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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_(philosophy)
Property (philosophy)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In philosophy and mathematics, a property is a characteristic of an object; a red object is said to have the
property of redness. The property may be considered a form of object in its own right, able to possess other
properties. A property however differs from individual objects in that it may be instantiated, and often in
more than one thing. It differs from the logical/mathematical concept of class by not having any concept of
extensionality, and from the philosophical concept of class in that a property is considered to be distinct from
the objects which possess it. Understanding how different individual entities (or particulars) can in some
sense have some of the same properties is the basis of the problem of universals. The terms attribute and
quality have similar meanings.
Contents
1 Essential and accidental properties
2 Determinate and determinable properties
3 Lovely and suspect qualities
4 Property dualism
5 Properties in mathematics
6 Properties and predicates
7 Intrinsic and extrinsic properties
8 Relations
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
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no existence at all until attributed by an observer (such as being suspected of a crime) [3]
Property dualism
Property dualism describes a category of positions in the philosophy
of mind which hold that, although the world is constituted of just one
kind of substancethe physical kindthere exist two distinct kinds
of properties: physical properties and mental properties. In other
words, it is the view that non-physical, mental properties (such as
beliefs, desires and emotions) inhere in some physical substances
(namely brains).
Properties in mathematics
In mathematical terminology, a property p defined for all elements of
Property dualism: the exemplification
a set X is usually defined as a function p: X {true, false}, that is
of two kinds of property by one kind
true whenever the property holds; or equivalently, as the subset of X
of substance
for which p holds; i.e. the set {x| p(x) = true}; p is its indicator
function. It may be objected (see above) that this defines merely the
extension of a property, and says nothing about what causes the property to hold for exactly those values.
Relations
A relation is often considered to be a more general case of a property. Relations are true of several
particulars, or shared amongst them. Thus the relation ".. is taller than .." holds "between" two individuals,
who would occupy the two ellipses ('..'). Relations can be expressed by N-place predicates, where N is
greater than 1.
It is widely accepted that there are at least some apparent relational properties which are merely derived from
non-relational (or 1-place) properties. For instance "A is heavier than B" is a relational predicate, but it is
derived from the two non relational properties: the mass of A and the mass of B. Such relations are called
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_(philosophy)
external relations, as opposed to the more genuine internal relations. [5] Some philosophers believe that all
relations are external, leading to a scepticism about relations in general, on the basis that external relations
have no fundamental existence.
See also
Abstraction
Doctrine of internal relations
Identity of indiscernibles (AKA Leibniz's law)
Intension
Unary relation
References
1. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy Determinate and Determinable Properties (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries
/determinate-determinables/)
2. Georges Dicker (1998). Hume's Epistemology & Metaphysics. Routledge. p. 31.
3. "Lovely and Suspect Qualities". Retrieved 3 August 2016.
4. Nelson, Michael (1 January 2012). Zalta, Edward N., ed. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved
3 August 2016 via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
5. (http://www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu/mattey/phi157/mattey/phi156/moore.pdf)George Moore, External and
Internal Relations
External links
"Properties". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
MacBride, Fraser. "Relations". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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