizing of solarwindbattery based integrated system using
LPSP for system reliability assessment and the LCE for cost analysis
and selected optimal conguration based on the lowest LCE.
Summary of iterative approach is given in Table 6.
5.2.4. Analytical method

In this approach, components of integrated energy systems are
characterized by computational models to nd the feasibility of
the system. Therefore, system's performance can be evaluated
for a set of feasible system congurations for a specic size of
components. Best conguration of an integrated energy system is
evaluated by comparing single or a multiple performance index of
the different congurations. Khatod et al. [65] considered uncertainties related with solar irradiance and wind speed, Beta and
Weibull distributions to model solar radiation and wind speed.
They found that proposed method was computationally very
efcient and requires less time and much less amount of meteorological data than Monte Carlo simulation method. Kaldellis et al. [66]
found that the share of the battery component exceeds 27% of the
Table 7
Studies based on analytical approach available in literature.
Author
Energy
sources
considered
Indicator
optimized
Design constraints
Outcome
Khatod et al. [65]
Solar, wind,
and battery
bank
Kaldellis et al. [66]
PV, leadacid
battery
Dufo-Lopez et al. [67]
Wind, solar,
and H2
Beta and Weibull distributions have been developed for the modeling
Individual unit power limit,
wind power generation to load ratio, of solar radiation and wind speed to consider intermittency. Proposed
analytical method was computationally efcient as compared with
generation-demand balance
Monte Carlo simulation method.
Energy generation-demand balance, Found that the share of the battery component exceeds 27% of the
Energy
available power individual capacity system life cycle energy demand in sand-alone mode and compared
payback
with grid-connected congurations.
period
Proposed a suitable integrated system for places with a high wind
Net present Initial investment cost and land
speed rate. Excess of electrical energy has been used for hydrogen
value (NPV) mass required for the planned
production.
system
Production
cost
Table 8
Summary of probabilistic approach.
Author
Energy sources
considered
Indicator
optimized
Design constraints
Outcome
Lujano-Rojas
et al. [68]
Solar, wind, diesel

generator, battery
NPC
Tina and
Gagliano [69]
Solar and wind
Annual total cost
Tina et al. [70]
PV, wind
Annual total cost
Expected energy not

supplied (EENS), internal
rate of return
Energy index of reliability
(EIR), EENS
Yang et al. [71]
Wind, PV, and

battery banks
LPSP
State of charge (SOC)
Karaki et al. [72]
Wind, solar,
battery storage
Production cost
Expected energy
supplied (EES)
Bagul et al. [73]
PV, battery
System cost
Loss of power probability
Proposed a model based on ANN to consider uncertainty related to

solar radiation, wind speed, fuel prices and battery bank lifetime.
Also estimated EENS and NPC of the model under various
operating conditions.
Worked out the design of a pre-processing stage for the input
of an algorithm that probabilistically optimized the design
of hybrid system.
Presented a convolution technique to assess the long-term
performance of a considered system. Analytical expressions were
also developed to nd power generated by convolution of wind
and solar output power.
LPSP of 1% can be achieved by battery bank with an energy storage
capacity of three days and battery bank of ve days storage capacity
was appropriate for a LPSP of 0%.
Developed a model to consider outages due to the primary energy
uctuations and hardware failure. Also presented a methodology to
determine an upper limit on the size of the battery storage required
to satisfy a given load prole.
Developed a technique based on three event probability density for
sizing of PV-array and battery storage. New technique was more
accurate, consume less computation time and more closely characterized
the actual distribution of the daily excess energy than two events.
Table 9
Summary of graphical construction method.
Author
Energy sources
considered
Indicator
optimized
Design
constraints
Outcome
Borowy et al.
[74]
Wind, PV,
and battery
Capital cost
LPSP
Markvart [75]
Solar, wind
Hybrid
generator cost
Demand
Developed a methodology for optimum sizing based on the use of long

term data for both irradiance and wind speed. The minimum cost was obtained
at the point of tangency of the curve and also it represented the correlation
between the number of PV modules and the number of batteries.
Optimally designed an integrated solarwind system on the basis of demand
supply criteria by taking into consideration of monthly-average solar and wind
data.
system life cycle energy demand, showing the difference between

grid-connected and stand-alone congurations in PV-battery based
system. Summary of analytical approach is given in Table 7.
5.2.5. Probabilistic approach

Probabilistic approaches for sizing of integrated system considers the effect of the insolation and changes in wind speed for
system design. In this approach, appropriate models for resource
generation and/or demand are developed and nally a risk model
is created by a combination of these models. However, this
optimization technique cannot characterize the dynamic changing
performance of the integrated/hybrid system. Lujano-Rojas et al.
[68] developed hybrid algorithm (Monte Carlo and ANN) for to
consider uncertainty related to solar radiation, wind speed, fuel
prices and battery bank lifetime in solarwindDG based hybrid
system. Tina et al. [69] evaluated impact of a tracking system on
the probability density function (PDF) of PV output through the
rst four moments (mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis) in
solarwind based integrated system. They also analyzed improvement in the EIR using the two-axis tracker instead of one-axis
(polar) tracker. Tina et al. [70] presented a probabilistic approach
based on the convolution technique to assess the long-term
performance of a considered system and developed analytical
expressions to nd power generated by convolution of wind
generator and PV output power. Yang et al. [71] found that battery
bank with an energy storage capacity of 3 days was suitable for
ensuring the desired LPSP of 1% in solarwind based integrated
system, and a LPSP of 0% can be achieved with a battery bank
of 5 days storage capacity. Probabilistic approaches applied for
different energy sources and available in literature are as given
Table 8.
111
5.2.6. Graphical construction method

