MATH 381

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS
Question 1 (p.86 #8). If g(x)[e2y e2y ] is harmonic, g(0) = 0, g (0) = 1, find g(x).
Solution. Let f (x, y) = g(x)[e2y e2y ]. Then

Since f (x, y) is harmonic,

2f
x2

2f
y 2

2f
= g (x)[e2y e2y ]
x2
2f
= 4g(x)[e2y e2y ].
y 2

= 0 and we require

g (x) + 4g(x) = 0.

Thus g(x) has the form A sin(2x) + B cos(2x) and by the initial conditions, A = 12 and B = 0. Therefore,
1
g(x) = sin(2x).
2

Question 2 (p.86 #12). Find the harmonic conjugate of

tan1 xy

where <

Solution. Write u(x, y) = tan1 xy . Then by the Cauchy-Riemann equations,

(1)
(2)
By (1),

and by (2)

tan1 xy

u
y2 1
y
v
= 2
=
=
x x + y 2 y x2 + y 2 y
u
y 2 x
x
v

= 2
=
=
.
y
x + y 2 y 2 x2 + y 2 x
v=

1
log(x2 + y 2 ) + C(x),
2

v
x
x
=
+ C (x) = 2
x x2 + y 2
x + y2
so C (x) = 0 and C(x) is a constant, call it D. Therefore,
1
v(x, y) = log(x2 + y 2 ) + D.
2

Question 3. (p.86 #13) Show, if u(x, y) and v(x, y) are harmonic functions, that u + v must be a harmonic
function but that uv need not be a harmonic function. Is eu ev a harmonic function?
Solution. If u and v are harmonic, then u + v is harmonic since

2 (u + v) 2 (u + v)
2u 2v
2u 2v
+
= 2 +
+ 2 + 2
2
2
2
x
y
x
x
y
y
=

2u 2u
2v 2v
+

+
= 0.
x2 y 2
x2 y 2

To show that uv is not necessarily harmonic, it suces to show that there exists u, v harmonic such that
1 2 (uv) 2 (uv)
u v u v

+
=
+
0.
2
x2
y 2
x x y y

Any u = v harmonic where u

, u 0 will suce. For instance, taking u = v = x will work, since its harmonic (both
x y
of its second-order partials vanish) but
u v u v
+
= 12 0.
x x y y
Date: October 23, 2011.

MATH 381 HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS

Now, in order for eu ev to be harmonic, we need

2 (eu ev ) 2 (eu ev )
u v 2
u v 2
+
= eu+v
+
+
+
= 0.
2
2
x
y
x x
y y

Thus, the existence of any u, v harmonic such that u

+
x
Again, taking u = v = x gives us what we want as e

2x

v 2

+ u
+
y

2
v

0 will show that eu ev is not harmonic.

is easily seen to be non-harmonic.

Question 4 (p.106 #14). State the domain of analyticity of f (z) = eiz . Find the real and imaginary parts
u(x, y) and v(x, y) of the function, show that these satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations, and find f (z) in
terms of z.
Solution. By definition,

f (z) = eiz = eix ey = ey [cos x + i sin x].

Therefore,

u(x, y) = ey cos x

v(x, y) = ey sin x.

These are continuous functions at all (x, y) R2 . Now,

u
v
= ey sin x =
x
y
u
v
= ey cos x =
y
x

so u, v satisfy the C-R equations, and these derivatives are continuous for allx, y. Therefore, f (z) is entire. Furthermore,
f (z) = ey sin x + i(ey cos x) = i(ey [cos x + i sin x]) = ieiz .

Question 5 (p.106 #16). State the domain of analyticity of f (z) = ee . Find the real and imaginary parts
u(x, y) and v(x, y) of the function, show that these satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations, and find f (z) in
terms of z.
z

Solution. First, observe that f is an entire function of an entire function, so it is analytic everywhere. Now,
ee = ee
z

so

u(x, y) = ee
v(x, y) = ee

(cos y+i sin y)

= ee

cos y

cos(ex sin y)

cos y

sin(ex sin y)

cos y

cos(ex sin y) + i sin(ex sin y),

x
x
u
= ee cos y (ex cos y) cos(ex sin y) ee cos y (ex sin y) sin(ex sin y)
x
x
= ee cos y+x (cos y cos(ex sin y) sin y sin(ex sin y))

x
x
v
= ee cos y (ex sin y) sin(ex sin y) + ee cos y cos(ex sin y)(ex cos y)
y

= ee

cos y+x

(cos y cos(ex sin y) sin y sin(ex sin y))

x
x
u
= ee cos y (ex sin y) cos(ex sin y) + ee cos y (ex cos y)( sin(ex sin y))
y

