International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 3 (2016) pp 1579-1582

Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Secondary analysis for Pile foundation by P- Method

M.Vinayagamoorthy
Ph.D. Scholar, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Technical Manager, Midas IT Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Dr. G. Mohan Ganesh

Professor, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,
School of Civil & Chemical Engg., (SCALE), VIT University,
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dr. A.S. Santhi

Professor, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,
School of Civil & Chemical Engg., (SCALE), VIT University,
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.

different types of soil and site conditions. Generally most of

the piles are designed to meet the requirement of the end
bearing capacity which is driven to set on to the hard strata or
anchor to the rock firmly. However, pile section also can
generate certain percentage of resistance through skin friction
that produced between the pile and soil. [3]

Abstract
This research investigates the influence of gravity loads and
large displacements theory, generally known as second order
P-delta effects, on the stability of reinforced concrete (RCC)
bridge piers. Second order analysis combines two effects to
reach a solution of 1st order analysis and large displacement
analysis. The large deformation analysis takes full account of
the effect due to the deformed shape of the structure and its
member. When structures become more slender and less
resistant to deformation, consideration of 2nd order effects is
essential for tall members. Most of the methods are available
for analyzing slender exposed piles subjected to axial thrust,
sway and lateral forces, are at best in terms of theoretical
methods only. So in this paper, an attempt is made to study
the secondary analysis of the pile foundation. The results 2nd
order effect by manual calculation are compared with
modelling (Midas Civil software) results.

Exposed piles are relatively long and slender structural

members used for transmitting loads and lateral forces to
deeper and more dependable subsoil strata. RC piles can
either be precast and then driven into the ground, or driven
and cast in situ or bored and cast in situ. Piles in a group may
either be all vertical or some vertical and some raked or all
raked either in opposite directions or in the same direction,
depending on the functional requirements.
But, for many years, engineers and Codes of Practice have
considered P-Delta effects in structures. In the past this
consideration has been simple and limited in application.
Times have changed, Codes of Practice and design tools have
moved forward in recent years. As a result, engineers may
have to make informed decisions on the choice of second
order analysis to use in pile foundation. P-Delta is a non-linear
effect that occurs in every structure where elements are
subjected to axial load. P-Delta is actually only one of many
second-order effects. It is a genuine effect that is associated
with the magnitude of the applied axial load (P) and
displacement (delta). [4]
There are two P-Delta effects (Fig. 1):
P-"Big" delta (P-) - a structure effect
P-"small" delta (P-) - a member effect

Keywords: Column, P-delta analysis, Pile foundation, Midas

Civil.

Introduction
Piling system has been used as foundation for supporting
various structures mainly found on the low bearing capacity
soil several decades ago. Today, there are numerous types of
piles being developed and extensively used in the construction
industries. It includes a very simple type, most commonly
used RC piles and less commonly used steel piles, whereas
bore pile and micro pile system that introduced in India in the
last few years to accommodate the growing environmental
awareness which provides non vibration and non-pollution
method for installation of pile foundation especially for highly
developed areas [1] observed by Kuwabara, F. [2]

P- has reference to the effects of the vertical loads acting on

the laterally displaced structure (Fig. 1a). For example, wind
or seismic forces, V, cause a horizontal displacement, , of

However, different pile system will serve different purpose in

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 3 (2016) pp 1579-1582
Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Itt= 52(1.02+2.92) = 94.0 m2
ILL= 42(1.92+3.82) = 144.4 m2

the structure, while the gravity loads, P, simultaneously act

vertically on this displaced structure. Moments are induced
into the structure equal to the total vertical load P times the
structural displacement .