In this method, only two decision variables were considered in
the optimization i.e. either SPV and battery, or SPV and wind
turbine. Some signicant factors such as the numbers of SPV
modules, SPV area, SPV slope angle, windswept area and the wind
turbine installation height were completely ignored. Borowy et al. [74]
developed correlation between number of PV modules and number of
batteries. Markvart [75] optimally designed an solarwind based
integrated system on the basis of demand supply criteria. Graphical
construction methods reviewed in literature are as given in Table 9.
5.2.7. Commercial available computer tools for unit sizing

Presently, various computer tools are available for optimal
sizing of integrated system. Optimum conguration can be found
among different system congurations on the basis of net present
cost and performance. Among various computer tools, Hybrid
Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) is one of
the most popular tool for sizing of integrated system. HOMER is
capable to model a power system's physical behavior based on its
life cycle cost, which is the sum of installation and maintenance
cost of system components over system life time. HOMER allows
the programmer to compare many various design congurations
on the basis of their technical and economic merits [76]. Many
papers are available in the literature dealing with optimum sizing
and designing of integrated systems using HOMER are referred in
[77100].
HYBRID2 is simulation software for a very high accuracy, as it
can dene time intervals from 10 min to 1 h. NREL suggests that
rst optimize the integrated system with HOMER and then,
improve the optimized system using HYBRID2 [101]. In Hybrid
Optimization by Genetic Algorithm (HOGA), single objective or
Table 10
Summary of commercial available computer tools for unit sizing.
Computer
tools
Developer
HOMER
Capable to model an integrated system's physical

behavior and its life cycle cost. It compares
various design congurations on the basis of
their technical and economic merits [76].
However, HOMER Not allows the user to select
appropriate system components.
High accurate computer tool with simulation
Load demand, resource data, Technical analysis, sizing
Renewable Energy Research
optimization, nancial evaluation time step varies from 10 min to 1 h. It requires
power system component
Laboratory (RERL) of the University
long term data for economic analysis of
data, nancial data
of Massachusetts
integrated system [101].
Single objective or multi objective optimization
Multi objective optimization, Life
Electric Engineering Department
Constraints resource, data
problem and control strategies are solved by
of the University of Zaragoza (Spain). component data, economic cycle emission, probability
using genetic algorithms. All the parameters
analysis, buysell energy supply
data
remained constant during simulation of 1 h
analysis
interval [102].
Solaris Homes
Daily average load data
Ii is a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet based
application tool for renewable energy
assessment and it requires daily average load
and environmental data for each month of the
year. It simulates one conguration at a time but
wide ranging in terms of renewable energy
system variables [102].
TRNSYS uses a programmer dened time step
Meteorological data, models Dynamic simulation, behavior of
University of Wisconsin Solar
that varies from 0.01 s to 1 h for simulation. This
from own library
thermal and electrical energy
Energy Laboratory, Centre
tool is extensively used to simulate solar energy
system
Scientique et Technique du
applications, conventional buildings, and
Batiment, TRANSSOLAR
biological processes [102].
Energietechnik
It is a Microsoft Excel based energy project
Technical, nancial and
Ministry of Natural Resources,
Climate database, project
Canada
database, product database, environmental analysis, sensitivity analysis computer tool that determines the
and risk analysis, energy efciency, technical and nancial viability of integrated
hydrology database
system. This tool does not consider the
cogeneration
temperature effect for SPV performance analysis
[103].
HYBRID2
HOGA
HYBRIDS
TRNSYS
RETScreen
National Renewable Energy Laboratory

(NREL) USA
Input
Load demand, resource

data, component cost,
constraint, system
control, emission data
Output
Net present cost, cost of energy,

capital cost, unmet load, excess
energy, fuel consumption,
renewable energy fraction
Summary
Generation
Energy Storage Systems

Batteries, ultracapacitors, flywheels,
pumped-hydro
Loads
Primary loads
(AC+DC)
Deferrable
loads
d
ize
tim ion
Op erat
gen
n
ratio
Gene ast
forec
Dem
an
forec d
ast
Coventional
power source
Op
t
demimize
an d
d
Renewable
energy
sources
Optimized storage
scheduling
112
Control Structure
Best scheduling of
Energatic, Ecological and
Economical Constraints
Fig. 8. Intelligent energy ow management in IRES [113].
multi objective optimization problem and control strategies are