= ee

cos y+x

(cos y sin(ex sin y) + sin y cos(ex sin y))

x
x
v
= ee cos y (ex cos y) sin(ex sin y) + ee cos y (ex sin y) cos(ex sin y)
x
x
= ee cos y+x (cos y sin(ex sin y) + sin y cos(ex sin y))

and f satisfies the C-R equations. Furthermore,

f (z) = ee
= ee

= ee

e (cos y cos(ex sin y) sin y sin(ex sin y)) + i(cos y sin(ex sin y) + sin y cos(ex sin y)

cos y x

cos y

cos y

= ee ez .
z

ex cos y cos(ex sin y) + i sin(ex sin y) + ex sin yi cos(ex sin y) sin(ex sin y)
cos(ex sin y) + i sin(ex sin y)ex (cos y + i sin y)

MATH 381

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS

Question 6 (p.106 #23).

1
. (Note: t R).
(a) Prove the expression given in the text for the nth derivative of f (t) = t2t+1 = Re ti
1
1
th
(b) Find similar expressions for the n derivative of f (t) = t2 +1 = Im ti .(Note: t R ).

Solution.

(a) By the Lemma, for n 1,

Now, observe that

1
ti

f (n) (t) = Re

t+i
,
t2 +1

(1)n n!
dn
1

=
Re

dtn t i
(t i)n+1

so by the binomial theorem

(1)n n!
(1)n n!(t + i)n+1 (1)n n!(n + 1)! n+1 ik tn+1k
=
=
.

(t i)n+1
(t2 + 1)n+1
(t2 + 1)n+1 k=0 (n + 1 k)!k!

But notice that we only get contributions to the real part of this expression when k is even; i.e. when ik R.
Summing over the even integers, k = 2m, we get for n odd that
f (n) (t) =

and for n even that

(b) In this case we want

(1)n n!(n + 1)! 2

i2m tn+12m

2
n+1
(t + 1)
m=0 (n + 1 2m)!(2m)!
n+1

(1)n!(n + 1)! 2
(1)m tn+12m
=

(t2 + 1)n+1 m=0 (n + 1 2m)!(2m)!

n+1

f (n) (t) =

n!(n + 1)! 2
i2m tn+12m

2
n+1
(t + 1)
m=0 (n + 1 2m)!(2m)!
n

f (n) (t) = Im

(1)n n!
dn
1

=
Im

.
dtn t i
(t i)n+1

By the work above, we want the imaginary part of

(1)n n!(n + 1)! n+1 ik tn+1k

.

(t2 + 1)n+1 k=0 (n + 1 k)!k!

In this case we get contributions when k is odd, so we take the the sum over k = 2m + 1 for m 0. Note that
i2m+1 = (1)m i. It follows that when n is odd,

and when n is even,

f (n) (t) =

(1)n!(n + 1)! 2
(1)m tn2m

2
n+1
(t + 1)
m=0 (n 2m)!(2m + 1)!

f (n) (t) =

n1

n!(n + 1)! n2
(1)m tn2m
.

(t2 + 1)n+1 m=0 (n 2m)!(2m + 1)!

1 in
Question 7 (p.106 #25). Let P () = N
.
n=0 e

(a) Show that

P () =

(b) Find lim0 P ().

(c) Plot P () for 0 2 and N = 3.

sin(N 2)
.
sin(2)

Solution.

(a) Note that

P () =

1 eiN
.
1 ei

MATH 381 HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS

Thus,

eiN 1
ei 1
eiN 2 eiN 2 eiN 2
= i2 i2

e
e
ei2

P () =
=
Thus,

eiN 2 cos(N 2) + i sin(N 2) cos(N 2) i sin(N 2)

cos(2) + i sin(2) cos(2) i sin(2)

ei2
eiN 2 2i sin(N 2)
.
2i sin 2
ei2

(b) By lHopitals rule we get

P () =
lim

sin(N 2)
eiN 2 sin(N 2)

=
.
sin 2
sin 2
ei2

sin(N 2)
N 2 sin(N 2)
= lim
= N.
0
sin 2
12 sin 2

(c) If you have nothing else, just plug it in Wolfram Alpha.

