2ND QUARTER SOC SCI

INTRODUCTION TO

POLITICAL SCIENCE___________________

I. What is Politics?
From the Greek word, polis (city-state) and
politikos (of, for, or relating to the citizen)
Activities that relate to influencing the actions
and policies of a government or getting and
keeping power in a government
The art or science concerned with guiding or
influencing governmental policy
Politics = Decision-making
Process of making decisions applying to all
members of a group
Study or practice of the distribution of power
and resources within a given community, as well
as the interrelationships between communities
Community - a social unit who share something in
common, such as norms, historical heritage,
values, identity, and often a sense of place that
is situated in a given geographical area
Other definitions of Politics
At its most basic level, politics is the study of
who gets what, when, how.
A means through which individual and group
interests compete to shape governments impact
on societys problems and goals
Are we always going to be happy with the
decisions that are made? If not, how will we react?
The way we react is called politics
In essence, politics is an activity whereby an
individual or group seeks power by mobilizing
support for their particular point of view.

II. Political Science

The systematic study of governments, of the
methods by which governments seek to control
people, and of the techniques through which
people try to influence the government.
The branch of knowledge that deals with systems
of government; the analysis of political activity
and behavior.

Political Scientist
Someone who studies government, political
processes and political issues in a scientific way,
often within the context of an academic institution
As a science, the study of politics strives to be
systematic,
objective,
and
impartial.
Randomness and subjectivity are avoided, while
personal biases and partisan views are kept out of
the process.

Opinions/conclusions are always based on fact

and supported by evidence and reasoning.

Political Analyst
Reviews statistical data pertaining to election
results, polls and opinions and attempts to make
predictions about upcoming political events and
trends
They work for political parties or organizations
while others are employed by academic institutions
or media companies
In some instances, they attempt to influence the
people while others are non-partisan and
concentrate on interpreting events rather than
trying to foster change

A. Traditional View
1. Political Science is a study of state.
From the word politics, which itself derives
from the Greek word polis, meaning a
city-state
To the Greeks the city was the state and the
subject that deals with the city-state and its
problems was designated as politics.
Later on Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
continued to conduct the scientific study of the
various problems concerning the state and the
government
Aristotle, the Father of Politics in the West,
called Political Science as the most
authoritative art and most truly the master
art
Why?
- Politics envelopes everything
- The reason is that the happiness of the
individual is the same as that of the
state (Politics VII.2), the end of
individuals and of the states is the same
(Politics VII.15)
However, Manu is considered to be the first
political thinker in the Indian subcontinent
and his first book Manusmriti is regarded as
the first book of law in this part of the world.
Later on, it was Chanakya (Kautilya) who
formulated Indian political thinking and gave
it concrete form in the shape of a book
named Arthasastra, well-known book of
ancient Indian politics
Political Science begins and ends with the
state. (J. W. Garner)
State - an entity possessing a permanent
population, a defined territory, a
government commanding obedience, the
capacity to deal with other States (from the

2ND QUARTER SOC SCI

Montevideo Convention on the Rights and
Duties of States, 1934)
What are the matters of the State? "There
are 3 elements essential in the matters of the
State: Food, Military equipment, and
Confidence of the people in the ruler. Of
these 3, Military Equipment is the least
important, Food being the 2nd important,
and Confidence of the people being the
MOST important. All men rather die of
starvation than in war, but nevertheless all
men do die of old age. Lacking in
Confidence from the people, a state cannot
survive." - Confucius
2. Political Science is a study of government.
Government - the political organization
through which the collective will of the
people is formulated, expressed, and
executed. As a matter of fact, the state
operates through the government machinery.
Government is also defined as an
organization that possesses the legitimate
means of coercion in a society
The first duty of government is to protect
the powerless from the powerful. Hammurabi
Governments first duty is to protect the
people, not ruin their lives. - Ronald Reagan
3. Political Science is a study of national
institutions.
National/Government Institutions
- Judiciaries/Juries/Courts
- Military Banks
- Cemeteries
- Arts Councils
- Library
- Museums
- Parks/Historical Sites
- Universities/Schools
- Stadiums/Arena
- Theater
- Hospitals
- Research Facilities
4. (Modern view) Political Science is a study of
power
The ability of governments, and of
governmental leaders, to make and enforce
rules and to influence the behavior of
individuals or groups by rewarding or
punishing certain behaviors
A has power over B to the extent that A can
get B to do something that B would otherwise
not do. - Robert Dahl
Power is the ability of a person, group, or
nation to get what it wants

