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AC Power Lines
Vikram Gupta, Arvind Kandhalu, Ragunathan (Raj) Rajkumar
Real-time and Multimedia Systems Laboratory
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
{vikramg, akandhal, raj}@ece.cmu.edu
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in energy harvesting
for wireless sensor networks. Energy harvesting from thermal sources such as body heat and mechanical sources such
as human motion have been proposed. There are also sensor
network systems that harvest energy from the visible part of
the electromagnetic spectrum. However, ambient light levels in indoor environments are typically significantly lower
than those found outdoors and highly dependent on the nature of the indoor environment considered. Recently, lowpower clock synchronization using electromagnetic energy
radiating from AC power lines was proposed. In this paper,
we go a step ahead and try to answer the question: Can energy be harvested from the electromagnetic energy radiating
from AC power lines and use it to operate a wireless sensor
network with a low duty-cycle? We find that such energy
harvesting appears promising.
Introduction
Motivation
Feasibility Study
I0 sin(t)
2r
(1)
(2)
V=
4 Experimental Study
4.1 Experiment Setup
We need to measure the average power that can be extracted from the magnetic fields emanating from AC power
lines, in order to understand the feasibility of proposed energy harvesting system. We conducted controlled experiments where we observed the power available from various
arrangements of current carrying conductors and configuration of inductors in the magnetic field associated with the
conductors.
4.2
Experiment Observations
In this section, we measure power drawn from the inductor when it is placed in an alternating magnetic field originating from the magnetic fields. It is explained in Section 5
that power drawn from a source is near its maximum with a
matched impedance load. In our system, the inductor is the
source of the voltage, and will be used to drive a sensor device. Figure 2 is the screenshot of the oscilloscope showing
voltage across two different inductors placed between two
parallel wires carrying 8.4A current in the opposite direc-
900
L1 = 15H, 1000 ohms
L2 = 4.5H, 48 ohms
800
700
Power (uW)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
Distance (inches)
L1 = 15 H, 1000 ohms
L2 = 4.5 H, 48 ohms
Figure 2. Oscilloscope capture of voltage across two inductors when placed in the magnetic field as shown in
Figure 1. Channel 1(yellow) of the oscilloscope is connected the to coil with L=15 H, and channel 2(blue) to
the coil with L=4.5 H. The RMS voltage can be seen on
the top right corner.
Power (uW)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
10
Distance (inches)
800
600
400
200
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Energy
Harves,ng
Element
DC/DC
Converter
Super
Capacitor
/
Ba:ery
Rectifier Filter
Design Considerations
The choice of components for the energy harvesting circuit is extremely critical. There are delicate tradeoffs that
need to be made maximum energy conversion.
5.1
Resonance Circuit
f =
2 LC
RL = RS
where f is the frequency of the AC power (for example, 60
Hz in the US), and RS is the series resistance of the inductor.
Now that if the load is matched, average power dissipated
in inductor and capacitor is zero, hence maximum available
average power is given by the following equation:
V2
P = rms
RS
It can be understood from the above equation that the
available power depends entirely on the properties of the
coil. Mathematically,
2 N 2 A2 I02
P
dt2 RS
where, is the permeability of the inductor core, N is
number of turns, A is effective cross section area I0 is the
current flowing in the inductor and dt is the distance of the
coil from the conductor. For a given magnetic field strength
and the distance of the coil from the wire:
P
5.2
2 N 2 A2
RS
The design of an energy harvesting system is challenging since the power derived from ambient sources tends to
be unregulated, intermittent and small. A typical energy harvesting ciruit is shown in Figure 8.
Microelectronic devices and rechargeable batteries usually require a DC power supply. Hence a power conditioning
circuitry is necessary to rectify the AC power to stable DC
power. Typically a power conditioning circuit is sensitive to
the efficiency of power extraction. Ottoman et al. [15, 16]
derived the optimal DC voltage required to maximize the
power extraction under the direct connection of the load to
Limitations
Conclusions
References
[1] Badel A., Benayad A., Lefeuvre E., Lebrun L., Richard C., and
Guyomar D. Single crystals and nonlinear process for outstanding
vibration-powered electrical generators. In IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, volume 53, pages
673684, 2006.
[2] J.U. Martinez Arazia. Wireless transmission of power for sensors in
context aware spaces. Masters thesis, MIT Media Laboratory, june
2002.
[3] M. Cheney. Tesla: Man out of Time. Dell Publishing Co., 1981.
[4] Guyomar D., Badel A., Lefeuvre E., and Richard C. Toward energy
harvesting using active materials and conversion improvement by non-
supply
[23] Nicola Tesla. The transmission of electric energy without wires. Electrical World and Engineer, 1904.