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COOLING
SYSTEM
UPGRADES
HVAC:
Centrifugal
Chillers
(http://energymodels.com/content/analyzechillerplants)
NOTICE
Theinformationcontainedwithinthisdocumentrepresentstheopinionsand
suggestions of McQuay International. Equipment and the application of the
equipment and system suggestions are offered by McQuay International as
suggestions only, and McQuay International does not assume responsibility
for the performance of any system as a result of these suggestions. The
systemengineerisresponsibleforsystemdesignandperformance.
"McQuay"isaregisteredtrademarkofMcQuayInternational
1996McQuayInternational
"Illustrations,information,anddatacoverMcQuayInternationalproductsatthetimeofpublicationandwereserve
therighttomakechangesindesignandconstructionatanytimewithoutnotice"
Introduction
Thereareover80,000centrifugalchillersinoperationinNorth
America.Theyareusuallythemosteconomicalmeanstocool
largebuildings.Mostdesignengineerswillsoonerorlateruse
centrifugalchillerstomeettheirdesignneeds.
A general understanding of their design and operating
characteristics will assist in applying the product properly and
avoidingmajorpitfalls.
Chiller
Plant
Design
PV
Modelingin
eQUEST
Introduction
to
Photovoltaic
Systems
HowSolar
Electric
Technology
Works
Basic
Photovoltaic
Principles
and
Methods
Photovoltaic
(PV)
Tutorial
Thepurposeofthismanualistoprovidedesignengineerswith
a basic knowledge of how centrifugal chillers operate so that
they will better understand the interdependency of the chiller
andthechilledwaterplant.
BasicRefrigerationCycle
Acentrifugalchillerutilizesthevaporcompressioncycletochill
water andrejectthe heat collected from the chilled waterplus
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theheatfromthecompressortoasecondwaterloopcooledby
a cooling tower. Figure 1 shows the basic centrifugal
refrigeration circuit. It consists of the following four main
components
Figure1,BasicRefrigerationCycle
Evaporator
(/sites/all/files/advancedpages31093/centrifugalchiller
fundamentals2.png)
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Theevaporator
is
a
heat
exchanger that
removes the
building heat
fromthechilled
water lowering
the
water
temperature in
the process.
The heat is
usedtoboilthe
refrigerant
changing
it
from a liquid to
agas.McQuay
Distinction
chillers use a
flooded type
evaporator,
which is very
energy
efficient.
Flooded
evaporators
have
the
chilled water in
the tubes and
the refrigerant
in the shell.
Large chillers
can have over
five miles of
tubing in their
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heat
exchangers.
Compressor
Thecompressorassemblyismadeupofaprimemoveranda
centrifugal compressor. McQuay Distinction series chillers
use liquid refrigerant cooled hermetic electric motors (an
industry first). The centrifugal compressor is a nonpositive
displacement type. It raises the pressure and temperature of
therefrigerantbyconvertingkineticenergyintopressure.
Condenser
Liketheevaporator,thecondenserisaheatexchanger.Inthis
case, it removes heat from the refrigerant causing it to
condense from a gas to a liquid. The heat raises the water
temperature.Thecondenserwaterthencarriestheheattothe
coolingtowerwheretheheatisrejectedtoatmosphere.
ExpansionDevice
Aftertherefrigerantcondensestoaliquid,itpassesthrougha
pressure reducing device. This can be as simple as an orifice
plate or as complicated as a electronic modulating thermal
expansion valve. McQuay Distinction series chillers use a
Thermal Expansion Valve to give excellent modulation with a
widerangeofcapacityandtemperatureconditions.
PressureEnthalpyDiagram
ThePressureEnthalpy(PH)diagramisanotherwayoflooking
at the refrigeration cycle. It has the advantage of graphically
showing the process, the cooling effect and the work required
tomakeithappen.
Figure2,RefrigerationCircuit,PHDiagram
Figure
2
shows the
Pressure
Enthalpy (P
H) diagram
for
same
refrigeration
circuit
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shown
in
Figure
1.
The process
for each of
the
components
is indicated.
The
evaporator
process is
from point 1
to point 2.
As
the
refrigerant
changes
from a liquid
to gas, the
pressure
(and
temperature)
stays
(/sites/all/files/advancedpages31093/centrifugalchiller
constant.
fundamentals3.png)
The heat is
being
absorbed as
a
phase
change
(latent
energy).The
refrigeration
effect is the
change in
enthalpy
from 1 to 2,
simply
expressed
as BTU/lb.
ofrefrigerant
circulated.