As an equation, power is: The ability of A to

get B to do X (or not to do X)
In the case of governments, they can use soft
power (e.g. persuasion), or hard power (e.g.
military force)
5. Political Science is a study of conflict resolution
Conflict
Competition
between
opposing forces, reflecting a diversity of
opinions, preferences, needs, or interests
6. Political Science is a study of the co-relation of
many forces
APPROACHES IN

STUDYING POLITICS___________________

1. Positivism
Based on the precise methods and can support a
research with statistical and objective data;
factual knowledge based on observation

2. Interpretivism
Reality is constructed through the meaning
created by individuals; actions are result of
meanings

3. Behavioralism
Examines the behaviors and actions of individuals
and groups in different social settings and
explain this behavior as it relates to the political
system

4. Institutionalism
Approach to the study of politics that focuses on
formal institutions of government; institutions
mirror society

2ND QUARTER SOC SCI

5. Rational Choice
History and culture are irrelevant to
understanding political behavior; instead, it is
sufficient to know the actors' interests and to
assume that they pursue them rationally.
Assumes that individual behavior is motivated by
self-interest, utility maximization and goal
fulfillment
The Prisoners Dilemma

6. Structuralism
Human culture must be understood in terms of
their relationship to a larger, overarching system
or structure (law, media, power structure,
language, etc.).
*Hegemony
Control or domination of one person, state or
organization
THE

STATE______________________________
I. State
a political association that establishes sovereign
jurisdiction within defined territorial borders, and
exercises authority through a set of permanent
institutions

A. Theories on the Origin of the State

Divine Right Theory - state is of divine creation
and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the
people.
Necessity of Force Theory
Paternalistic Theory - state comes from the
expansion of family, under the authority of the
father. Family grew into a clan, then developed
into tribe which broadened into a nation, and a
nation became a state.
Social Contract Theory
B. Inherent Powers of the State
Police power the power to prescribe
regulations to promote the health, morals,

education, good order, safety or the general

welfare of the people.
Eminent domain power of the government to
take private property for public use (upon
payment of just compensation)
Taxation

C. Elements of the State

According to the Montevideo Convention on the
Rights and Duties of the State (1993), a state has
four elements/ features:
- A permanent population
- A defined territory
- An effective government
- Sovereignty

a. Population
No limit for the number of citizens in a state
Ancient Greece: ideal state should consist of
5,040 (Plato) or 10,000 (Aristotle)
The population must be sufficient to provide
a governing body and number of persons to
be governed and of course sufficient to
support a state organization.
b. Territory
A modern state cannot exist without a territory.
No limit on the size of the state (Russia vs.
Vatican City)
Implications on natural resources and defense

c. Government
The political organization through which the
collective will of the people is formulated,
expressed and executed.
It is the duty of the government to protect the
sovereignty and integrity of the state, maintain
law and order, protect citizens from external
aggression, solve the dispute among citizen and
work for the all-round development of the
people.
c.1. Forms of Government
As per number of persons exercising sovereign
powers
- Autocracy
Monarchy (absolute vs. limited)
decisions made by one person without
consult of anyone but himself
a government having absolute power
over its citizens; absolute authority;
leader determines all policies and gives
orders
Example: North Korea, dictatorship
government, absolute monarchies