Question 8 (p.112 #17). Show that sin z cos z = 0 has solutions only for real values of z. What are the
solutions?
Solution. In other words, for z = x + iy we want

sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y = cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y.

Equating the real parts and imaginary parts we require

(3)
(4)

sin x cosh y = cos x cosh y

cos x sinh y = sin x sinh y.

Suppose y 0 and hence sinh y 0 and cosh y 0. Then in order to have solutions, by (3), we need cos x = sin x and
by (4) we need cos x = sin x. These equations are only satisfied for sin x = cos x = 0, but no solutions for x exists.
Therefore, if there are solutions to the original equation, we must have that y = 0.
Suppose y = 0. Then since cosh 0 = 1 and sinh 0 = 0 we simply need solutions to sin x = cos x. Thus we have
solutions if and only if

z = + k,
k Z.
4

Question 9 (p.112 #21). Where does the function f (z) =

3 sin zcos z

fail to be analytic?

Solution. Since sin z and cos z are both analytic, f (z) will fail to be analytic when
when we have solutions to

3 sin z cos z = 0. In other words,

( sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y) = cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y.

Equating the real parts and imaginary parts we require

(5)
3 sin x cosh y = cos x cosh y

(6)
3 cos x sinh y = sin x sinh y.

By the same argument as the previous question, there

are no solutions when y 0. Suppose y = 0. Then since
cosh 0 = 1 and sinh 0 = 0 we simply need solutions to 3 sin x = cos x, that is to tan x = 13 . So f (z) is not analytic
when

z = + k,
k Z.
6

Question 10 (p.112 #22). Let f (z) = sin z1 .

(a) Express this function in the form u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Where in the complex plane is this function
analytic?
(b) What is the derivative of f (z)? Where in the complex plane is f (z) analytic?
Solution.

MATH 381

(a) Since sin z is entire, and

(b) For z 0,

1
z

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS

is analytic for z 0, it follows that f (z) is analytic for z 0.

1
x iy
sin = sin 2

z
x + y2
x
y
x
y
= sin 2
cosh 2
+ i cos 2
sinh 2

x + y2
x + y2
x + y2
x + y2
x
y
x
y
= sin 2
cosh 2
i cos 2
sinh 2
.
x + y2
x + y2
x + y2
x + y2
d
1
1
1
sin = cos 2
dz
z
z
z

which is analytic for all z 0.

Question 11 (p.112 #25). Show that cos z = sinh2 y + cos2 x.

Solution.

cos z = cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y

= cos2 x cosh2 y + sin2 x sinh2 y

= cos2 x(1 + sinh2 y) + sin2 x sinh2 y

= cos2 x + sinh2 y(cos x2 + sin2 x)

= cos2 x + sinh2 y

Question 12 (p.119 #16). Use logarithms to find solutions to ez = eiz .

Solution. We want solutions to ez(1i) = 1, so taking logs on both sides we get for any k Z, z(1 i) = 2ik, so
z=

2ik (i + 1)2ik
=
= (i 1)k.
1i
2

Question 13 (p.119 #18). Use logarithms to find solutions to ez = (ez 1)2 .

Solution. In other words, we want solutions to e2z 3ez + 1 = 0. By the quadratic formula, we get that
e =
z

49 3
5
=
.
2
2
2

3
5
z = log
+ 2ik
2
2

Taking logs gives that

for k Z.

Question 14 (p.119 #21). Use logarithms to find solutions to ee = 1.

Solution. First, taking logs we get ez = 2ik for k Z. Now for k > 0, the argument of 2ik is
and for k < 0, the argument of 2ik is

3
2

and for k < 0,

+ 2m (again m Z). Thus, for k > 0,

z = log(2k) + i

z = log(2k) + i

+ 2m
2

+ 2m .
2

Question 15 (p.119 #23). Show that

where R and ei 1.

Re log(1 + ei ) = log 2 cos

2

+ 2m where m Z,

Solution.

MATH 381 HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS

Re log(1 + ei ) = log 1 + ei

1
log (1 + cos )2 + sin2
2
1
= log(2 + 2 cos )
2
1

= log 2 cos2 + 2 sin2 + 2 cos2 2 sin2

2
2
2
2
2

= log 2 cos
2
=

Question 16 (p.170 #9). Intergrate

along z = 1, in the lower half plane.

