Population Growth and Demographic Trends

IES COMPLUTENSE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

Jorge-Elas de la Pea y Montes de Oca
Geography and
History
2nd CSE
Geography
Jorge Elas de la Pea y Montes de Oca

Teacher at the Bilingual Section
Department of Geography and History
IES Complutense. Alcal de Henares
2nd CSE YEAR
UNIT 7. POPULATION
IES COMPLUTENSE

2nd CSE YEAR
UNIT 7. POPULATION
IES COMPLUTENSE

Geography and
History
2nd CSE
UNIT 7:
Population
2nd CSE YEAR
UNIT 7. POPULATION
IES COMPLUTENSE

UNIT 7. POPULATION
1. DEMOGRAPHIC SOURCES
Demography is the science that studies population and it has some sources to know
about its characteristics and evolution:
o Censuses. They are done periodically (every 10 years) and count how many
people live in a country and their social, cultural and economic characteristics. In
Spain they have been carried out every year that ends in 1 since 1981 (although
the first census was done in 1857) and they are executed by the Instituto
Nacional de Estadstica (INE).
o Municipal registers. They are local registers that show the people that live in a
municipality. They also collect personal data such as sex, place and date of birth,
nationality...
o Registry office. It is the official organism that registers births, deaths, marriages,
divorces... It is compulsory to be registered at this office.
2. WORLD POPULATION
2.1.
Evolution of population
Censuses are taken to know the amount of population in every country of the world.
In 2011 there were around 7 billion people on the Earth (c. 52 inhabitants/sq km).
There have been different periods of demographic growth:
o Until mid 18th century:
Worlds population was stable, with slight increases and decreases.
o Since mid 18th century:
Growth has been continuous due to the Industrial Revolution.
Decrease of death rate.
Increase of life expectancy.
Developed countries were affected first
Worlds population has duplicated every 25 years during the 20th century.
World's population evolution (1800-2050)

9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
8500
6000
2600
1000
1800
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World's
population
(millions)
1300
1850
1800
1900
1950
2000
2050
UNIT 7. POPULATION
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Evolution of the population per continents (in million inhabitants)

Year
Asia*
Europe*
Africa
America
631
146
102
24
1800
903
295
138
165
1900
1,393
395
219
330
1950
3,696
506
872
835
2000
4,939
574
1,510
1,081
2025**
Oceania
2
6
13
30
39
*Russian population is included in Asia.

**UNs estimations.
2.2.
Stages of demographic growth
There are several models that characterise every demographic period (demographic
transition model):
Stage one (Traditional model).
o Birthrate is high or slightly decreasing (circa 35 0/00).
o Death rate is high too (higher than 30 0/00).
o Infant mortality higher than 200 0/00.
o Natural increase is thus low or slightly negative.
o This is the common model up to mid 18th century.
Stage two (Demographic transition).
o Birthrate is high (circa 40 0/00).
o Death rate decreases notably (circa 15 0/00).
o There is a big natural increase; hence it causes a demographic explosion.
o This is the common model of the Industrial Revolution.
Stage three (Modern demographic model).
o Birthrate decreases a lot (circa 15 0/00).
o Death rate stabilises in low levels (around 11 0/00).
o Infant mortality is around 15 0/00.
o Natural increase is thus low or inexistent.
o This is the common model of the second half of the 20th century.
Stage four.
o Birthrate is very low (10-15 0/00).
o Death rate increases a little due to populations ageing (higher than 30 0/00).
o Natural increase is thus low or slightly negative.
o This is the common model of the current developed countries.
Demographic stages
50
40
30
20
Death rate
10
0
Stage 1
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Birthrate
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
UNIT 7. POPULATION
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2.3.

Distribution of population
Populations distribution is completely uneven:

o 90% of the people live in the Northern Hemisphere (between 20 and 60).
o Instead, only 10% of the people live in the Southern Hemisphere.
o The largest concentrations of population are:
South and East Asia.
China has around 1.3 billion inhabitants.
India is inhabited by 1.2 billion people.
Europe. It is a historically populated continent that counts on around 700
million inhabitants.
North American Atlantic coast. There is a megalopolis that stretches from
Boston to Washington D.C. where 120 million people live. Moreover
there are vast cities like Mexico City (c. 20 million inhabitants).
o On the contrary, the largest empty spaces are:
Cold and desert areas: Poles, Sahara Desert, Kalahari Desert, Gobi
Desert.
Moist and hot areas: Congo Basin, Amazon Basin.
There are some factors that explain why the land is occupied:
o Physical factors.
Climate. People are attracted by temperate climates with sufficient
rainfall.
Altitude. Most of the people live in areas that are close to the sea (60% of
the population live below 200 metres).
Soil. Fertile soils have always been demanded.
o Human factors.
Age of settlement. The most inhabited areas have always been populated.
Social growth.
Migrations.
Wars.
Economic and urban development.
In order to make demographic studies it is essential to know the population density.
o It shows how many people live in a place.
o It is obtained by making a simple operation:
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Lands population
o Population density (inhabitants/sq km)=
Area
3. NATURAL MOVEMENT OF POPULATION