Thelinefrom2to3representsthecompressionprocess.The
workisthechangeinenthalpyfrompoint2topoint3timesthe
flow of refrigerant. Simply, BTU/lb. times the lb./min equals
compressor power. Compressors end up with the work of
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TypicalOperatingConditions
The design conditions imposed by most watercooled HVAC
systems work very well for centrifugal chillers. The Air
Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) provides test
standardsandcertificationforawiderangeofHVACproducts
including centrifugal chillers. The ARI standard 550/59098 is
usedtotestandratechillers.Additionally,chillerstypicallyhave
a certification that provides engineers and owners with a third
party validation that the chiller will meet the performance the
manufacturerindicates.TheARItestcriteriaallowsan"apples
toapples"comparisonofdifferentchillers.
ThestandardARIratingconditionis:
Leavingchilledwatertemperature44oF
Chilledwaterflowrate2.4gpm/ton
Enteringcondenserwatertemperature85oF
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Condenserwaterflowrate3.0gpm/ton
0.0001 evaporator fouling factor and 0.00025 condenser
foulingfactor
Thetemperaturechangeinthefluidforeitherthecondenseror
theevaporatorcanbedescribedusingthefollowingformula
Q=WCTF(1)
Where
Q=Quantityofheatexchanged(btu/hrorkw)
W=flowrateoffluid(USgpmorl/s)
C=specificheatoffluid(btu/lboForkJ/(kgoC))
TF=temperaturechangeoffluid(oForoC)
Assuming the fluid is water, the formula takes the more
commonformof
Load(btu/hr)=Flow(USgpm)(oFinoFout)500(2)
Or
Load(tons=Flow(USgpm)(oFinoFout)/24(3)
Using this equation and the ARI design conditions, the
temperaturechangeintheevaporatorisfoundtobe10oF.The
watertemperatureenteringtheevaporatoristhen54oF.
Recall that the heat that needs to be removed from the
condenserisequaltotheheatcollectedintheevaporatorplus
theworkofcompression.Assumingtheworkofcompressionis
25% of the heat collected in the evaporator, then the heat
rejectedinthecondenserwillbe125%oftheevaporatorheat.
Using the above equation and the ARI design conditions, the
temperature change in the condenser for modern high
efficiencychillersisfoundtobe9.4oFat3gpm/ton.Thewater
temperatureleavingtheevaporatoristhen94.4oF.Thisisoften
incorrectly rounded off to a 10 degree delta T and a 95.0oF
leavingwatertemperature.
The ARI design conditions are frequently used as design
conditions.Althoughtheyrepresentgood"average"conditions
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Figure3,HeatExchangerPerformance
Figure
3
showstheheat
transfer
process
for
both
the
condenser and
theevaporator.
Using the ARI
design
conditions,
typical
temperatures
are
shown.
Looking at the
condenser, the
refrigerant
temperature
remains
constant
at
o
97 F.
The
refrigerant is
changing from
a gas to a
liquid and is
releasing its
latent heat of
condensation.
At the same
time the tower
water enters
the condenser
at 85oF and is
gaining
sensible heat
as
its
temperature
rises
to
approximately
95oF.
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(/sites/all/files/advancedpages31093/centrifugalchiller
fundamentals4.png)
http://energymodels.com/centrifugalchillerfundamentals
The
evaporator
behaves
similarly.
In
this case, the
evaporator
refrigerant
temperature
remains
constant
at
o
42 F.
The
refrigerant is
changing from
a liquid to a
gas
while
absorbing its
latent heat of
vaporization.
The
chilled
water entering
the evaporator
at 54oF is
releasing
sensible heat
and
its
temperature is
dropping
to
o
44 F.
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Thepressureineithertheevaporatororcondenserwillbethe
saturation pressure for the given temperature. These can be
found on temperaturepressure charts. For HFC134a, the
condenser pressure at 97oF is 118.3 psig. The evaporator
pressureat42oFis36.6psig.
The rate at which the heat moves from one fluid to the other
candescribedbyequation4and5.