1
dz
z

Solution. Let z = eit , then we are integrating along the interval t [0, ]. Now, dz = ieit dt so

1
1
dz =
iei tdt = i.
z
ei t
0

Question 17 (p.170 #11). Show that x = 2 cos t, y = sin t, where t ranges from 0 to 2, yields a parametric
2
i
representation of the ellipse x4 + y 2 = 1. Use this representation to evaluate 2 zdz along the portion of the
ellipse in the first quadrant.
Solution. Note that

(2 cos t)2
+ sin2 t = cos2 t + sin2 t = 1
4
and furthermore 2 cos 0 = 2 cos 2 = 2 and sin 0 = sin 2 = 0. To see that we get all of the ellipse, note that x = 2 cos t
has solutions t [0, 2] for all x [2, 2] and y = sin t has solutions t [0, 2] for all y [1, 1]. Furthermore, the
parametrization is 1:1 except for when x = 2, y = 0.
Setting z = x + iy = 2 cos t + i sin t, we get dz = (i cos t 2 sin t)dt, and

zdz =

(2 cos t i sin t)(i cos t 2 sin t)dt

(2i 3 sin t cos t)dt

3
= + i.
2

Question 18 (p.170 #14). Consider I =

integration, show that I 5e3 .

2+i z 2
0 e dz

taken along the line x = 2y. Without actually doing the

Solution. Let M be the maximal value attained by ez along the path of integration. Now, for x = 2y,
ez = ex
2

y 2 +2ixy

= e3y

3
which attains its maximum when y
attains a maximumthat
is, when z = 2+i. Therefore

M3 = e . By the pythagorean
theorem, the length of the path is 22 + 12 = 5, so by the ML inequality, I M L = 5e .

Question 19 (p.170 #16). Consider I = i ei log zdz taken along the parabola y = 1 x2 . Without doing the
integration, show that I 1.479e2 .
1

Solution. Letting = arg z

ei log z = ei(logzi)

= ei logz e = e .

Along the given path, this attains a maximum when = 2, so let M = e2 .

MATH 381

HOMEWORK 2 SOLUTIONS

Now, we need to find the length of the path of integration. So since dy = 2xdx,

1
dy 2
L=
1+
dx
dx
0
1
=
1 + 4x2 dx
0

The ML inequality then gives the desired result.

< 1.479.

Question 20 (p.180 #2). Is the Cauchy-Goursat theorem directly applicable to z=1

Solution. Since

sin z
z+2i

directly applicable.

sin z
dz?
z+2i

is analytic everywhere except for z = 2i which is not in the unit circle, the C-G theorem is

Question 21 (p.180 #6). Is the Cauchy-Goursat theorem directly applicable to zi1=1 log zdz?

Solution. Since 0 is not in the unit circle about i + 1, log z is analytic in the desired region so the C-G theorem is
directly applicable.

Question 22 (p.180 #7). Is the Cauchy-Goursat theorem directly applicable to

1
z=12 (z1)4 +1 dz?

Solution. Observe that we have a singularity when z 1 is a primitive 8th root of unitythat is, when (z 1)4 = 1.

These roots of unity lie on the unit circle, so shifting over by 1, we need to determine if the roots closest to the origin,
at z = ei34 + 1 and z = ei54 + 1 have absolute value greater than 12. By geometry (right angle triangles), it can be
seen that at these points,

2
2

1
1
z = 1 + > 12
2
2
so the C-G theorem directly applies.

Question 23 (p.180 #9). Is the Cauchy-Goursat theorem directly applicable to

1
dz

2
z=b z + bz + 1
where 0 < b < 1?

Solution. In this case the singularities are at the roots of the equation x2 + bx + 1, that is, when
z=

Here,

z =

therefore C-G applies directly.

b2 4 b
4 b2
=
i
.
2
2
2

b2 4 b2
+
=1>b
4
4

Question 24 (p.180 #13). Prove that

ecos sin(sin + )d = 0.

Begin with ez dz performed around z = 1. Use the parametric representation z = ei , 0 2. Separate

your equation into real and imaginary parts.
Solution. Let z = ei = cos + i sin , so dz = ei id. Since ez is analytic,

z=1

But then

ez dz =

ecos +i(sin +) d =

ecos +i sin ei id = 0.

ecos (cos( + sin ) + i sin( + sin ))d = 0

so by equating the imaginary part with zero we get the desired result.