solved by using genetic algorithms. All the parameters remained
constant during simulation of 1 h interval. A HYBRIDS software
tool is Microsoft Excel spreadsheet based application tool for
renewable energy assessment and requires daily average load
and environmental data for each month of the year. It simulates
one conguration at a time but wide ranging in terms of renewable energy system variables. It is not used for system optimization
and however, it helps to improve the hybrid system design.
TRNSYS uses a programmer dened time step that varies from
0.01 s to 1 h for simulation. This tool is extensively used to
simulate solar energy applications, conventional buildings, and
biological processes. Nuclear, wave, tidal, and hydro power based
system cannot be simulated by this tool. HYDRO GEMS tool is used
for the analysis of hydrogen energy systems in time step of 1 min
[102]. RETScreen is a Microsoft excel based software tool which
can evaluate renewable energy, energy efciency and cogeneration
projects the technical and nancial viability of. This tool is used for
the analysis of energy efcient integrated system covering mainly
energy production, life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas emission
reduction [103]. Table 10 presents the summary of commercial
available computer tools.
Many other computer tools are also available for designing of
hybrid systems [102,103], such as The General Algebraic Modeling
System (GAMS) [104], Opt Quest [105], LINDO [106,107], WDILOG2
[108], Simulation of Photovoltaic Energy Systems (Sim Pho Sys)
[109], Grid-connected Renewable Hybrid Systems Optimization
(GRHYSO) [110,111], and H2RES [112].
Fig. 9. Centralized control arrangement.
Generally, the control structure of IRES for energy ow management is classied into three categories; centralized control
arrangement, distributed control arrangement, and hybrid centralized and distributed control arrangement. In all three categories,
each renewable energy resource has its own local controller
(slave controller) that determines the optimal operation of the
unit based on the current information.
6.1. Centralized control arrangement

6. System control for energy ow management
In IRES, energy ow management is necessary to promise
continuous power supply for the load demand. An optimal energy
management strategy ensures a cost effective and reliable integrated energy system with high efciency. The dynamic interaction between the renewable energy sources and the load demand
results into serious problems of stability and power quality issues
like frequency and voltage regulation at user end. Therefore,
there is a need to control and supervise renewable energy based
system to overcome the transient response in energy distribution
network. At rst stage, all energy sources and demand are
forecasted and at later stage energy sources, demand and scheduling of energy sources and storage devices are optimized to achieve
optimal energy ow in integrated system. An intelligent energy
ow management in IRES is shown in Fig. 8.
In centralized control arrangement, the entire system comprised of one master controller (centralized controller) and several
slave controllers for various renewable energy resources and
energy storage system. The master controller operates in close
co-ordination with all energy resources and slave controllers. The
measurement signals of all energy resources in a group are sent to
master controller as shown in Fig. 9. The master controller acts as
an energy supervisor and makes decision on control actions on the
basis of all measured signals and a set of predetermined objectives
and constraints. Depending upon the availability of resource
generation and load demand, it will prioritize and manage energy
ow among the various renewable energy resources in integrated
system [114117]. The centralized control structure is best suited
for multi-objective energy management in IRES that converges to
global optimum values based on available information. However,
this control structure suffers from heavy computation time and

sometimes may be subjected to single point failures.
6.2. Distributed control arrangement
In distributed control arrangement, each energy source sends
measurement signals to its local controller as shown in Fig. 10.
The local controllers communicate with one another to take
appropriate decision for global optimization. In this scheme, the
computation burden of each local controller is greatly reduced
without any single point failure problems [118,119]. However, this
control structure has the disadvantage of complex communication
system among local controllers. Articial algorithm like fuzzy
logic, articial neural networks, genetic algorithm and their hybrid
combination are the possible options for solving such problems of
distributed control scheme. Multi agent system (MAS) is one of the
most promising approaches for distributed control scheme. A MAS
has been extensively used for integration of energy sources,
restoration and reconguration and energy management of integrated system.
6.3. Hybrid centralized and distributed control arrangement
Hybrid control arrangement is the combination centralized and
distributed control schemes. In hybrid control scheme, renewable
energy sources are grouped within integrated system [119,120].
Centralized control scheme is applied within each group and distributed control scheme is used to coordinate each group. In such
hybrid control scheme, local optimization is achieved through centralized control within group and global optimization among different
groups of energy sources is achieved by distributed control. This offers
less computation burden on master controller and local controllers
that minimizes single point failure problems in integrated energy
system. A hybrid control scheme is shown in Fig. 11.
Many papers are reported in literature which deals with system
control for energy ow management of integrated system. Torreglosa et al. [121] developed hierarchical control including a master
113
and slave control strategy for integrated system. At particular