The natural increase is the difference between birthrate and death rate.
Births - deaths
o Natural growth rate =
x100
Total population
Number of born people in one year

o Crude birthrate =
(born/1,000 inhabitants)
x1,000
Total population
o Birthrate is commonly related to the fertility rate, which shows the average
number of births women have during their fertile lifetime (15-49 years old). The
average number of children per woman helps us know the future population
growth. In order to maintain the population and guarantee replacement rates,
women should bear an average of 2.15 children.
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Number of deceased people in one year

o Crude death rate =
(deceased/1,000 inh.)
x 1,000
Total population
o When the birthrate is higher than the death rate, therefore the natural increase is
positive. On the contrary, it is negative when the death rate is higher than the
birthrate.
o None the less, it is more accurate to know the infant mortality rate to determine
the health system of a country:
Number of dead children under one year old
o Infant mortality rate =
(dead children/1,000 born)
x 1,000
Total born children
o It is also interesting to calculate the life expectancy, which is the average years
that one person may expect to live. It also shows welfare and the economic and
social status of a country.
Birthrate
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy
0
0
Developed countries
Below 20 /00
Below 20 /00
More than 72 years
Developing countries
20-40 0/00
20-100 0/00
60-70 years
0
0
Third World
Above 40 /00
Above 100 /00
Less than 60 years
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The overall growth rate takes migration into account to know the real increase of the
population of a country:
o Overall growth rate = Natural increase + Net migration rate
There are several factors that explain the differences between the countries:
o Biological factors.
When people age there is a higher death rate.
When people are young there is a higher birthrate.
o Social, economic, and cultural factors.
Feeding and health level.
Working women.
Economic level.
Birth control traditions.
Government policies of birthrate.
4. MIGRATIONS
A migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another.
o Emigration. It happens when a person goes away from a territory to another
country or region.
o Immigration. It is the arrival of people that have gone away from a territory and
arrive in another country or region.
To explain the migrations there may be several reasons:
o Economic reasons:
Search for better life conditions.
o Natural reasons:
Disasters, like earthquakes, floods...
o Political reasons:
Flight from a hostile territory to a safer one.
Forced migrations.
Refugees.
When it is spoken about migrations, there are several kinds:
o Basing on the origin and destinations:
Internal migrations. They take place within a same country.
It is usually from the countryside towards the city: rural exodus.
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International migrations. They involve the change of country and they

can be either continental or transcontinental.
o Basing on the duration:
Seasonal migrations. Residence is just changed a part of the year due to
work or holidays.
Pendular migrations. They are daily round trips between the residence
and the working places.
Permanent migrations. They involve a stable change of residence.
The USA received millions of immigrants until the beginning of the 20th century.
Currently it is Western Europe the area that receives large amounts of immigrants from
Eastern Europe, Africa, and some parts of Asia.
Migrations cause several consequences:
o Consequences for origin countries.
Loss of population.
Birthrate decrease due to the emigration of young people.
Population ageing.
Loss of enterprising people.
Initial enhancement of the economic situation when emigrants send
foreign currency to their families.
o Consequences for destination countries.
Population increases.
Birthrate increases.
Rejuvenation of population.
Cultural exchange.
Initial coexistence problems:
Failure to adapt to the new situation.
Difficult integration.
Some people may take advantage of their difficult situation.
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5. COMPOSITION OF POPULATION
It is based on the amount of youngsters, adults or elderly people and on the sex ratio
between men and women.
o Sex composition.
There is not the same amount of men and women.
There are more men in underdeveloped countries.
Instead there are more women in developed countries.
More boys are born than girls (105/100).
There is a higher death rate among men.
Balance takes place in mature ages.
In elderly ages there are fewer men than women (up to the half).
Women have longer life expectancy.
Number of men or women
Sex ratio =
x 100
Total population
Number of men
Masculinity rate =
x 100
Number of women
Number of women
Feminity rate =
x 100
Number of men
o Age composition.
Youngsters. They are the people who are under 15 years of age.
Adults. They are the people who are between 15 and 64 years of age.
Elderly people. They are the people who are 65 years of age or more.
o Economic composition.
Active population. They are people who want to work and have the legal
age (although unemployed).
Inactive population. They are either young or elderly people or others
who cannot work.
Economic sectors:
Primary sector. Agriculture, stockbreeding, fishing, and mining.
Secondary sector. Industry, construction.
Tertiary sector. Services.
The age and sex composition is reflected in the population pyramid.
o It is a graphical representation divided into two sexes:
In the vertical axis the groups of age are shown (in 5-year groups).
In the horizontal axis it is found the percentage of people or the total
amount for each group of age.
o There are different kinds of population pyramid:
Expansive pyramid (pyramid-shaped).
It has large birthrate and death rate.
Its base is wide and its summit is quite narrow.
It is common in the underdeveloped countries.
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Stationary or stable pyramid (bell-shaped).

Birthrate is moderate and death rate is low instead.
It is common in the developing countries.
Constrictive pyramid (urn-shaped).

Birthrate is low.
The summit is really wide (it shows long life expectancy).
It is common in the developed countries.
UNIT 7. POPULATION
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Ace of spades-shaped pyramid.