2ND QUARTER SOC SCI

-

Aristocracy
Democracy
Direct or pure
Indirect, representative or republican
democracy
As to the extent powers exercised by the central
or national government
- Unitary the control of national and local
affairs is exercised by the central or national
government
- Federal powers of the government is
divided into two sets of organs the national
and the local
As to the relationship between the executive and
the legislative branches of government
- Parliamentary one which the state confers
upon the legislature
- Presidential one which the state makes the
executive constitutionally independent of the
legislature; separation of powers
* Parliamentary Democracy
- When the Executive (Prime Minister) is
dependent on the support of the legislature
(Parliament), by giving a vote of confidence
- Branches of government are not clearly
separate from one another.
By mode of succession
- Hereditary
Ex. European monarchies, Arab states
Monarchies of the World- Currently
there are 29 monarchs reigning over 44
countries (QEII is Head of State for 16
countries)
- Succession by Constitutional Prescription Next leader already specified by law, ex.
U.S.
- Succession by Election - Next person is
chosen by party vote (a leadership
convention) or general election (ex.
Philippines)
- Succession by Force
Example: Hitlers Germany, Mussolinis
Italy, coup detat
Coup detat - sudden, violent overthrow
of an existing government by a small
group. The chief prerequisite for a coup
is control of all or part of the armed
forces, the police, and other military
elements
c.2. Branches of Government
Executive - The power to make laws and frame
public policy (MAKES LAWS)
Legislative - The power to create, enforce and
administer laws (SIGNS LAWS)
Judicial - The power to interpret laws, to
determine their meaning, and to settle disputes

that arise within society (DECIDES IF LAWS ARE

CONSTITUTIONAL)

d. Sovereignty
Supremacy of the state; self-governing state
It is sovereignty that differentiates the state from
all other social organization, since state is
supreme in internal and external matters.
Internal sovereignty means that the state has
control over the people and its territory. External
sovereignty means that the state is free from the
control of other states (capacity to act
independent and autonomously as a state).

Federalism
It is a form of government where sovereignty is
constitutionally shared between a central
governing authority and constituent political units
called states or regions.
It will break the country into autonomous regions
with a national government focused only on
interests with nationwide bearing: foreign policy
and defense for example.
The autonomous regions or states will have
primary responsibility over developing their
industries,
public
safety,
education,
transportation, recreation, and culture.
These states will have more power over their
finances, development plans, and laws exclusive
to their jurisdiction
*Federal Presidential Bicameral, 11 regions proposed for PH
POLITICAL

DYNASTIES__________________________
What is a political dynasty?
A political dynasty is a family that has
successfully retained political power through
maintaining control over at least one elective
position over successive generations
Two types
- Fat - relatives occupying multiple elective
positions simultaneously
- Thin - relatives occupying the same elective
position over time or an individual
succeeding to an elective position previously
occupied by a relative

2ND QUARTER SOC SCI

House Bill vs Senate Bill

Consanguinity vs. Affinity

Regulating vs Eliminating PD
Eliminating - ban all political dynasties
Regulating - allow good ones, disqualify bad
ones (I think)

Why shouldnt we regulate PD?

Antidemocratic as it could disqualify competent
and honest candidates from political families
Dynasties can be considered the outcome, and
not the cause, of an unjust social order that gave
preference to some families, and that the choice
on who should be their leaders rest with the
people
It should be more than enough that the state
guarantees equal access to opportunities for
public service

Why should we regulate PD?

Dynasties are pervasive in the 10 poorest
provinces that are afflicted by low levels of
human development, bad governance, violence,
and poor business climates

Fat dynasties weaken the checks and balances

in the government
Dynasties accrue political capital over time and
benefit from incumbency advantages during
elections. Dynasties weaken the competition in
the political system.
Dynasties
perpetuate
personality-based
politics by prompting politicians to invest in their
relatives

Anti-PD in S. America
Costa Rica 1949 Constitution explicitly bans the
relatives of former presidents and vicepresidents from running for the two highest
positions in the government. Moreover, the same
constitution prohibits the relatives within the
second degree of consanguinity or affinity of the
incumbent president and vice-president from
running for a seat in parliament.
Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala - similar
to the prohibitions of dynasties in Costa Rica,
focus on the presidency, vice presidency, and
congressional seats
Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay - extend prohibitions
of dynasties to local government officials

What is common-law marriage?