instant, energy source was selected as per the generation cost by
master control strategy. Slave control scheme maintained constant
DC bus voltage under transient conditions by changing the duty
cycle of DC/DC converters. Malla et al. [122] maintained constant
voltage at AC load bus by controlling DC-link voltage with
modulation index of PWM inverter. DC/DC converter was also
used for maximum power point tracker (MPPT) in PV array.
Valenciaga et al. [114] developed supervisor control for PV
windbattery integrated system. They satised the load demand
as primary objective, and second to maintain the state of charge
(SOC) of the battery bank to prevent blackout and to extend the
life of batteries. Thounthong et al. [124] discussed stabilization
problems in PVFCsuper capacitor based integrated system. They
also implemented a prototype small-scale power plant composed
of a FC system (1.2 kW, 46 A), a PV array (0.8 kW), and an SC
module (100 F, 32 V) and validated the proposed control algorithm
during load cycles. Das et al. [125] used PI/PID controllers to
regulate the output power from the sources in order to eliminate
the mismatch in supply and demand under varying condition of
load and generation and this reduced the frequency deviation (f).
They found that GA optimized controllers (PI/PID) was much
better than automatic generation control, in terms of peak transient deviation and settling time
Jiang et al. [134] designed PV panels that supplied power to the
load and charged the battery bank with the help of a buck
converter, acting as maximum power point tracker. A boost
converter was also used to adapt the low DC voltage from the
fuel cell to the regulated bus voltage. Bus voltage limit (BVL) mode
protected the battery from overcharging and maximum power
point tracker (MPPT) mode helped in drawing maximum power
from the PV module. Onar et al. [135] tested the dynamic behavior
of the PVwindUCFC based integrated system under different
values of wind speed, solar radiation and load demand. Senjyu
et al. [136] presented an optimum conguration and dispatch
strategies to determine the optimum number of PV panels, wind
turbines, and batteries. Chedid et al. [139] designed a controller for
Fig.. 10. Distributed control arrangement.
Fig. 11. Hybrid centralized and distributed control arrangement.
114
Table 11
Summary on system control of IRES for energy ow management.
Authors
Energy sources
considered
Decision variables taken
Torreglosa
PV, wind, FC, battery Load demand, hydrogen storage
et al. [121]
and level, state of charge (SOC)
Softwares/
techniques used
MATLAB Simulink
Outcome
Developed hierarchical control including a master and slave control

strategy for integrated system. At particular instant, energy source was
selected as per the generation cost by master control strategy. Slave
control scheme maintained constant DC bus voltage under transient
conditions by changing the duty cycle of DC/DC converters.
Malla et al.
Wind, solar, battery, DC link voltage
MATLAB Simulink
Maintained constant voltage at AC bus by controlling DC-link voltage
[122]
FC, battery, UC
with modulation index of PWM inverter. DC/DC converter was also
used for maximum power point tracker (MPPT) in PV array.
Bizon et al.
Solar, wind, FC,
DC bus voltage, SOC, frequency
MATLAB Simulink
Discussed load following control of FC based on power ow balance.
[123]
battery, UC
Batteries and UC are used as backup energy storage system to
compensate the system dynamics.
Valenciaga
Wind, PV, battery
SOC, voltage regulation, power
Sliding-mode control The primary objective of control was to meet load demand and
et al. [114]
regulation, maximum power
secondary was to maintain the state of charge (SOC) of the battery
conversion
bank to avoid blackout and to enhance the life of batteries.
Wind, PV, FC
H2 generation and consumption
Wang and
MATLAB/Simulink
Excess power was dumped in electrolyzer to produce H2. The FC
Nehrir
rate, H2 storage tank pressure
offered a backup generation source and supplied power to the load
[115]
when there was energy shortage.
Thounthong PV, FC, super
Voltage regulation
Fuzzy logic controller, Discussed stabilization problems in the integrated system using the
et al. [124] capacitor (SC)
experiment
intelligent fuzzy logic controller on the basis of atness property for
DC grid voltage regulation.
Settling time, overshoot and
GA, time domain
Used PI/PID controllers to regulate the output power from the sources
Solar thermal, DG,
Das et al.
oscillations
analysis
and demand under varying condition of load and generation and this
[125]
wind, FC, battery,
reduced the frequency deviation (f).
ywheel, UC
Presented transient analysis of a self-excited induction generator with
Chauhan
Micro hydro
Load current, load voltage, dump
MATLAB Simulink
electronic load controller for sand alone applications. Analysis includes
et al. [126]
load current
and Sim Power
the effect of switching of loads on dump power, load power and
Systems
generated power.
Additional power generated was used to charge the UC bank. During
Uzunoglu
PV, FC and ultraUC bank terminal voltage,
MATLAB Simulink
peak demand, UC bank supplied the surplus power demand and also it
et al. [127] capacitor (UC)
hydrogen Storage Tank Pressure
and Sim Power
compensated the tracking mismatches and delayed of the FC system
Systems
that generally showed reasonably sluggish response time.
Ashari et al. SPV, diesel generator DG and inverter operating power Computer codes
Presented dispatch strategies and used optimum values of set points
[128]
(DG), battery
level, battery terminal voltage
for the starting and stopping of the diesel generator to minimize the
overall system cost.
Ipsakis et al. PV, wind, FC, and
SOC of accumulator, power level of Experiment
Proposed three power management strategies (PMS) and compared on
[129]
battery
energy sources
the basis of sensitivity analysis, considering state of charge of batteries
and output power from FC. Also observed the effect of these PMS on
lifetime of FC and electrolyzer.
Kang and
PV, FC, and battery
PSCAD/EMTDC
Proposed a strategy that was compared with conventional strategy.
Won [130]
Also minimized the number of change over between FC and battery
with the help of measuring and time delay elements.
Utilized SOFC as the main energy source and battery energy storage as
Hajizadeh
Solid oxide fuel cell Battery SOC,FC voltage, hydrogen Neuro fuzzy
the backup energy source. Lyapunov based neuro fuzzy algorithm was
et al. [131] (SOFC), battery
ow rate
algorithm, MATLAB/
used for designing the controllers of fuel cell power plant, DC/DC and
Simulink
DC/AC converters to control the input fuel ow and to get a desirable
output power demand.
Onar et al.
Wind., PV, FC, UC
UC bank terminal voltage, power
MATLAB Simulink
Tested the dynamic behavior of the integrated system under different
[132]
output of energy sources.
values of wind speed, solar radiation and load demand.
Ko et al.
Wind, battery
Bus voltage, bus frequency
Linear quadratic
Used reduced order model, TakagiSugeno (TS) fuzzy model and
[133]
regulator (LQR),
possibility auto-regression model (PARM) for power quality control in
proposed system with dump load. TS fuzzy model decomposed the
nonlinearity of the model into many linear sub models.
Buck converter, acting as maximum power point tracker. A boost
Jiang et al.
PV, FC, and battery
Numerical
converter was used to adapt the low DC voltage from the fuel cell to
[134]
simulation,
the regulated bus voltage.
experiment
Onar et al.
Wind, FC, UC
FC internal voltage, H2 delivered to MATLAB/Simulink,
First fuel cell system supplied the decit power to load and later UC
[135]
bank satised the remaining energy for short duration that cannot be
the storage tank, H2 tank pressure, Simpower systems
fullled by the FC system.
UC current
Senjyu et al. Solar, wind, battery System cost, SOC
GA
Presented an optimum conguration and dispatch strategies to in
[136]
solarwind based hybrid system.
Park et al.
PV, diesel generator, Battery capacity, PV array size, PV Experimental,
Based on the battery storage energy, authors proposed six operating
[137]
battery
energy loss
numerical simulation points where the DG was either switched off or on. The control
technique minimized the fuel consumption and storage capacity of the
battery.
El-Shater
PV, FC
Output voltage, current density of Fuzzy regression
FRM is used for maximum power point tracking of PV arrays to extract
et al. [138]
PEMFC, PV output power
model (FRM)
peak available power. H2 generated by electrolyzer was stored in a
tank for lower insolation levels or at night FC operation.
Chedid et al. Wind, solar, battery Cost of electricity, unmet load,
Linear programming, Designed a controller that evaluated the power available from each of
[139]
spilled energy, battery losses
CAD/CAA tool
the system components and environmental credit of the system.
Frequency error and its integral were the inputs for the governor part
Chedid et al. Wind, diesel
Frequency, voltage
Adaptive fuzzy
of the controller. Voltage and frequency errors were input for the
[140]
control, automatic
automatic voltage regulator
voltage regulator
power evaluation from each of the windsolarbattery based