EI of the pile = (18000250) (

= 9.751010 kg cm2
Step 1: Max. Vertical load on pile
+

= 29.65 + 1.64 + 2.88

= 34.17 Ton
Min. vertical load on pile
-

= 29.65 - 1.64 - 2.88

= 25.13 Ton
Table 1: Verification of Max. Vertical load on a pile

Figure 1a: P- Effect

Node

Load

Manual (Ton)

1
2

Minimum load
Maximum load

25.13
34.17

HT per pile =
HL per pile =

FEM software
(Ton)
25.313
33.977

= 0.86 Ton
= 0.42 Ton

Figure 1b: P- Effect

P- has reference to the effects of the axial load in an
individual member subject to a deflection (curvature) between
its endpoints (Fig. 1b). For example, column loads, P, due to
gravity, wind, and/or seismic forces act on a column that has a
curvature induced by the connection conditions of supported
beams. Moments are induced in the member proportional to
the axial load P times the member deflection . The axially
loaded beams also experience these effects. So in this paper,
an attempt is made to study the secondary analysis of the pile
foundation. The results of 2nd order effect by manual
calculation are compared with modelling (midas civil
software) results. [5] [6]

Numerical Calculation

Figure 2a: Plan of pile layout all dimensions are in (m)

Consider the pile foundation as shown in Fig. 2 under a bridge

pier in scourable cohesive soil. The layout of piles in plan and
the values of direct load, moments and lateral forces at the
soffit of pile cap are as follows: [7]
Total Vertical load = 592.9 t
Total Moment about LL axis = 109.2 tonf-m
Total moment about TT axis = 53.0 tonf-m
Total horizontal force along LL axis = 8.3 t
Total horizontal force along TT axis = 17.2 t

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 3 (2016) pp 1579-1582
Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Figure 3: Min Bending Moment (Mzz) on pile (Ton-m) using
Midas Civil

Figure 2b: Elevation of pile layout (m) using Midas Civil [8]

Figure 4: Max Bending Moment (Myy) on pile (Ton-m)

using Midas Civil
Table 2: Verification of Max horizontal load on a pile
Node

Load

Manual (Ton)

1
2

HT per pile
HL per pile

0.86
0.42

FEM software
(Ton)
0.875
0.42

Step 2: RL of soffit of the pile cap = + 1.75

Maximum scour level = -10.80 m
Exposed length of pile = 12.55 m
10% of exposed pile length = 1.255m
Half the depth of soft strata below scour level in the present
case = 6 m.
Hence assume lower fixity point to be at 4 m below scour
level.
RL of lower fixity point = -10.80 - 4.00
= -14.80 m
Length of pile between fixity points = L
= 14.80 + 1.75 = 16.55 m
Step 3: Considering the minimum loaded pile:
=

= 50.7 10-5
MT ( Mzz minor axis) per pile due to HL
= (HL/) tanL/2

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 3 (2016) pp 1579-1582
Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

References

= 0.42

[1]

= 3.66 ton-m
ML ( Myy major axis) per pile due to HT
= (HT/) tanL/2

[2]

= 0.86
[3]

= 7.58 ton-m

[4]

Table 3: Verification of Bending moment on a pile

Node

Load

1
2

Mzz minor axis

Myy major axis

Manual
(Ton-m)
3.66
7.58

Midas
(Ton - m)
3.674
7.718

[5]

[6]

Conclusions
Now a days, most of the pile is slender so it is necessary to
calculate bending in long slender pile by using second order
theory considering buckling deflection for various
combination of axial thrust and lateral forces. [9]. This paper
is intended to make the choice more informed about the
secondary analysis. Whereas an analysis for P-delta effect is
required, a rational analysis, which takes into account the post
elastic deflections in the structure, have to be used to
determine the P-delta effects. Unless otherwise included in the
analysis method adopted, increase in displacements due to Pdelta effects have to be added to the displacements calculated
by the analysis method.
A force-based method of analyzing bending-buckling
interaction has been demonstrated using the software Midas
Civil. The values obtained from the manual and software
values have good agreement. Hence the designers must
consider the interaction of bending-buckling while designing
the pile foundations in seismic zones. [10, 11]

[7]

[8]
[9]

[10]

[11]

1582

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Teng, W.C. Foundation Design, Prentice Hall
publication, 1964, p. 129
A brief overview of 2nd Order (or P-Delta) Analysis
by Richard Dobson - Technical Director for
FASTRAK, 3D+TM and TEDDS, CSC (UK) Ltd
Kenny Arnott Product Manager for S-Frame, CSC
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Practice Analysis, Design & Economics Third
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