Q=UALMTD(4)
And
LMTD=TF/Loge(1/(2)(5)
Where:
Q=Quantityofheatexchanged(BTU/hrorkW)
U=overallheattransfercoefficient(BTU/(hrft2oF))
A=areaofheatexchangertubes(ft2)
LMTD = Log Mean Temperature Difference between the
fluidandtherefrigerant(oForoC)
TF=Temperaturechangeoffluid(oForoC)
1=Enteringtemperaturedifference(oForoC)
2=Leavingtemperaturedifference(oForoC)
Some important relationships can be gleaned from reviewing
theseequations.Addingtubes(increasingsurfaceareaA)will
improve heat transfer. It also lowers the fluid pressure drop.
Thedownsidetoaddingtubesisitaddscost.
Increasing the heat transfer coefficient U improves heat
transfer. Most chillers utilize copper for tubing. Using thicker
wall tubing, while more robust, will hurt performance by
lowering theUvalue. Changing to a material with poorerheat
transferpropertiesinthecondenserwillalsohurtperformance.
The heat transfer coefficient can be improved by going to
internally rifled tubing. The rifling adds surface area and
increases turbulence to improve overall heat transfer.
Enhancingtheoutsidesurfaceofthetubeprovidesnucleation
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CentrifugalCompressorTheory
Figure 3 shows the saturated temperatures for both the
evaporatorandcondenser.Asmentionedearlier,thesaturated
pressures for these temperatures are known. At typical ARI
conditions, the required pressure increase or lift is 81.7 psig.
Thepurposeofthecompressoristoprovidethislift.
Centrifugal compressors differ from positive displacement
compressors (such as scroll, reciprocating and screw).
Centrifugals are aerodynamic or turbine type. They move gas
by converting kinetic energy to pressure energy. Positive
displacementcompressorsencaseaquantityofrefrigerantina
decreasing volume during the compression process. They
provide excellent lift characteristics. The advantage of
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Table1,RefrigerantProperties
HCFC
123
HFC
134a
HCFC22
6.10
124.1
195.9
(18.1)
35.0
68.5
NetRefrigerantEffect(BTU/lb)
Refrigerant.Circulated
lbs/min./ton
66.0
68.0
73
3.08
3.00
2.78
GasFlowcfm/ton
18.15
3.17
1.83
Head(BTU/lb)
TipSpeedft./sec.
7.73
656
8.34
682
9.0
707
OzoneDepletionPotential
(ODP)
0.02
0.00
0.05
Refrigerant
CondenserPress.psig@
100oF
EvaporatorPress.psig@40oF
(InchesofMercuryVacuum)
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Table2,CompressorDesignParameters
HFC
134a
HCFC22
HCFC
123
1000
1000
1000
2.68
1.74
17.08
2680
1,740
17,080
653
678
629
11,884
19,464
3550
@60hz
Wheeldiameter(in)
AcousticVelocity@50oF(fps)
12.6
484
8
535
40.6
417
Minimum.InletDiameter.(in)
4.6
3.5
13.0
Refrigerant
Chillersize(tons)
CompressorGasFlowRate
(cfm/ton)
CompressorGasFlowRate
(cfm)
TipSpeed(fps)
WheelSpeed(rpm)
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Figure4,TwoStageCompressorCutaway
(/sites/all/files/advancedpages31093/centrifugalchillerfundamentals5.png)
Above illustration Copyright 2000, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air
ConditioningEngineers,Inc.,www.ashrae.org.
ReprintedbypermissionfromASHRAE2000HandbookHVACSystemsandEquipment.All
rightsreserved.
Figure5,TwoStageCompressorPHDiagram
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(/sites/all/files/advancedpages31093/centrifugalchillerfundamentals6.png)
Besidesreducingthewheeldiameterandreducingcasingsize,
thetwostageeconomizercompressorhasatheoreticallymore
efficient refrigeration cycle. In this case the refrigerant goes
through two expansion devices. When the refrigerant goes
through the first device, some of the refrigerant flashes, or
becomes a gas. The flashed refrigerant is introduced to the
compressor between the two stages. It has the effect of
"cooling"thesuperheatedrefrigerantgasexitingthefirststage.
The balance of liquid refrigerant passes through a second
expansiondeviceandgoestotheevaporatorsuctionwithlower
enthalpy than if it had been flashed in one step from the
condenser pressure. Consequently, there is less mass flow
throughtheevaporator.
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CompressorSurgeandStall
Figure 6 shows a typical compressor curve. Like a fan curve,
theareatotheleftrepresentsunstablecompressoroperation.