system and the environmental credit of the system. Chedid et al.
[140] suggested an adaptive network based inference system
(ANFIS) to create fuzzy membership functions and control rules
for the controller in winddiesel based hybrid system. Frequency
error and its integral were the inputs for the governor part of the
controller. System control of IRES for energy ow management
related work reported in the literature is summarized and given
in Table 11.
7. Discussions and ndings

This review article presents comprehensive overview on various issues related to IRES based power generation for stand-alone
applications. Issues like need of IRES, integration congurations,
storage options, sizing methodologies and control in IRES are
discussed in detail. For stand-alone applications, single technology
based system is suitable for area with limited energy need. But as
demand increases, single technology based system is associated
with high system cost with low reliability. In order to deal with
such limitations of single technology concept of IRES has been
evolved. In IRES, renewable energy sources can be integrated
through three congurations viz: DC coupled or AC coupled or
hybrid DCAC coupled congurations. In DC coupled conguration, all renewable energy sources are connected to one common
DC bus using proper power electronics interfacing circuits. DC
loads are directly served from DC bus by using DC/DC converters to
maintain a constant DC voltage at user end. However, an inverter
is required in this conguration in order to serve AC loads. Under
the condition of inverter failure, DC coupled conguration will not
be able to supply energy to AC loads. In AC coupled conguration,
all renewable energy sources are connected to a common power
115
frequency AC (PFAC) bus through appropriate power electronics

circuits. In this conguration, there is a need to synchronize the
incoming generator output with the common PFAC bus. Hybrid
DCAC coupled conguration has both DC and AC bus. DC energy
sources are directly coupled to DC bus that serves the energy need
of DC loads and vice-versa. This eliminates the use of converters in
the conguration except DC/DC converter that may use to maintain constant voltage at user end. Hence, hybrid DCAC coupled
conguration offers lower cost and higher efciency as compared
to DC coupled and AC coupled congurations. Merits and demerits
of integration congurations for IRES are summarized in Table 12.
Requirement of energy storage system (ESS) in IRES and available energy storage options are also discussed in the paper.
Storage system counterbalances the unpredictable variation of
the energy supplied by intermittent renewable energy sources
like solar, wind etc. ESS also helps in peak shaving and smoothing
out load uctuations in order to make an efcient energy management in IRES. Classication of ESS is also presented in the paper on
the basis of time frame (short, medium and long) or on the form of
storage (electrical, chemical and mechanical). Among various
energy storage technologies, Superconducting magnetic energy
storage (SMES) is one of the highest energy efcient (98%) storage
options for IRES. However, energy in SMES can be stored only
for short duration. Coil with diameter of 1000 m is suitable for
1000 MW5 h SMES plant. Also, SMES has low energy density that
increases the cost. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) and
pumped hydro storage are suitable for high energy storage (above
50 MW) but they require specic geographical location. In both
the storage options, energy is stored in mechanical form. However,
CAES offers higher efciency (8590%) as compared to pumped
hydro storage (6080%). Super capacitor storage and ywheel
storage have low energy density and suitable for short storage
duration. Super capacitor storage has the advantage of long life
Table 12
Summary on IRES congurations.
Sl. Conguration
no. name
Merit
Demerit
DC coupled
AC coupled
Hybrid DCAC
coupled
This scheme is simple and no synchronization is needed to integrate the different