a legal framework in a limited number of
jurisdictions where a couple is legally considered
married, without that couple having formally
registered their relation as a civil or religious
marriage
live-in relationship
GRAFT AND

CORRUPTION________________________
Graft - authority, position, power
Corruption - public funds

Typology
Political - results in gaining political power
Economic - results in making profits
Bribery - giving of some form of benefit to
unduly influence some action or decision on the
part of the recipient or beneficiary
Collusion - lead to the subversion of the flow of
information within an economic, societal or
political unit
Embezzlement and theft - taking or conversion of
money, property or other valuables for personal
benefit

2ND QUARTER SOC SCI

Fraud - the use of misleading information to

induce someone to turn over the property
voluntarily
Extortion - involves coercive incentives such as the
use of threat of violence or the exposure or
damaging information in order to induce
cooperation
Abuse of Discretion - concerning abuses and
corrupt government agency practices for private
gain without external inducement or extortion
Favoritism, gift-giving, nepotism, clienteles and
financing networks of cronyism and patronage involve abuse of discretion, although the act is
governed not by the direct self-interest of the
corrupt individual, but by some less tangible
affiliation, such as advancing the interest of
family or nepotism, a political party, or of an
ethnic, religious or other grouping
Improper political contributions - payments made
in an attempt to unduly influence present or
future activities by a party or its members when
they are in office

Graft and Corruption in the PH

Ombudsman
- mandated under the Constitution to protect
the people from abuse or misuse of power
by government, its agencies or functionaries.
It must fight for justice for all citizens, prevent
loss of government funds and bring the
culprit to justice
- peoples protector and watchdog
- Functions: investigation, graft prevention,
public
assistance,
prosecution,
and
administrative adjudication
TERRITORIAL

DISPUTES___________________________

What is a Territorial Dispute?

a disagreement over the possession/ control of
land between two or more territorial entities or
over the possession or control or land, usually
between a new state and the occupying power
major cause of wars and terrorism as states often
try to assert their territory through invasion, and
non-state entities try to influence the actions of
politicians through terrorism

A. Irredentism
Irredentism (irredento = unredeemed) - any
political or popular movement intended to
reclaim and reoccupy a lost or unredeemed
area

Territorial claims are justified on the basis of real

or imagined national and historic (an area
formerly part of that state) or ethnic (an area
inhabited by that nation or ethnic group)
affiliations
Some states formalize their irredentist claims by
including them in their constitutional documents, or
through other means of legal establishment

Why cant we simply colonize/occupy other countries

today?
Sovereignty - all states are sovereign
United Nations - peaceful co-existence
Mutual respect and human rights
Internationally-binding laws, agreements and
treaties
Permanent Members of the UN Security Council
United States
United Kingdom
Russia
China
France

Major Reasons for Disputes

Historical claims
Post-war claims/occupied territories because of
war
Ethnic/Nationalist
Resources
Political/ Strategic location

B. Geo-political Hotspots
There are well over 150 territorial disputes in
the entire world

1. Crimea
The Black Sea peninsula with its predominantly
ethnic Russian population became part of
Ukraine in 1954, when both Russia and Ukraine
were part of the Soviet Union.
The recent military occupation by Russian forces
and subsequent referendum to join Russia has
been condemned by many world leaders as
illegitimate. The West has imposed sanctions.
By contrast, Cuba, Belarus, Zimbabwe,
Venezuela, and Syria have recognized Russias
control over the area. China abstained from
voting on a UN Security Council draft resolution
that would have condemned the referendum as
illegal.
2. Jammu and Kashmir (India vs. Pakistan)

2ND QUARTER SOC SCI

3. East China Sea
China has been trying to assert control over
airspace in the East China Sea that overlaps with
a zone declared by Japan more than four
decades ago.
Japan argues that the islands were vacant (when
no one occupies or controls a territory, it is
considered terra nullius, land belonging to no
one) until 1985 when its government laid claim
to them; China argues that it owned the lands
before then.
Nationalist politics and historical resentments
figure heavily in the territorial dispute, as do fish.
But theres another potent ingredient: energy.
4. South China Sea
China claims more than 80% of the South China
Sea, where it has constructed artificial islands
and built up its military presence
Five others - Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei,
Malaysia, and Taiwan, claim parts of the same
maritime area, through which more than $5
trillion of trade passes each year