There is a mark in the intermediate groups caused by wars,
migrations or natural catastrophes.
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6. SPANISH POPULATION
Spain had 47.129.783 inhabitants on 1 January 2013, so 93.15 inhabitants per km2.
1.1.
Population distribution
Spanish density is slightly lower than the density of the European Union.
There are serious differences in the distribution of population:
o Most populated provinces (2013)
Madrid (6,495,551).
Barcelona (5,540,925).
Valencia (2,566,474).
Alicante (1,945,642).
Seville (1,942,155).
o Most unpopulated provinces (2013).
Soria (93,291).
Teruel (142,183).
Segovia (161,702).
Palencia (168,955).
vila (168,825).
Concerning regions there are also important differences:
o Andalusia has 8.440.300, Catalonia 7.553.650, and Madrid 6,495,551 inhabitants
(2013).
o Instead, La Rioja is just populated by 322.027, Cantabria by 591.888, and
Navarre by 644.477 inhabitants (2013).
Most of the people live along the coastline, whereas inland regions are almost
unpopulated (save Madrid), due to the rural exodus carried out between the 1950s and
1970s.
o Rural and mountain areas are quite uninhabited. On the contrary, population is
concentrated in provincial capitals.
o The provinces with a higher density are (2013):
Madrid (809.11).
Barcelona (716.99).
Vizcaya (521.63).
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Guipzcoa (360.51).
Alicante (334.48).
o Instead, the ones which have a lower density are (2013):
Soria (9.05).
Teruel (9.60).
Cuenca (12.36).
Huesca (14.47)
Zamora (17.83).
Concerning regions, there are major differences:
o The most densely populated are (2013):
Comunidad de Madrid (809.11).
Basque Country (302.93).
Canary Islands (284.50)
o The least densely populated are (2013):
Castilla-La Mancha (26.44).
Extremadura (26.55).
Castilla y Len (26.74).
Aragn (28.23).
o Most of the people live along the coastline, whereas inland regions are almost
unpopulated (save Madrid), due to the rural exodus carried out between the
1950s and 1970s.
Spanish population (1900-2010)
50
40
30
20
10
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Population 18,6
20
21,4
23,7
26
28
30,5
34
37
39,4
41,1
47,2
Spains natural movement is:

o Low birthrate (circa 100/00).
o Low death rate (circa 80/00).
o Low infant mortality rate (circa 30/00).
o Low natural increase (circa 20/00).
Spanish population composition is:
o Sex. There are slightly more women than men:
23,283,187 men, so 49.34% (2011).
23,907,306 women, so 50.66% (2011).
o Age. Spanish population is ageing.
10,014,178 youngsters, so 21.22% (2011).
29,083,229 adults, so 61.63% (2011).
8,093,557 elderly people, so 17.15% (2011).
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12
Until the 1970s Spanish population used to emigrate to Latin America, Switzerland,
France, and Germany.
o Spain has recently received many immigrants that are around 10% of present-day
population.
o Immigrants mostly come from Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Africa.
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13
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Geography and
History
2nd CSE
UNIT 8:
Contemporary society
1st CSE YEAR
UNIT 10. THE CONTINENTS
IES COMPLUTENSE

UNIT 8: CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

1. AMERICA
COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF AMERICA/PASES Y CAPITALES DE AMRICA
ANTIGUA AND
BARBUDA
Saint Johns
ARGENTINA
Buenos Aires
BAHAMAS
BARBADOS
BELIZE
Nassau
Bridgetown
BOLIVIA
BRAZIL
La Paz and Sucre
ANTIGUA Y BARBUDA
BELICE
BRASIL
CANADA
CANAD
Belmopan
Brasilia
Ottawa
GUYANA
Georgetown
HAITI
Port-au-Prince
HONDURAS
JAMAICA
MEXICO
Tegucigalpa
Kingston
Mexico City
NICARAGUA
PANAMA
Managua
PARAGUAY
Asuncin
HAIT
Puerto Prncipe
MXICO
PANAM
PERU
CHILE
Santiago de Chile
COLOMBIA
Bogot
COSTA RICA
San Jos
SAN CRISTBAL Y
NIEVES
Havana
SAINT LUCIA
CUBA
DOMINICA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
La Habana
Roseau
REPBLICA
DOMINICANA
Santo Domingo
ECUADOR
Quito
EL SALVADOR
San Salvador
FRENCH GUIANA
Cayenne
GUAYANA FRANCESA
GRENADA
GRANADA
GUATEMALA
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Cayena
Saint Georges
Mxico D.F.
Panam
Lima
PER
PUERTO RICO
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS
SANTA LUCA
ST. VINCENT AND THE
GRENADINES
SAN VICENTE Y LAS