renewable energy sources.
Best suitable conguration for domestic, industrial applications in present scenario as
most of the AC appliances may directly connected to AC bus.
This conguration has higher efciency and lower system cost. Conversion losses are
very low as AC and DC loads might be directly connected to their respective buses.
In the absence of inverter, this conguration is not able to

supply power to AC load.
Need to synchronize the incoming generator output with
AC bus and also required a converter to supply DC load.
Control and energy management is complex than DC and
AC coupled schemes.
Table 13
Comparative analysis of energy storage systems.
Sl. Energy storage technologies
no.
Form of
storage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Efciency
(%)
Merit
Demerit
Cost
Mechanical Medium
85
High storage capacity
Requirement of specic site and fuel
Low
Electrical
98
Low energy density
High
Electrical
Short
Mechanical Long
6080
Long life cycle

Low energy density

Requirement of specic site
Flywheel storage
Hydrogen storage
Battery storage system
Leadacid battery
Mechanical Short
Chemical
Medium
8085
4060
Low energy density

Require high pressure for hydrogen storage
Very
high
High
Chemical
Medium
65
Self discharge is low
Nickelcadmium (NiCd) battery
Chemical
Medium
6065
Sodiumsulfur (NaS) battery
Chemical
Medium
89
High storage capacity, high

energy density
High energy density
Limited cycle life under deeply discharge, issue with Low

processing of lead
Low cycle life, recycle issue of toxic cadmium
High
Flow batteries (VRB, ZnBr, PSB)
Chemical
Medium
7585
Compressed air energy storage

(CAES)
Superconducting magnetic
energy storage (SMES)
Super capacitors
Pumped hydro storage
Storage
duration
Short
Requirement of high temperature, complex safety

design, self discharge is high
Low cycle life, low energy density
High
116
cycle over ywheel storage. However, ywheel has the advantage

of high storage capacity over super capacitors. Hydrogen storage
requires high pressure tank for hydrogen storage that raises the
cost. Presently, safety and reliability are some of the issues with
the use of hydrogen storage. The ACAC round trip efciency of
hydrogen storage varies in the range of 4060%. Among various
storage technologies, battery storage is the most exible, reliable
and responsive for IRES in stand-alone applications. Leadacid
battery storage has low energy density (3050 Wh/kg), short cycle
life (5001000 cycles) and exposed with the problems of lead
processing. Nickelcadmium battery storage has high energy
density (5070 Wh/kg) and low cycle life (20002500 cycles).
Recycle of cadmium is the main issue as it is a toxic heavy metal. In
the present scenario, sodiumsulfur (NaS) and ow batteries (VRB,
ZnBr, and PSB) are the most promising, efcient and cost effective
storage options for integrated systems. NaS battery storage system
has no issue of self discharge and also, it offers high energy density
and high efciency of 90% including heat losses. Flow batteries
are best suited for high storage applications with the efciency of
7585%. Table 13 presents comparative analysis of energy storage
systems for IRES.
In IRES, optimum sizing of system components is essential for
both economic and technical reasons. In sizing of IRES, most of the
researchers optimized net present cost, annualized cost of system,
cost of energy etc. under design constraints like number of

generators, energy balance, battery SOC and system reliability
(LPSP, LLP, and EENS). For sizing of system components of IRES,
authors consider decision variables like number of PV modules,
number of wind turbines, number of batteries, tilt angle of PV
array, PV surface area, wind turbine hub height, wind turbine
swept area etc. In the present context, articial intelligence and
multi-objective design are extensively used by the researchers as
they converge to global optimum solution with relative computational simplicity. Articial algorithms like GA, PSO, HS, BBO, ACO,
SA and hybrid of such techniques are popular for sizing of IRES.
These algorithms can easily deal with the nonlinear characteristics of system components of IRES or stochastic nature of solar
and wind energy sources. In multi-objective design, Pareto
optimal solution set is determined and this set cannot be
improved with regard to any one objective without deteriorating other objectives. In iterative approach of sizing, a recursive
program is made which ends when optimum system design is
attained. However, this technique takes considerable time to
reach optimal solution. In analytical method for sizing of IRES,
system components are characterized by computational models. Best conguration is evaluated from a set of feasible system
congurations by comparing single or multiple performance
indexes. Probabilistic approach for sizing of IRES eliminates the
Table 14
Merits and demerits of various sizing methodologies of IRES.
Sl. no.
Sizing methodologies/
computer tools
Merit
Demerit
Iterative technique
Find the global optimum system conguration with

relative computational simplicity.
Can optimize simultaneously at least two conict
objectives.
Easy to code
Articial intelligence
approach
Multi objective design
Probabilistic approach
Eliminate the need of time-series data.
Graphic construction method -
HOMER
HOGA
HYBRIDS
HYBRID2
10
TRNSYS
11
RETscreen
Increased computational efforts and suboptimal