5. Palestine

*The U.S.
Washington proclaims its commitment to a rulesbased international order, at least to the degree
the U.S. gains thereby
Americas most important interest is navigational
freedom, but U.S. maritime rights remain largely
protected in peacetime despite Beijings maritime
activities. In wartime naval power, not paper
guarantees, are the ultimate guarantor - Forbes
Magazine, Aug. 2016

Kalayaan Island Group (KIG)

280 nautical miles from Palawan
A group of over fifty features and their
surrounding waters that belong to the Philippines
located in what is internationally known as the
Spratly Islands.
Six parties that lay claim: Peoples Republic of
China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines,
Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam
A 5TH CLASS MUNICIPALITY of the Province of
Palawan, with a total land area of 85 hectares
made up of one barangay (Pag-Asa) and with a
population of 305 as of 2010
In 2009, Rep. Act No. 9522 described the
baselines around the KIG (together with Bajo de
Masinloc) as subject to determination in
accordance with the regime of islands under
the UNCLOS

Vital to the national security and economic

survival of the Philippines
Important to the Philippines food security
because of its rich fisheries and fish breeding
areas
Important to energy security since it is known to
have largely untapped petroleum reserves as
well as mineral deposits
Finally, the KIG and West Philippine Sea also
represent vital sea lanes of communication,
where freedom of navigation is critical to trade
and other activities of user states.
Important to the Philippine environment, because
it is a coral-rich province with a reef area of
about 1000 sq. km
What hinders the Philippines from more active
petroleum exploration and exploration in the
KIG? Lack of investment, poor access to
technology, bureaucratic red tape, and tensions
over the unresolved territorial and maritime
disputes
How did the KIG become officially part of the
PH? In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the
Philippines decided to occupy the largest
features of the KIG, and later formally
established the Municipality of Kalayaan through
Presidential Decree No. 1596 signed in June 11,
1978. PD 1596 reaffirmed and formalized the
longstanding interest of the country in the KIG.
What was the PH reaction to Chinas occupation
of Mischief Reef? In the aftermath of the
occupation of Mischief Reef by China, Philippine
maritime law enforcement agencies took more
active measures in curbing poaching and
intrusions in KIG, as well as removing Chinese
sovereignty markers put up on nearby features.
To defuse the tensions, Philippine and Chinese
officials met in August 1995, signed a Joint
Statement on the South China Sea and on Other
Areas of Cooperation, and embarked on
bilateral
confidence-building
measures.
However, by 1998, what the Chinese had
initially claimed as fishermens shelters had been
developed into a fortified military garrison, a
move that was strongly protested by the
Philippines as a clear violation of the 1995
code of conduct agreed upon by both parties.
No effort was made to physically dislodge the
Chinese due to Manilas concern that it may
provoke actual hostilities. This incident gave
momentum to the approval by the Philippine
Senate of the Philippine defense modernization
plan. It also eventually led to renewed interest in
security ties with the US that had been in effect
suspended since the 1991 closure of the US
military bases in Clark and Subic.

2ND QUARTER SOC SCI

C. Old Terrorism vs. New Terrorism
Old terrorism is terrorism that strikes only
selected targets. New terrorism is terrorism that
is indiscriminate.

TERRORISM__________________________

A. What is Terrorism?
Root: from the Latin terrere, which means
frighten or tremble
The word terrorism was coined during the French
Revolutions Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
Studies have found more than 200 definitions of
terrorism
Stephen Sloan: the definition of terrorism has
evolved over time, but its political, religious, and
ideological goals have practically never
changed

B. Different Notions of Terrorism

Scholars have discovered that the different
notions of terrorism usually include the following:
- concept of violence: 83.5%
- political goals emerged: 65%
- causing fear and terror: 51%
- arbitrariness and indiscriminate targeting:
21%
- victimization of civilians, noncombatants,
neutrals, or outsiders: 17.5%
One mans terrorist is another mans freedom
fighter - Yasser Arafat, Palestinian Liberation
Organization (PLO)
In the US, Britain, and Germany, there are three
common elements that exist in the legal
definitions of terrorism
- the use of violence
- political objectives
- the aim of propagating fear in a target
population