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Figure6,CompressorPerformanceMap
(/sites/all/files/advancedpages31093/centrifugalchillerfundamentals7.png)
Asurgeoccurswhentheballstartstofallbacktothepersonon
theground.Inthiscase,therefrigerantflowsbackwardthrough
the compressor wheel every few seconds until the pressure
buildsupandtherefrigerantmovesforwardagain.Thisiseven
more dangerous than a stall because it reverses loads the
thrustbearingsinthecompressorshaft.
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Figure7,CompressorMovableDiffuserGeometry
(/sites/all/files/advancedpages31093/centrifugalchillerfundamentals8.png)
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CompressorBearings
Figure 8 shows how shaft speed (rpm) is related to bearing
speed.Small,light,highspeedimpellershavesmallerdiameter
shafts.Theshafttipspeedislowandsoisthebearingrelative
velocity.
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Figure8,BearingLoading
(/sites/all/files/advancedpages31093/centrifugalchillerfundamentals9.png)
Thereisnoshafttobearingcontactinaproperlydesignedand
operatingsleevebearing.Thebearinglifeispracticallyinfinite.
The shaft rotation creates a lubricant film that the shaft then
rides on. Startup is the most critical time. Light impeller/shaft
assemblies have the advantage of accelerating quickly and
establishinganoilfilmquickly.
Sleevebearingmaterialistypicallybabbit,bronzeoraluminum.
Bearing material must be softer than the shaft material so if
foreign material enters the bearing, it embeds in the bearing
and not the shaft. Since aluminum is harder than babbit, the
shaftsmustbeharderthanwhenbabbitisused.
VesselPassArrangements
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Figure9,PassArrangements
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raisethefluidpressuredrop.
Toavoidlaminarflow,theReynoldsnumberforthefluidsmust
remain above 7500. Rather than calculating the Reynolds
number, common practice is to ensure fluid velocities are
maintainedabove3fps.Themaximumtubevelocityislimited
by tube erosion. To avoid damaging the tubes, 12 fps is
typicallyusedasanupperlimit.
Abalancemustbestruckbetweenchillerefficiency(hightube
velocity)andlowfluidpressuredrop(lowtubevelocity).While
everysituationisunique,herearesomeguidelines
Table3,PassTemperatureRange
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NoofPasses
TemperatureRange(F)
1
2
05
612
1318
CapacityControl
Thevolumeflowrateofthecentrifugalcompressorwillchange
inresponsetochangesinheadorchangesincoolingrequired.
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HVACapplicationsnecessitatethecompressortooperateover
widerangeofliftandcoolingcapacities.
InletGuideVanes
Figure10,CompressorInletGuideVanes
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fundamentals11.png)
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Inlet guide
vanes are
used
to
control the
capacity of
the
compressor.
Figure 10
shows
a
cutaway of
a McQuay
Distinction
Series
compressor
front end
andtheinlet
guidevanes
can
be
seen.
As
the
inlet
guidevanes
start
to
close, they
change the
gas entry
angle to the
impellerand
reduce gas
flow
and
compressor
capacity. As
the vanes
near
the
closed
position,
they throttle
the
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refrigerant
flow.
VaryingCompressorSpeed
Changing the compressor speed can also control compressor
capacity.Iftheprimemoverisaturbineorinternalcombustion
engine, the prime mover's speed can easily be changed.
Induction motors require a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) to
changetheirspeed.
Changing the compressor speed also changes the tip speed.
Asthetipspeedislowered,theliftthecompressorcanproduce
islowered.Forcompressorspeedcontroltowork,therequired
lift must be reduced either by raising the supply water
temperatureorloweringthecondenserwatertemperature.The
mostcommonwaytoreducetheliftistolowerthecondenser
watertemperature.Astheambientwetbulbtemperaturedrops,
it is possible to lower the condenser water temperature and
realize significant savings. However, it is important to
remember that unless the compressor lift is lowered, varying
compressorspeedcannotwork.
VariableFrequencyDrives
The Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) replaces the compressor
motor starter. They can be unit or remote mounted. In most
cases,theVFDshavetobewatercooled.Chilledwatercooled
units add load to the chilled water loop. Condenser water
cooled units do not affect the chilled water loop but are
vulnerable to scaling from the open tower water and are not
recommended.
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Chillers with VFDs still have inlet guide vanes. The chiller
controller monitors the operating conditions and uses a
combination of inlet guide vanes and speed control.