solutions.
Cannot represent the dynamic changing performance of
the system.
Only two parameters can be included in the optimization
process.
Cannot enable the user to intuitively select appropriate
system components.
Sensitivity and probability analysis are not included. It
can simulate within the daily load 10 of kWh.
User friendly and suitable for prefeasibility, optimization

and sensitivity analysis.
Optimize single or multi objective problem genetic
algorithms, option for sensitivity analysis, requires less
time.
Comprehensive in terms of optimization variables, and
Only simulate one conguration at a time.
require higher level knowledge of system congurations.
User friendly, availability of dispatch option, much electrical Requires long term data for better performance and
load option.
economic analysis of hybrid system. This tool has limited
access to parameters and lack of exibility.
Flexible computer tool for simulating transient behavior of Cannot simulate nuclear, wave, tidal, and hydro power.
integrated system.
Excel based tool, strong meteorological database
No data input options, limited options for retrieval, search
and visualization features.
Table 15
Summary on types of control structures in IRES.
Sl. no.
Name of control
topology
Merit
Demerit
Centralized control
Multi objective energy management system Can achieve global optimization.
Distributed control
Hybrid centralized
and distributed
control
Computation burden of local controller of each source is considerably reduced and

hence low risk for single point failures in the system.
Local optimization is achieved through centralized control and global optimization is
attained via distributed control. Low computation burden on local controllers and low
risk for single point failures
Heavy computation burden and risk of

single-point failures.
Communication system among local
controllers is complex.
117
Table 16
Comparison of current review paper with related articles on issues related to IRES based power generation.
Authors
Luna-Rubio
et al. [25]
Fadaee et al.
[42]
Nehrir et al.
[118]
Bajpai et al.
[141]
Erdinc et al.
[142]
Current
article
Integration
Energy storage system
congurations
Need of Classication
ESS
of ESS
Mathematical Sizing methodologies

modeling of
components
Available sizing Criteria for Objective
of IRES
methodologies unit sizing function
Control in IRES
Design
constraints
Control
schemes
Control
parameters
Software/
technique
used
need of time series data but it does not represent the dynamics
of intermittent energy sources such as solar and wind. Presently, various computer tools are available for unit sizing of
IRES. Computer tool like HOMER, HYBRID2, HOGA, HYBRIDS,
TRANSYS, RETscreen etc. are commercially available. Among
them, HOMER is most popular for designing IRES as it models
physical behavior of system based on its life cycle life cost. This
tool also allows user to compare various congurations on the
basis of their technical and economical merits. Table 14 provides the merits and demerits of different sizing methodologies
of IRES.
The dynamic interaction of intermittent renewable energy
sources and load results into serious problems of stability and
power quality issues like voltage regulation and frequency at user
end. Therefore, system control is necessary in IRES to achieve
optimal energy ow management among various components of
the system. Most of the authors used battery SOC, bus voltage and
bus frequency as control parameters for energy ow management
in IRES. To develop an intelligent energy ow management in IRES,
renewable energy sources and load are forecasted at rst stage and
optimized at second stage. However, control structure of IRES is
classied into three categories viz: centralized control arrangement, distributed control arrangement, hybrid centralized and
distributed control arrangement. Centralized control for IRES is
the combination of one master controller and several slave
controllers for various renewable energy sources and storage
systems. Master controller receives measured signals from system
components and takes decision on control actions. This control
scheme suffers from heavy computation time and may be subjected to the problems of single point failures. In distributed
control arrangement for IRES, local controllers of each renewable
energy source and storage system communicate with one another
to take appropriate decision for global optimization. This control
scheme offers low computational burden on each local controller
without any single point failure problems. Distributed control
structure has the disadvantage of complex communication among
various local controllers. In hybrid centralized and distributed
control arrangement, centralized control scheme is used in each
group and distributed control scheme is used to coordinate each
group. This control minimizes computational effort on master and
slave controller and hence reduces single point failure problems in
IRES. Merits and demerit of various types of control structures for
energy ow management in IRES are summarized in Table 15.
Compared to other related review articles [25,55,118,141,142],

the present paper covers all relevant issues of IRES. The presented
paper describes the advantages of IRES over single technology based
system and need of storage system. Classication of ESS based on
time frame and form of storage is also presented. ESS for stand-alone
applications can be selected on the basis of discussed classication.
Available mathematical models for renewable energy sources
are given in the paper for energy conversion. Unit sizing and cost
optimization section covers criteria for unit sizing, available sizing
methodologies and limitations of sizing methodologies. Review work
of this section includes objective function and design constraints
considered by the researchers. System control of IRES section covers
control schemes with review work focus on control parameters and
software/techniques used by the researchers. Table 16 presents the
comparison of current review paper with related articles on issues
related to IRES based power generation. Issues include integration
congurations, need of storage systems, classication of ESS, mathematical modeling of renewable energy sources, available sizing
methodologies, criteria of unit sizing, objective function, design
constraints, control parameters, control schemes, software/techniques used for control in IRES.
8. Challenges and future scope

Although power generation using renewable energy sources is
sustainable and environment friendly, however several challenges
are still exist in IRES based power generation as
Capital cost of renewable energy products is considerably very

high as compared to conventional power generation technologies.
Poor efciency of solar panels is the major barrier in its use.