GRANADINAS
SURINAME
San Juan
Basseterre
Castries
Kingstown
Paramaribo
SURINAM
TRINIDAD AND
TOBAGO
TRINIDAD Y TOBAGO
UNITED STATES
ESTADOS UNIDOS
Port of Spain
Puerto Espaa
Washington D.C.
URUGUAY
Montevideo
VENEZUELA
Caracas
Guatemala
UNIT 8. CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
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Languages in America
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Religions in America
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2. ASIA
COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF ASIA/PASES Y CAPITALES DE ASIA
AFGHANISTAN
AFGANISTN
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN
AZERBAIYN
BAHRAIN
BAHREIN
Kabul
Yerevan
Erevn
Baku
Bak
Manama
BANGLADESH
Dacca
BHUTAN
Thimphu
BHUTN
BURMA/MYANMAR
BIRMANIA/MYANMAR
BRUNEI
CAMBODIA
CAMBOYA
CHINA
*CYPRUS
CHIPRE
GEORGIA
INDIA
INDONESIA
Timbu
Naypyiadaw
Bandar Seri Begawan
MALAYSIA
Kuala Lumpur
MALASIA
MONGOLIA
Kathmandu
NEPAL
Katmand
NORTH KOREA
COREA DEL NORTE

OMAN
Mascate
PAKISTAN
Islamabad
PAKISTN
THE PHILIPPINES
FILIPINAS
QATAR
* RUSSIA
Moscow
SAUDI ARABIA
Riyadh
SINGAPORE
Singapore
Tbilisi
SOUTH KOREA
Seoul
New Delhi
SYRIA
Damascus
SRI LANKA
Colombo
Phnom Penh
Beijing
Pekn
Nicosia
Tiflis
Nueva Delhi
Jakarta
Yakarta
RUSIA
Mosc
ARABIA SAUD
SINGAPUR
COREA DEL SUR

SIRIA
IRAQ
Baghdad
TAIWAN
Jerusalem
TAJIKISTAN
Tokyo
TIMOR-LESTE/EAST
TIMOR
JAPAN
JAPN
JORDAN
JORDANIA
KAZAKHSTAN
KAZAJSTN
KUWAIT
KYRGYZSTAN
KIRGUIZISTN
Tehern
Bagdad
Jerusaln
Tokio
Amman
Ammn
Astana
Kuwait City
Ciudad de Kuwait
Bishkek
LAOS
LEBANON
Vientiane
MALDIVES
Male
LBANO
MALDIVAS
Riyad
Singapur
Sel
Damasco
THAILAND
ISRAEL
Manila
Doha
CATAR
Tehran
IRAK
Pyongyang
Muscat
OMN
IRAN
IRN
Ulan Bator
TAILANDIA
Bangkok
Taipei
TAIWN
TAYIKISTN
TIMOR ORIENTAL
TURKMENISTAN
TURKMENISTN
*TURKEY
Dushanbe
Dili
Ashgabat
Ankara
TURQUA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
EMIRATOS RABES
UNIDOS
UZBEKISTAN
UZBEKISTN
Abu Dhabi
Tashkent
VIETNAM
Hanoi
YEMEN
Sana
Beirut
Mal
* Also considered European countries
* Tambin son considerados pases europeos
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Languages in Asia
Religions in Asia
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3. AFRICA
COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF AFRICA/PASES Y CAPITALES DE FRICA
ALGERIA
Algiers
ANGOLA
BENIN
Luanda
ARGELIA
BENN
BOTSWANA
BURKINA FASO
Argel
Porto Novo
REPBLICA
CENTROAFRICANA
CHAD
COMOROS
COMORAS
Bamako
MAL
MAURITIUS
Uagadug
Yaound
CENTRAL AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
Lilongwe
Ouagadougou
CAMEROON
CABO VERDE
MALAWI
MALI
MAURITANIA
Bujumbura
CAPE VERDE
Antananarivo
Gaborone
BURUNDI
CAMERN
MADAGASCAR
Yaund
Praia
Bangui
NDjamena
NYamena
Moroni
MAURICIO
MOROCCO
MARRUECOS
D.R. OF THE CONGO
R.D. DEL CONGO
Maputo
NAMIBIA
Windhoek
NIGER
Niamey
NGER
NIGERIA
Abuja
RWANDA
Kigali
RUANDA
SENEGAL
Dakar
SEYCHELLES
Victoria
SIERRA LEONA
Freetown
Cairo
GUINEA ECUATORIAL
Yibuti
El Cairo
Malabo
ERITREA
Asmara
ETHIOPIA
Addis Ababa
ETIOPA
GABON
GABN
THE GAMBIA
GAMBIA
Adds Abeba
Libreville
Banjul
GHANA
GUINEA
Accra
Conakry
GUINEA BISSAU
Bissau
IVORY COAST
Yamoussoukro
COSTA DE MARFIL
KENYA
KENIA
LESOTHO
LIBERIA
LIBYA
LIBIA
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So Tom
Kinshasa
EGYPT
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
Rabat
SANTO TOM Y
PRNCIPE
Djibouti
EGIPTO
Port Louis
Brazzaville
DJIBOUTI
YIBUTI
Nuakchot
MOZAMBIQUE
SO TOM E PRNCIPE
CONGO
Nouakchot
Yamusukro
Nairobi
Maseru
Monrovia
Tripoli
Trpoli
Santo Tom
Mogadishu
SOMALIA
Mogadiscio
SOUTH AFRICA
REPBLICA
SUDAFRICANA
SOUTH SUDAN
SUDN DEL SUR

SUDAN
Cape Town, Pretoria

and Bloemfontein
Ciudad del Cabo,...