Compressorspeedistypicallyonlyloweredtoabout60%ofthe
design speed. Since VFDs introduce drive losses, the chiller
willnotbeasefficientatfullload(speed)withaVFDaswitha
standardstarter.
VFDsactasasoftstarter.Theycanlowertheinrushcurrentfor
themotortoalmostthatofthefullloadrunningamps.Thiscan
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HotGasBypass
Figure11,HotGasBypass
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Hotgasbypass
is a means of
recirculatinghot
discharge
refrigerant back
into
the
evaporator.The
refrigerantmust
pass through a
pressure
reducingdevice
(Hot
Gas
Bypass Valve).
The purpose of
hot gas bypass
is to maintain a
minimum gas
volume
flow
ratethroughthe
compressor to
avoidsurgingor
stalling during
low
load
conditions. A
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(/sites/all/files/advancedpages31093/centrifugalchiller
fundamentals12.png)
disadvantage is
thattheworkof
compressionon
the recirculated
refrigerantdoes
not
generate
any
refrigeration
effect.
Hotgasbypassisinefficientandshouldbeavoidedwhenever
possible. Careful selection of equipment size and using
compressorthatunloadto10percentoffullloadcapacitycan
avoidtheneedforhotgasbypassinmostHVACapplications.
Manyprocessapplicationsstillrequirehotgasbypassinorder
to completely eliminate compressor cycling and maintain
constantchilledwatertemperaturefromzeroloadtofullload.
PrimeMovers
Mostchillersuseeitheropendriveorhermeticinductionmotors
to drive the compressors. Open drive motors are easier to
service or replace but being aircooled means the motors
operate at hotter temperatures. The higher operating
temperatureplacesadditionalstressonthemotorcomparedto
refrigerantcooled motors. A major disadvantage to opendrive
is that the compressor must have a shaft seal that will leak
refrigerant and require a high maintenance effort. Internal
combustion (I.C.) engines operating on natural gas, propane
anddieselarealsoused.Steamturbinesaresometimesused
onlargetonnagechillers.
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PowerFactor
Electrical energy is consumed in varying degrees of three
forms:
Resistance
InductiveResistance
CapacitiveResistance
When electrical energy is consumed in the resistance
component, real work is done. Examples include lighting and
resistanceheating.Resistiveworkismeasuredinwatts.
When electricity is applied to a pure inductor no real work is
done. Examples of inductive loads are transformers and
lighting ballasts. The inductive reactive power is measured in
kilovoltsamperesreactiveorkVAR.
Whenelectricityisappliedtoacapacitor,norealworkisdone.
ThecapacitivereactivepowerismeasuredinkVAR.Capacitive
reactivepowercan"cancel"inductivereactivepower.
Figure12,PowerTriangle
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MotorStarters
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RefrigerantMeteringDevices
McQuay Distinction chillers use thermal expansion valves that
measure and control refrigerant superheat to the compressor
inlet.Thevalveprovidesthenecessarypressuredropandalso
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ensurestheproperflowofrefrigeranttotheevaporator.Asthe
superheatclimbsindicatingincreasingload,morerefrigerantis
added. If the superheat drops, the refrigerant flow rate is
lowered.Thismaximizestheefficiencyofevaporator.
Another common metering device is an orifice plate that
restrictstherefrigerantflowfromthehighpressuresidetothe
lowpressuresideoftherefrigerantcircuit.
ChillerControls
Modern chiller controls are DDC based and employ PID
(proportionalintegralderivative) loops for stable control. The
controlparameteristhesupplychilledwatertemperature.The
controller measures the supply chilled water temperature and
modulatesthechillercapacitytomaintainthesetpoint.McQuay
chillerscontrolto0.2oF.
Manyotherparametersaremeasuredandcontrolledtoensure
smooth and efficient operation of the chiller. This information
canbeusedforenergymanagement,preventivemaintenance
and service diagnostics. Most manufacturers have some form
of gateway to allow the chiller controlled to be connected to a
Building Automation System (BAS). McQuay chillers use
Protocol Selectablity to allow the information to be
transferredoncustomer'schoiceofprotocols.
PurgeSystems
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PumpoutSystems
Pumpout systems consist of a storage tank large enough to
hold the chillers entire refrigerant charge and a refrigerant
pump/compressortomovetherefrigerantfromthechillertothe
pumpout tank and back again. Their primary purpose is for
servicing the chiller. They allow the charge to be stored while
therefrigerationcircuitisworkedon.
