Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7TH BLOK
ANATOMY LABORATORY
MEDICAL FACULTY
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PURWOKERTO
2016
Anatomy Lab
ASMA 2013
ASMA 2014:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Based on the location, the respiratory tractus divided into two parts
1. Upper Respiratory Tract
a. Nasal
b. Pharynx
2. Lower Respiratory Tract
a. Larynx
b. Trachea
c. Bronchus
d. Bronchiolus
e. Alveolus
f. Pulmo
Respiratory Tract
Nares anterior vestibulumnasi (cilia) cavum nasi nares posterior (choana) pharynx
larynx trachea primary bronchus secondary bronchus tertiary bronchus
bronchioles bronchiolus terminal bronchiolus respiratory alveolus duct alveolus
sac alveolus
Pallatum durum
Pallatum molle
Nares anterior
Dorsum nasi
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Vestibulum nasi
Cavum nasi
Cavum nasi formed by two structures, there are concha and meatus.
Concha :
1) Concha nasalis superior
2) Concha nasalis media
3) Concha nasalis inferior
Meatus :
1) Meatus nasalis superior
2) Meatus nasalis media
3) Meatus nasalis inferior
Sinus paranasal
Sinus is room that formed by ossa facialis. There are six sinuses in our
body
1) Sinus maxillaris (2)
2) Sinus frontalis (1)
3) Sinus ethmoidalis (2)
4) Sinus sphenoidalis (2)
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External carotid
artery
Facialis artery
(external
vascularization)
Maxillary artery
(internal
vascularization)
Ethmoidale
artery
Angularis artery
Spenopalatina
artery
Internal of the nasal cavity get vascularization from two great plexus, there
are:
1) Kiesselbach plexus (anterior)
2) Woodruff plexus (posterior)
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c. Inervation
Nasal cavity inervated by nervus trigeminus (N. V) and nervus olfactorius
(N. I)
d. Clinical Aplication
1) Epistaxis
2) Anosmia
3) Polip nasi
4) Alergic rhinitis
5) Sinusitis
2. Pharynx
Pharynx divided into three parts, there are nasopharynx, ororpharynx and
lryngopharynx.
a. Anatomy of pharynx
Nasopharynx
-
Ostium pharyngeum
Tuba auditiva
Tonsilla pharyngea
Oropharynx
-
Fauces
Tonsilla palatina
Laryngopharynx
-
Aadytus laryngeus
Tonsilla palatina
Tonsilla pharyngea
Tonsilla lingualis
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c. Clinical application
1) Pharyngitis
2) Ca pharynx
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Larynx
a. Structure of the larynx
Three single cartilage:
-
cartilagecricoidea
epiglottis
b. Innervation larynx
Sensory nerves
c.Vascularization larynx
The top half of the larynx : laryngeus superior ramus superior thyroldea artery
The bottom half of the larynx : laryngeus inferior rami thyroidea artery inferior
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e. Laryngeal function
Producing sound
f. Clinical applications
Asthma
Asthma is an obstructive airway disease intermittent , reversible where the
trachea and brokhi respond in a hyperactive manner against certain stimuli
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2. Trachea
a. struktur of the trachea
Cartilage trachealis
Ligamentumannularia
Bifurcatiotrachealis (branch oftrachea as high as angulussterni) there is carina.
b. Innervation trachea
sensory innervation comes from the vagus nerve and nerve laryngeus
c. Vascularization trachea
1/3 of the trachea gets blood from the artery thyroidea inferior , and
the bottom third of arteriae bronchiales got dalah
d. Flow limfetrachea
Lymph flows into nodi lymphatici pretracheales and paratracheales and into nodi
lymphoidei cervicales profundi
e. Laryngeal function
The trachea serves as an air pipe .
As eskalatormuko - tracheal ciliary because the cilia in the trachea can encourage
foreign objects bound substance mucus toward the pharynx to be issued
f. Clinical applications
Laryngitis
laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx that occurs for many reasons and caused
primarily by a virus and can be caused by bacteria
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3. Bronchus
Bronchus is a channel which branching from trachea
________________________________________________________________
Long
shorter
longer
Wide
wider
Tighter
Tilt
more upright
more horizontal
4. Bronchiolus
Bronchiolus is a channels which branching from bronchus.