Juba
Khartoum
SUDN
Jartum
SWAZILAND
SWAZILANDIA
Mbabane
TANZANIA
TOGO
TUNISIA
Dodoma
Lom
Tunis
UGANDA
Kampala
TUNICIA/TNEZ
WESTERN SAHARA
SHARA OCCIDENTAL
Tnez
El Aain
ZAMBIA
Lusaka
ZIMBABWE
Harare
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Languages in Africa
10
Religions in Africa
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4. OCEANIA
COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF OCEANIA/PASES Y CAPITALES DE OCEANA
AUSTRALIA
FIJI
Canberra
KIRIBATI
Tarawa
FIYI
MARSHALL ISLANDS
ISLAS MARSHALL
MICRONESIA
NAURU
NEW ZEALAND
NUEVA ZELANDA
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Suva
PALAU
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
PAPA NUEVA GUINEA

SOLOMON ISLANDS
ISLAS SALOMN
Melekeok
Port Moresby
Honiara
Majuro
TONGA
Nukualofa
Palikir
Yaren
TUVALU
VANUATU
WESTERN SAMOA
Funafuti
Port Vila
Wellington
SAMOA OCCIDENTAL
Apia
11
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5. EUROPE
COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF EUROPE/PASES Y CAPITALES DE EUROPA
ALBANIA
Tirana
Andorra la Vella
ANDORRA
AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
BLGICA
BELARUS
BIELORRUSIA
BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA
BULGARIA
CZECH REPUBLIC
CHEQUIA/REPBLICA
CHECA
CROATIA
CROACIA
CYPRUS
Andorra la
Vieja/Vella
Vienna
Viena
Brussels
Bruselas
Minsk
Sarajevo
Sofia
Sofa
Prague
Praga
Zagreb
LUXEMBOURG
LUXEMBURGO
F.Y.R. OF MACEDONIA
MACEDONIA
Luxembourg
Luxemburgo
Skopje
Valletta
MALTA
La Valeta
MOLDOVA
Chisinau
MOLDAVIA
MONACO
Monaco
MONTENEGRO
THE NETHERLANDS/
HOLLAND
Podgorica
The Hague and
Amsterdam
MNACO
Mnaco
PASES BAJOS/HOLANDA
NORWAY
La Haya y msterdam
Oslo
NORUEGA
POLAND
Warsaw
POLONIA
Varsovia
Lisbon
Nicosia
PORTUGAL
DENMARK
Copenhagen
ROMANIA
Bucharest
GERMANY
Berlin
RUSSIA
Moscow
SAN MARINO
San Marino
CHIPRE
DINAMARCA
ALEMANIA
ESTONIA
FINLAND
Copenhague
Berln
Tallinn
Talln
RUMANA
SERBIA
FRANCE
Paris
SLOVAKIA
GREECE
Athens
SLOVENIA
FRANCIA
GRECIA
HUNGARY
HUNGRA
Pars
Atenas
Budapest
Bucarest
RUSIA
Helsinki
FINLANDIA
Lisboa
Mosc
Belgrade
Belgrado
ESLOVAQUIA
Bratislava
Ljubljana
ESLOVENIA
Liubliana
SPAIN
Madrid
ESPAA
ICELAND
Reykjavik
SWEDEN
Stockholm
IRELAND
Dublin
SWITZERLAND
Bern
ITALY
Rome
TURKEY
ISLANDIA
IRLANDA
ITALIA
LATVIA
LETONIA
Reikiavik
Dubln
Roma
Riga
LIECHTENSTEIN
Vaduz
LITHUANIA
Vilnius
LITUANIA
2nd CSE YEAR
Vilnius/Vilna
SUECIA
Estocolmo
SUIZA
Berna
Ankara
TURQUA
UNITED KINGDOM
London
UKRAINE
Kiev/Kyiv
VATICAN CITY/HOLY SEE
Vatican City
REINO UNIDO
UCRACIA
Londres
Kiev
VATICANO/SANTA SEDE
Ciudad del Vaticano
12
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13
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Languages in Europe
14
Religions in Europe
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European Union
15
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6. SPAIN
National capital: Madrid
16
REGIONS AND PROVINCES OF SPAIN

Autonomous Region
Comunidad autnoma
Province/s
Capital
Provincia/s
Almera
Cdiz
Crdoba
Granada
Huelva
Jan
Mlaga
Sevilla
Andalusia
Andaluca
Seville
Sevilla
Aragon
Aragn
Zaragoza
Huesca
Teruel
Zaragoza
Oviedo
Asturias
Palma de Mallorca
Islas Baleares
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

and Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santander
Cantabria
Valladolid
vila
Principality of Asturias
Principado de Asturias
Balearic Islands
Islas Baleares
Canary Islands
Islas Canarias
Cantabria
Castile and Leon
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Castilla y Len
Burgos
Len
Palencia
Salamanca
Segovia
Soria
Valladolid
Zamora
Albacete
Ciudad Real
Cuenca
Guadalajara
Toledo
Castilla-La Mancha
Toledo
Catalonia
Catalua
Barcelona
Barcelona
Gerona
Lrida
Tarragona
Mrida
Badajoz
Cceres
Santiago de Compostela
La Corua
Lugo
Orense
Pontevedra
Madrid
Madrid
Murcia
Murcia
Pamplona
Navarra
Vitoria
lava (Vitoria)
Guipzcoa (San Sebastin)
Vizcaya (Bilbao)
Logroo
La Rioja
Extremadura
Galicia
Comunidad de Madrid
Regin de Murcia
Navarre
Comunidad Foral de Navarra
Basque Country
Pas Vasco
La Rioja
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Comunidad Valenciana
Valencia
Alicante
Castelln
Valencia
Ceuta (Autonomous City/Ciudad autnoma)
18
Melilla (Autonomous City/Ciudad autnoma)
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Languages in Spain
19
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Geography and
History
2nd CSE
UNIT 9:
Rural and urban spaces
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SPACES
UNIT 9. RURAL AND URBAN
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UNIT 9. RURAL AND URBAN SPACES

1. RURAL SETTLEMENTS
Settlements in the countryside are called rural settlements.
o The size of these settlements vary according to the country (i.e., in Spain it is
every place under 10,000 inhabitants, instead in Sweden it must be under 200).
There are several kinds of rural settlements:
o Scattered settlements.
Buildings are dispersed among the fields, forests and farms.
There is not any group of houses.
It is common in the USA, Canada, Australia and some parts of Europe.
o Clustered settlements.
Buildings are grouped together and separate from farming land.
Agricultural activity is located around the village or town.
It is common from most of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
We can distinguish several kinds of rural housing:

o Single farmhouse unit. The area designed for living is connected to the area for
animals.
o Farmhouse with outbuildings. People and animals live in different buildings
arranged around a courtyard.
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o Shapes, materials and sizes vary according to the traditions of each region.
2. URBAN SETTLEMENTS
2.1.
Origin of the cities
Cities appeared in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China around 3500 BC.
o The greatest evolution of the cities took place after the Industrial Revolution
(mid 18th century).
o The foundation of cities may be caused by several reasons, although the most
common ones were strategic, military, economic, political and/or religious.
o Greeks founded cities with two main parts: acropolis and agora.
o Romans did grid-layout cities around a cardo and a decumanus, which met in the
forum.
o Mediaeval cities were completely walled and irregular-planned.
o In the Modern Age cities were beautified by noble families, the kings or the
Church.
o Instead after the Industrial Revolution (mid 18th century), cities grew a lot by
attracting people to the factories. The size of the cities may change forever.
2.2.
Urbanisation processes
The urbanisation process refers to the movement of rural people to the cities.
o This process has been common in the Western countries since the Industrial
Revolution (mid 18th century).
Only 3% of the population of the world lived in cities in 1800.
o It has become common across the world since the 1950s, when it reached 30% of
worlds population.
o In 2008 the global urbanisation rate was around 50%, but it is foreseen to reach
circa 70% by 2050.
In advanced countries it is common that 75% of the population lives in
cities, whereas in non-advanced countries it is circa 40%.
The process is now really important in the developing countries, where
the greatest metropolises are concentrating.
The causes of the urbanisation may vary basing on the country:
o Developed countries.
It began in the Industrial Revolution associated to industrialisation.
There are very few large cities, although there are some megacities (they
exceed 10,000,000 inhabitants), such as Tokyo (more than 35 million),
New York or Moscow.
Whereas it is more common to have medium-size cities.
o Developing countries.
This process began at the beginning of the 20th century in America, in the
1920s in Asia and in the 1960s in Africa.
Rural exodus and demographic growth are the causes of the urbanisation.
Most of the megacities are in these countries:
There are 20 out of 26, such as Mexico City, Lagos, Mumbai, or
So Paulo.
They are quite unbalanced and do not provide equal services.
It is common to have many slums and shantytowns around these cities.
The largest cities in the world are foreseen to exist in these countries.
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2.3.
Characteristics of the cities
Cities are commonly found in areas with a lot of industry and services.
The main characteristics of the cities are:
o They have a high population density with a large number of inhabitants.
o They have great influence over the surrounding area.
o They have many functions: economic, social, health, cultural, political,
religious...
The location of the cities is based on their origin and foundation.
o Historical cities are commonly built on hills due to defensive reasons.
o Instead, modern cities are built on plains to enhance communication and trade.
o Communication has always been essential; hence most of the cities are located
by rivers, main harbours or trading posts.
The urban layout can be represented by the map or street plan of the city. It shows the
structure of the city and its historical evolution:
o Irregular layout.
It is characterised by winding and narrow streets that have no pattern.
There are few and small squares
It is common of the historical centres of the cities.
o Regular layout. There is a model which is followed to build the city. There are
two kinds of regular patterns:
Grid pattern.
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It has Greek and Roman origins and bases on perpendicular and

parallel streets that form right angles.
It is common in the USA and in most of the modern cities
(included 19th centurys enlargements).
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Radial pattern.
It is based on concentric rings, with streets radiating from its
centre and cross streets forming circles around it.
It can be found in some cities such as Paris, Moscow, and Milan...
Linear plan.
It follows a road or a river and it becomes a long and narrow city.
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The urban housing can be varied depending on the function. Size, height and
architectural design.
o It is common to have blocks of buildings with no separation between them.
o Recently it has been usual to build low houses that may be detached, semidetached or terraced with a small plot of land for garden.
2.4.
Structure of the city