TERRORISM
The use of violence to create fear (i.e. terror,
psychic fear) for [1] political, [2] religious, or [3]
ideological reasons
Terrorist acts are both mala prohibita acts and
mala in se acts
Mala prohibita acts are crimes that are made
illegal by legislation; mala in se acts are crimes
that are immoral or wrong in themselves

D. Four Waves of Terrorism

1st Wave: late 19th and early 20th centuries
2nd Wave: colonial wave
3rd Wave: contemporary wave; it introduced
international
terrorism,
crossing
national
boundaries, which began in the 1960s
4th Wave: symbolized by religious justification
for killing, international scope, unparalleled gory
tactics and weapons, and dependence on
technologies of modernity
E. Causes
Religion/Religious Fanaticism - an extreme sense
of ideological zeal
Oppression - the result of groups portrayal of
governments (and their actors) as oppressive
Historical Grievances - terrorists target
governments and groups they view as
responsible for historical injustices
Violations in International Law
Relative Deprivation - poverty
Hatred towards Global Hegemony - e.g. Many
terrorists abhor the World Trade Organization
Financial Gain - ransom
Racism - e.g. Aryan Brotherhood
Guilt by Association - you are the company that
you keep
Supporting Sympathizers - push the stronger
power) into unleashing against the terrorists
perceived support base
Mortality salience - anxiety over ones death
Narcissism - insatiable need to be famous
Sensation-seeking - inherent risk and excitement
that a terrorist career may provide
Failure of conventional channels of expression diplomats fail to negotiate with their
counterparts or nation-states do not attempt at
engaging in communicative action
Ex: The Black Widows (Chechnya)
or shahidka; aka Brides of Allah
term for Islamist Chechen female suicide bombers
Many of these women are widows of men killed
by the Russian forces in Chechnya since 1994
(1st Chechen War)
Motivated by revenge, despair, and their drive
for an independent state then by religious
fundamentalism or individual honor

2ND QUARTER SOC SCI

AQ 1.1_____________________________
1. Politics
the process of making decisions applying to all
members of a group
activities that relate to influencing the actions
and policies of a government or getting and
keeping power in a government
the art or science concerned with guiding or
influencing governmental policy
2. Power
the ability to influence or outright control the
behavior of people
the ability or right to control people or things
3. Behavioralism
an approach in political science, which emerged
in the 1930s in the United States
seeks to examine the behavior, actions, and acts
of individuals rather than the characteristics of
institutions such as legislatures, executives, and
judiciaries and groups in different social
settings and explain this behavior as it relates to
the political system
studies how individuals behave in group positions
realistically rather than how they should behave
4. State
a type of polity that is an organized political
community living under a single system of
government
a politically organized body of people usually
occupying a definite territory; especially : one
that is sovereign
A sovereign state is, in international law, a
nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by
one centralized government that has sovereignty
over a geographic area
5. Nation
a large group or collective of people with
common characteristics attributed to them
A state, or country, is a sovereign, self-governing
political entity, for example any state in the
United Nations. (The term state is also used to
refer to a division of a federal system, as in the
United States.) A nation is a group of people
who feel bound by a common language, culture,
religion, history, or ethnicity, such as the Kurds,
who reside mostly in Iran, Iraq, Syria, and
Turkey, and the Basque, who inhabit parts of
northern Spain and southern France. A nationstate occurs when a nation and a state largely
coincide, for example Egypt, Hungary, and
Japan.