Pict 7. bronchus
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Part of pulmo
1) Pulmo Dextra:
-
2) Pulmo Sinistra
-
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a. Segment of Pulmo
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Apex pulmo
Basis pulmo
Incisura cardiac
Hillum pulmonalis
Entry of radix pulmo
Radix pulmonalis
Consist of bronchus primer, artery and vein pulmonal, nodi lymphatic plexus
pulmonalis (N.Vagus), limfe.
b. Structure of Pulmo
-
Lingula pulmonalis
Incisura cardiaca
Impressio cardiaca
c. Wrapper of Pulmo
-
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B. PHYSIOLOGY
Alveoli are tiny sacs within our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between
the lungs and bloodstream.
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CLINICAL APPLICATION
1. Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucose layer of bronchus. Picture of thorax
radiography in patients with bronchitis show that lungs mark is rude to 1/3 lateral.
Pict 13. Normal thorax radiography (left), and in patients with bronchitis(right).
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2. Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and
cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway
hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness,
chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning. These
episodes are usually associated with widespread, but variable, airflow obstruction
within the lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment.
3. Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is the event of air or gas in the pleural cavity. In normal condition the
pleural cavity is filled with air, so that the lungs can freely expand in the chest cavity.
Etiology :
a. Traumatic pneumothorax.
Traumatic pneumothorax is a pneumothorax caused by a penetration into the pleural
cavity due to stab wounds or gunshot wounds or puncture. Traumatic pneumothorax
also have 2 types. Non iatrogenic traumatic pneumothorax is pneumothorax which
occurs due to an accident for example rows of sharp chest wall open / closed. And the
second is Iatrogenic traumatic pneumothorax.
b. Pneumothorax caused by medical treatment.
Pneumothorax this type are grouped into traumatic pneumothorax iatragenik accidental
and iatrogenic traumatic pneumothorax meaning fisial (deliberate).
Clinical symptoms:
-
Treatment :
Action decompression. Pleural cavity contact with the outside world by means of a
needle through the chest wall and then entering the pleural cavity thereby positive air
pressure in the pleural space would turn into a negative because the positive air in the
pleural space would turn into a negative because the air out through the needle. Making
contact with the outside air through a counter ventiles:
-
Needle abbocath
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4. Hematothorax
Hematothorax is the presence of blood in the pleural space. The source of blood may
be the chest wall, lung parenchyma, heart, or great vessels. Although some authors state
that a hematocrit value of at least 50% is necessary to differentiate a hemothorax from a
bloody pleural effusion, most do not agree on any specific distinction. Hemothorax is
usually a consequence of blunt or penetrating trauma. Much less commonly, it may be a
complication of disease, may be iatrogenically induced, or may develop spontaneously.
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5. Pleural Effusion
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7. Pneumonia
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8. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a bacterial infection that can spread through
the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ in your body. It is most often found in the
lungs. Most people who are exposed to TB never develop symptoms because the bacteria
can live in an inactive form in the body. But if the immune system weakens, such as in
people with HIV or elderly adults, TB bacteria can become active. In their active state, TB
bacteria cause death of tissue in the organs they infect. Active TB disease can be fatal if
left untreated. TB bacteria most commonly grow in the lungs, and can cause symptoms
such as:
-
Weakness or fatigue
Weight loss
No appetite
Chills
Fever
Sweating at night
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9. Rib Fracture
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of lung cancer is higher also found on gas industries-coal, metal refining process. Genetic
predisposition also plays a role in the etiology of lung cancer. History will be obtained
from the main complaints and course of the disease, as well as other factors that are often
very helpful upholding diagnose. The main complaints can be:
-
Coughing up blood
Hard to breathe
Hoarseness
Chest pain
Swollen face and neck, sometimes accompanied by a swollen arm with great pain
Not infrequently the first visible symptoms or complaints are due to metastases outside
the lung, such as abnormalities that arise because of severe compression of the brain, liver
enlargement or leg fractures. Symptoms and complaints that are not typical like:
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Appetite lost
Intermittent fever
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