5
It is easy to distinguish several parts within a city:

o CBD (Central Business District). It is usually in the centre and most of the
commercial and financial activities develop there. Not too many people live there
since most of the buildings are offices (usually skyscrapers).
o Historical centre. It is the oldest part in the city and the attraction for tourists. It
is full of historical buildings such as palaces, churches, and some official offices.
o Enlargements. They were built in the 19th and early 20th centuries. They are
close to the historical centre and they usually show a grid layout. They are
expensive areas with many bank offices and shops.
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o Periphery. It extends around the central area of the city and has two major parts:
Residential areas. Most of the people live here and there can be both
blocks of flats and low houses. Most of the services are located here
(schools, hospitals, sport facilities, commercial centres...).
2.5.
Industrial estates and business parks. They lie next to the main roads
and they host factories and different companies.
Urban functions and hierarchy
The main function of a city is to provide many services to the surrounding area; hence it
has many different functions:
o Commercial and industrial functions. It is the most common function cities
provide since they have always been the economic centre of the regions.
o Political and administrative functions. These functions may be found in the
capital cities (either national or regional). They host the main headquarters of the
administration.
o Military functions. Some cities have been created to host different military
barracks to protect boundaries or some regions of the country.
o Educational functions. Some educational levels are only provided in the main
cities, such as the universities. Some cities have grown basing on this function,
such as Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, Salamanca, Coimbra or Uppsala.
o Cultural functions. This function is common in most of the cities, since they
have museums, theatres, cinemas...
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o Religious functions. Cities have always concentrated the religious functions of

the surrounding regions, but there have been some cities that have grown basing
on this function, such as Jerusalem, Mecca, or Santiago de Compostela.
o Entertainment functions. Some cities have been founded as entertainment
places where people go to have fun, like Las Vegas.
The more important the city is the more functions it provides (multifunctional cities),
that is to say that not all the cities provide all of them, only a few of them.
Cities may have a greater influence, not only over its surrounding region, but also across
the world. As a consequence there are different cities basing on the urban hierarchy:
o International metropolises.
Their influence extends across the world.
They host the headquarters of most of the multinational companies.
They are world stock exchange markets.
All technology and press media are attracted to these cities.
New York, London, Paris and Tokyo are the best examples of this type of
metropolis.
o National metropolises.
They are usually the capitals of the countries and their influence extends
over the whole country.
They are connected to the international metropolises.
That is the case of Berlin and Madrid.
o Regional cities.
They may be large cities but they depend on national and international
metropolises.
Their functions are less than in the other groups and thus their influence,
which is only applied to the region where they lie.
That is the case of Milan and Munich.
o Smaller cities and towns.
Their influence is very limited.
It is the case of most provincial capitals.
2.6.
Urban agglomerations
Cities may have different kinds of settlements.

o According to their size, they may be small, medium or large cities.
o Large cities have formed urban agglomerations around which some other
cities or towns have grown.
Metropolitan areas.
They are the result of the growth of a big city (metropolis) that
has absorbed surrounding towns.
There are satellite towns around that major city that depend on it.
It can be found in Paris, London, New York, and Madrid...
Conurbations.
They are the result of the physical union of more than one city
with the same characteristics and size.
It can be found in Amsterdam-Rotterdam.
Urban regions.
They are caused when a large territory has several major
individual towns.
The Ruhr region in Germany may be the best example.
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Megalopolis.
It is a large territory that includes several metropolises and
conurbations.
The result is a chain of metropolitan areas that extend a lot.
The best examples can be found in the East coast of the USA
(Boston-Washington DC) and in Japan (Tokyo-Fukuoka).
Metropolitan areas Millions of inhabitants
Tokyo
37
Mexico City
22.7
New York
22.7
Seoul
22.5
Mumbai
20.4
So Paulo
19.6
Manila
18.4
Jakarta
18.2
New Delhi
18
Los Angeles
17.9
3. URBAN PROBLEMS
The main problems of the cities can be:
o Deterioration of certain areas.
There is overexploitation of the land and that is why there are very few
green areas.
Speculation has raised the prices of the plots of lands and houses.
Lack of planning has existed in prior times in the developed countries,
whereas it is still common in the developing countries.
o Pollution.
It is mostly caused by cars, heating systems, and factories.
Public authorities try to reduce the impact of this pollution on
environment.
o Transportation.
Due to the size of the cities, it has been necessary to provide new means
of transportation so that people may move:
Bus.
Underground.
Railway.
Parking has become almost impossible in some cities, mostly in the
centre. That is why some car parks have been built.
o Rubbish.
Cities produce a lot of rubbish that cannot be easily processed.
Most of the rubbish is taken to dumping sites, whereas some other is
incinerated.
In the developed countries recycling has become common in the cities.
o Poverty.
It is associated to the urban life and causes social exclusion.
It is much more common in the developing countries, where there are
many shantytowns.
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4. SPANISH SETTLEMENTS
4.1.
Rural spaces
Rural spaces in Spain have less than 10,000 inhabitants.