6. Government
the system by which a state or community is
controlled
the group of people who control and make
decisions for a country, state, etc.
7. Federalism
refers to the mixed or compound mode of
government, combining a general government
(the central or 'federal' government) with
regional governments (provincial, state, Land,
cantonal,
territorial
or
other
sub-unit
governments) in a single political system
a form of government in which there is a division
of powers between two levels of government of
equal status
the distribution of power in an organization (as a
government) between a central authority and the
constituent units
8. Democracy
a form of government in which people choose
leaders by voting
an organization or situation in which everyone is
treated equally and has equal rights government
by the people; especially : rule of the majority
a government in which the supreme power is
vested in the people and exercised by them
directly or indirectly through a system of
representation usually involving periodically held
free elections
9. Oligarchy
a form of power structure in which power
effectively rests with a small number of people
government or control by a small group of
people
government by the few
10. Interpretivism
Interpretivism is a school of thought in
contemporary jurisprudence and the philosophy
of law. The main claims of interpretivism are that
- Law is not a set of given data, conventions or
physical facts, but what lawyers aim to
construct or obtain in their practice. This
marks
a
first
difference
between
interpretivism and legal positivism. But the
refusal that law be a set of given entities
opposes interpretivism to natural law too.
- There is no separation between law and
morality, although there are differences. This
is not in accordance with the main claim of
legal positivism.
- Law is not immanent in nature nor do legal
values and principles exist independently
and outside of the legal practice itself. This is
the opposite of the main claim of natural law
theory.

2ND QUARTER SOC SCI

11. Autocracy
a form of government in which a country is ruled by
a person or group with total power
An autocracy is a system of government in which
supreme power is concentrated in the hands of one
person, whose decisions are subject to neither
external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms
of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit
threat of a coup d'tat or mass insurrection). Absolute
monarchy and dictatorship are the main historical
forms of autocracy.

AQ 2.2_____________________________

1. Legitimacy
In political science, legitimacy is the right and
acceptance of an authority, usually a governing
law or a rgime. Whereas "authority" denotes a
specific position in an established government,
the term "legitimacy" denotes a system of
government wherein "government" denotes
"sphere of influence". An authority viewed as
legitimate often has the right and justification to
exercise power. Political legitimacy is considered
a basic condition for governing, without which a
government will suffer legislative deadlock(s)
and collapse. In political systems where this is not
the case, unpopular rgimes survive because
they are considered legitimate by a small,
influential lite.
2. Political Dynasties
A political family or political dynasty is a family
in which several members are involved in politics,
particularly electoral politics. Members may be
related by blood or marriage; often several
generations or multiple siblings may be involved.
3. Senate Bill 2649
Senate Bill 2649, also known as The Anti-Political
Dynasty Act, is an act which prohibits the
establishment of political dynasties.
Filed by Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago
SB 2649 says that no spouse or person related
within the second civil degree of consanguinity or
affinity to an incumbent elective official seeking
reelection shall be allowed to hold or run for any
elective office in the same province in the same
election.
4. House Bill 3587
House Bill 3587 or the Act Prohibiting the
Establishment of Political Dynasties seeks to
prohibit relatives up to the second degree of
consanguinity to hold or run for both national
and local office in "successive, simultaneous, or
overlapping terms."

After nearly 3 decades of being stuck at

committee level, the anti-political dynasty bill
was sponsored before the plenary of the House
of Representatives on Tuesday, May 6.
5. Carnegie Effect
The Carnegie effect refers to the idea that
inherited wealth harms recipients work efforts
6. Graft - just look above
7. Corruption - just look above
8. Cronyism
Cronyism is the practice of partiality in awarding
jobs and other advantages to friends or trusted
colleagues
9. Nepotism
Nepotism is favoritism granted to relatives.
10. Padrino System
Padrino System, or patronage in the Filipino
culture and politics is the value system where one
gains favor, promotion, or political appointment
through family affiliation (nepotism) or friendship
(cronyism), as opposed to one's merit.
11. Kleptocracy
Kleptocracy, alternatively cleptocracy or
kleptarchy, (from Greek: - klepts,
"thief" and kratos, "power, rule", hence
"rule by thieves") is a term applied to a
government seen as having a particularly severe
and systemic problem with officials or a ruling
class (collectively, kleptocrats) taking advantage
of corruption to extend their personal wealth
and political power.
government by those who seek chiefly status and
personal gain at the expense of the governed;
also : a particular government of this kind