McQuayDistinction Series chillers do not require a separate
pumpout system. The condensers are specifically designed to
hold the entire refrigerant charge and the necessary valves to
isolatethechargeinthecondenserareincluded.
DualCompressorChillers
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ARIStandard550/59098
ARICertification
Ongoingperformanceverificationofchillercapacityandpower
input plus ARI certified computerized selection output assure
the owner of specified performance in accordance with the
latestversionofARIStandard550/590.
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Allchillersthatfallwithinthescopeofthecertificationprogram
have an ARI certification label at no cost to the owner.
EquipmentcoveredbytheARIcertificationprogramincludeall
watercooled centrifugal and screw water chilling packages
rated up to 2000 tons (7,000 kW) for 60 hertz service at ARI
standardratingconditions,hermeticoropendrive,withelectric
drivenmotornotexceeding5000volts,andcoolingwater(not
glycol). For 50 hertz application the capacity range covered is
200to1,000tons(700to3500kW).
Published certified ratings verified through testing by ARI
include:
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Capacity,tons(kW)
Power,kW/ton(COP)
Pressuredrops,ft.ofwater(kPa)
Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) or NonStandard Part
LoadValue(NPLV)
As part of the ARI certification program, ARI has the McQuay
computer selection program used to select and rate chillers.
Thecertifiedcomputerprogramversionnumberandissuedate
for all manufacturers is listed in the ARI Directory of Certified
Applied Air Conditioning Products available on www.ari.org.
(www.ari.org)
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Leavingchilledwatertemperature...........................44oF
Evaporatorwatersidefieldfoulingallowance............0.0001
Chilled water flow rate ............................................2.4
gpm/ton
Enteringcondenserwatertemperature.....................85oF
Condenserwatersidefieldfoulingallowance.............0.00025
Condenser water flow rate .....................................3.0
gpm/ton
IPLV/NPLVDefined
PartloadperformancecanbepresentedintermsofIntegrated
PartLoadValue(IPLV),whichisbasedonARIstandardrating
conditions (listed above), or NonStandard Part Load Values
(NPLV),whichisbasedonspecifiedorjobsiteconditions.IPLV
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(/sites/all/files/advancedpages31093/centrifugalchillerfundamentals14.png)
Where:A = kW/ton at
Where:A = COP at
100%
100%
B = kW/ton at
B=COPat75%
75%
C = kW/ton at
C = COP at
50%
50%
D = kW/ton at
C = COP at
25%
50%
Weighting
The percent of annual hours of operation are weighted as
follows:
100% Load at 1%, 75% Load at 42%, 50% Load at
45%,25%Loadat12%
Tolerances
The ARI test tolerance that accounts for instrument error, per
ARI Standard 550/59098, for capacity (tons), power input per
ton(kW/ton),andheatbalanceis:
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(/sites/all/files/advancedpages31093/centrifugalchillerfundamentals15.png)
WhereFL=FullLoad
DTFL=ChilledWaterDeltaTatFullLoad
Summary
Centrifugal chillers are a key building block for many HVAC
systems. As the market place demands more and more
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AbouttheAuthor
(/content/varkiethomas)
VarkieC.Thomas,Ph.D.,P.E.Research
ProfessorCollegeofArchitectureIllinois
InstituteofTechnologyChicago,Illinois,USA
VarkieThomastaughtgraduatecoursesinEnergyEfficientBuildingDesign,
BuildingEnergyPerformanceAnalysisandadviseddoctoralcandidates
(19962008)asanAdjunctProfessoratIllinoisInstituteofTechnology(IIT)
fromSOM.HeiscurrentlyaResearchProfessorwiththePh.D.programat
IIT.HewasamemberoftheUNTechnicalProgramtoChinain1991anda
VisitingProfessorfromPurdueinMalaysiain1996/97fundedbytheWorld
Bank.
Academic:B.Sc.(Honors)inMathematicsfromSt.XaviersCollegeBombay
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UniversityPostGraduateDiplomainEnvironmentalEngineeringfrom
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LondonSouthBankUniversityPostGraduateDiploma(withDistinction)and
Ph.D.inIndustrialManagementfromStrathclydeUniversityGlasgow.
RegisteredProfessionalEngineer(P.E.)andCertifiedEnergyManager(CEM
Association.ofEnergyEngineers).
Instructors(/category/aboutus/instructors)
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