In IRES, a signicant amount of energy is lost in energy
conversion process using power converters.
Need to improve life cycle of storage technologies with cost by

using new materials.
In standalone mode, load transients affect system stability in

IRES environment.
Inability of renewable energy resources (solar, wind etc.) to

meet out peak power demand.
The disposal of storage system is a major concern for manufacturer and consumer.
118
In future, following works are proposed to improve the performance and energy management in IRES based power generation:
For the wide deployment of IRES, it is required to provide

requisite subsidy on renewable energy products from the state

and central government.
More research is required in battery and hydrogen storage
system to improve durability and performance with focus on
reducing their cost.
Need for real time management in IRES using IEEE Standard
1547 and IEC 61850 for robust communication among various
system components.
For stability issues of IRES, it is required to carry out transient
analysis of system by step changes in the variable parameters
like solar radiation, wind speed, load demand.
Need to explore efcient DC micro grid for IRES by using DC
equipments in generation and demand side. This will certainly
improve the system efciency by saving conversion losses.
Nanotechnology is constant subject area for improving the
system components of integrated system.
9. Conclusion
Integrated Renewable Energy System has been recognized as a
feasible option for energy supply in stand-alone applications.
A comprehensive review covering all the relevant aspects of IRES
including integration congurations, energy storage options, sizing
methodologies and control for energy ow management has been
presented. Among various congurations, hybrid DCAC coupled
scheme is efcient and least cost scheme for IRES. Among various
storage technologies, sodiumsulfur and vanadium redox batteries
are suitable storage option to make energy balance in integrated
systems. Sizing methodologies used by different researchers for
sizing of integrated system components have also been discussed
and summarized. It has been observed that articial intelligence
(AI) techniques offer relative computational simplicity in order to
nd the global optimum system conguration. Genetic algorithm
(GA), harmony search (HS), particle swarm optimization (PSO),
biogeography based optimization (BBO) are the most promising
algorithms for sizing and these are extensively used in current
scenario. Also, these techniques can deal with stochastic behavior
of solar or wind energy sources. Hybrid centralized and distributed
control arrangement is recognized as the best option for robust
control in IRES without single point failure problems.
Further, it has been found that lot of work in the area of IRES
has been carried out; however more research and efforts are
required to improve batteries durability and performance with
focus on lowering their cost. Under stand-alone conditions, transients in load could result into entire system collapse if modeled as
IRES. For such scenarios transient analysis of the IRES is to be
carried out through time step analysis of solar radiation, wind
speed responses.
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 38 (2014) 99120

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

A review on Integrated Renewable Energy System based power

Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 8171015620.

Unit sizing and cost optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

technology, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, Micro

Fig. 1. Schematic of windsolarMHP based integrated system.

Fig. 2. DC coupled conguration of small hydrowindsolar based integrated system.

presented in Section 7. Finally, challenges and future scope in the

2.1. DC coupled conguration

Fig. 3. AC coupled conguration of windsolar based integrated system.

Fig. 4. Hybrid coupled conguration of small hydrowindsolar based integrated system.

inverters, connected in parallel to supply AC power [9]. A DC coupled

3. Options for storage technologies

Fig. 5. Energy generation management using energy storage [12].

Capacitors, super-capacitors, ywheel, super conducting magnetic storage (SMES)

Form of energy storage

Mechanical energy storage

Electrical energy storage

Pumped hydro storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), ywheels

the base generation) is supplied by the storage systems. A simplied

Currently, a wide range of energy storage technologies are

3.1. Battery storage system

Batteries respond in about 20 ms to compensate resource and

The voltage of module is currently limited in the range of 200

3.3. Super capacitors energy storage

Hydrogen is generated by electrolysis process of water by

Annual energy generated from a MHP system can be calculated as

4. Mathematical model for renewable energy sources

Annual energy production (EWES) from a wind turbine at a

At a given hub height, wind speed can be calculated by using

The input to solar photovoltaic (SPV) system is solar radiation.

4.4. Mathematical model for biomass gasier system

total biomss available tons=year CV BM BMG 1000

where PBMGS is hourly output of biomass gasier system, CVBM is

4.2. Mathematical model for Micro Hydro Power system

Biogas is produced from animal manure and human sewage.

total biogas generated m3 =day CV BG BGGS

where CVBG is caloric value of biogas (4700 kcal), BGGS is the

where Cav is the average generation cost ($/kWh), Ki is the load

5. Unit sizing and cost optimization

LCE can also be calculated in terms of average generation cost (Cav)

5.1.1.2. Annualized cost of system (ACS). The annualized cost of

NPC can also be calculated as follows:

Fig. 6. Sizing methodologies for unit sizing and cost optimization.

where L is the average annual demand (kW), D is the duration

5.1.2.3. Level of autonomy (LA). Level of autonomy represents the

5.1.2. Power reliability analysis

where LPS(t) is loss of power supply at hour t, PLoad(t) load

Fig. 7. Pareto front of a MOEA.

Number of generators, battery

PV, wind battery

Number of PV panels, number

PV, wind, diesel

Sources capacities, tilt angle,

Formulated a techno-socio-economic criterion for the

Kumar et al. Wind, PV, battery NPV, COE

Energy balance, SOC, number of BBO

GA, fuzzy C-means

Equivalent loss factor (ELF)

Generation demand balance