Agriculture and stockbreeding have been the most common functions in these areas.
There are two typical rural settlements in Spain:
o In the North and in the mountains (Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, Basque Country
and Navarre) it is common to have dispersed settlements, with separated country
houses and farmhouses.
o In the rest of Spain (both Castile, Aragon, Extremadura, and Andalusia)
settlement is clustered.
4.2.
Spanish cities
According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadstica in Spain a city must exceed 10,000
inhabitants.
o The Spanish urbanisation rate is close to 80%.
Spanish cities have changed a lot in history:
o Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians founded the first cities in Spain, which
were quite small and were like trading posts on the coast.
o Romans founded many cities across Spain and had military, commercial and
administrative functions.
o During the Middle Ages, cities changed with Muslims and Christians. Their
layout was quite irregular and they were fortified.
o In the 16th and 17th centuries there were some changes in the Spanish cities, like
the construction of the Plaza Mayor.
o In the 18th century cities enhanced their gardens and promenades and became
more monumental.
o Instead, in the 19th century cities grew due to the industrialisation and it was
common to build ensanches, such as Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao or Lens. They
had grid layout with wide avenues with buildings for middle class families.
o During the 20th century there were three main stages:
Before 1960 the urban growth stopped due to the Civil War and the
economic situation.
Between 1960 and 1985 cities grew a lot because of the development of
the country and the rural exodus favoured that growth. It was common to
build working class quarters at the peripheries and the growth of satellite
towns around. Urban expansion was not really controlled by the public
authorities.
After 1985 public authorities paid attention to the urban growth and
promoted some laws to limit it and to control the planning of the new
quarters. Buildings should be lower and new green areas were promoted.
In Spain the urbanisation process has caused:
o Rural exodus. Most of the countryside is now empty and only the villages
around major cities have survived.
o Demographic imbalance. Old people have stayed in the countryside, what
means that after some time it will be even emptier.
o Size of cities. There are just two large cities that exceed 1,000,000 inhabitants,
such as Madrid and Barcelona. Instead there are four other cities that are between
2nd CSE YEAR
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500,000 and 1,000,000, which are Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza, and Mlaga. Most
of the Spanish cities are smaller than 500,000 inhabitants (commonly they are
under 250,000).
o Urban hierarchy:
National metropolises. They have influence over the whole country,
they are Madrid and Barcelona.
Regional metropolises. They are commercial, cultural, administrative
and educational centres of some Spanish regions. Cities such as Valencia,
Seville, Bilbao, Mlaga, Bilbao, La Corua, and Valladolid may be part
of this category.
Sub-regional metropolises. These cities provide specialised services to
their surrounding areas, like Alicante, Granada, Murcia, Oviedo, San
Sebastin, Palma de Mallorca, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, or Santa
Cruz de Tenerife.
Smaller cities and towns. Medium-size cities is very common in Spain
(50,000-250,000 inhabitants), whereas there are many smaller towns that
do not exceed 50,000 inhabitants.
The modern Spanish cities have several parts:

o Historical centre. It is the origin of the city, where the monumental area stands
and its layout is usually irregular. It is commonly an area for commerce and
restaurants.
o Ensanche. It was built in the 19th and early 20th centuries and it has blocks of
houses for medium-class families in wide avenues and luxurious buildings. There
are many shops there too.
o Periphery. It can have different kinds of uses:
Residential areas. They are occupied by houses which can be both for
working classes and for middle classes. There can be both blocks of
buildings or individual low houses (they are usually closer to the
suburbs).
2nd CSE YEAR
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Communal areas. They include all the public services for the
population: sport facilities, parks, schools, hospitals... They can be
usually found at the outskirts of the city.
Industrial estates. They are commonly at the outskirts and they are
occupied by factories and business parks, which need cheap and large
spaces which may be well communicated.
11
2nd CSE YEAR

Population Growth and Demographic Trends

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IES COMPLUTENSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

Jorge Elas de la Pea y Montes de Oca

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

2nd CSE YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

World's population evolution (1800-2050)

2nd CSE YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

Evolution of the population per continents (in million inhabitants)

*Russian population is included in Asia.

Stages of demographic growth

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DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

Populations distribution is completely uneven:

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DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

3. NATURAL MOVEMENT OF POPULATION

Number of born people in one year

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DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

Number of deceased people in one year

2nd CSE YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

2nd CSE YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

International migrations. They involve the change of country and they

2nd CSE YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

2nd CSE YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

2nd CSE YEAR

Stationary or stable pyramid (bell-shaped).

Constrictive pyramid (urn-shaped).

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

Ace of spades-shaped pyramid.

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

Spains natural movement is:

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DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

2nd CSE YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

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DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 10. THE CONTINENTS

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 8: CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

La Paz and Sucre

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SAN VICENTE Y LAS

UNIT 8. CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

2nd CSE YEAR

UNIT 8. CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

2nd CSE YEAR

UNIT 8. CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

2nd CSE YEAR

UNIT 8. CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY