Assignment of Power Plant-I

Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

SOLVED PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER # 12

TITLE:

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES

Positive Displacement Machines

PROBLEM: 12.1:
Air is to be compressed in a single-stage-reciprocating
compressor from 1.013 bar and 15 C to 7 bar. Calculate the
indicated power required for free air delivery of 0.3
m3/min., when the compression is as follows:
(i)
isentropic;
(ii)
reversible isothermal;
(iii)
Polytropic, with n = 1.25.
What will be the delivery temperature in each case?
GIVEN:
Working Fluid = Air
Single Stage Compression
Initial Pressure P1 = 1.013 bar
Delivery Pressure P2 = 7 bar
Initial Temperature T1 = 150C=288K
Free Air Delivery = FAD = 0.3m3/min
REQUIRED:
1. Indicated Power for Compression.
1.1.
Insentropic =
1.2.
Reversible Isothermal =
1.3.
Polytropic, n = 1.25.
2. Delivery Temperature.
SOLUTION:
As induction & FAD are same,
So FAD = Volume Induced, V = 0.3 m3/min
(1.1) For Insentropic Process:
Pi = (r/r-1) P1V {(P2/P1) r-1/r -1}
(1)
Putting values, we get: Pi = 1.31 KW
Now T2 =? As (T2/T1) = (P2/P1) r-1/r
Putting the values, we have: T2 = 227.3 C

Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

(1.2) For Isothermal Process

Pi = P1V1 ln(P2/P1) = 0.98 KW
T2 = T1 = 15C
(1.3) For Polytropic Process,
Pi = (n/n-1) P1V1 [(P2/P1) n-1/n 1] = 1.2 KW
(2) Delivery Temperature.
T2 = T1 (P2/P1) n-1/n = 423.9K = 150.9C

PROBLEM: 12.2:
The compressor of problem 12.1 is to run at 1000 rpm. If
the compressor is sigle acting and has a stroke / bore ratio
of 1.2/1, calculate the bore size required.
GIVEN:
As Problem # 1
Speed = N = 1000 rpm = 1000 / 60 rps.
Stroke to Bore Ratio = l/d = 1.2
REQUIRED:
Bore Size = d =?
SOLUTION:
As Cylinder Volume = Vol. Induced /cycle.
(d2 / 4)x L = V / Cycle.---------------------------(A)
As V/cycle = volume per unit time / Cycle per unit
time = Vo / N.
From Previous Problem, Vo = 0.3 / 60 m3 per second.
So, V/cycle = Vo/ N = 0.3 /1000 = 0.0003 m3
So
d2 L / 4 = 0.0003
L /d = 1.2 => L = 1.2 d
d2x1.2d / 4 = 0.0003 =>1.2 d3 = 4 x 0.0003 /
So, Bore Size = d = 0.0683m = 68.3 mm

Positive Displacement Machines

PROBLEM: 12.3:
A single-stage, single-acting air compressor running at
1000 rpm delivers air at 25 bar. For this purpose the
induction and free air conditions can be taken as 1.013 bar
and 15 C, and the FAD as 0.25 m3/min. The clearance
volume is 3% of the swept volume and the stroke/bore ratio
is 1.2/1. Calculate:
(i)
the bore and stroke;
(ii)
the volumetric efficiency;
(iii)
the indicated power;
(iv)
The isothermal efficiency.
Take the index of compression and re-expansion as 1.3.8
GIVEN:
Speed = N = 1000 rpm.
Delivery Pressure = P2 = 25 bar
Induction & FAD are:
P = P1 = 1.013 bar,
T = T1 = 15 C
FAD = Vo = 0.25 m3/min
Vc = 0.03 Vs, L /d = 1.2

Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

Va Vd = 0.25 x 10-3 m3/cycle.

Va = Vs + Vc = Vs + 0.03 Vs = 1.03 Vs
Now Vd = Vc(P2/P1)1/n -----------------(2)
So,
Vd = 0.3533 Vs
From (2) Va Vd = 0.25x10-3m3/cycle
Vs = 0.3694 x 10-3 m3 / cycle
Putting in (1): d = 73.16 mm
L/d = 1.2 L = 1.2 d = 87.8 mm
Volumetric Efficiency:
v = FAD / Vs ----------------------------(3)
FAD / cycle = (FAD/min) / (cycles / min)
= 0.25/1000 = 0.25 x 10-3 m3/cycle
So,
v = 0.676 = 67.6 %
Now Pi = (n/n-1) P1Vo[(P2/P1)n-1/n 1] = 2 KW
Isothemal Efficiency:
iso = Isothermal Power / Indicated Power = Piso / Pin.
Piso = P1Vo ln Pi / P1 = 1.353 KW
Putting values:iso = 67.67 %

PROBLEM 12.4:

REQUIRED:
Bore = d =? Stroke = L =?
Volumetric Efficiency = v =?
Isothermal Effeiency = iso =?
Indicated Power = Pi =?

The compressor of problem 12.3 has actual induction

conditions of 1 bar and 40 C, and the delivery pressure is
25 bars. Taking the bore and stroke as calculated in
problem 12.3, calculate the FAD Referred to 1.013 bar and
15 C and the indicated power required. Calculate also the
volumetric efficiency and compare it with that of 12.3.

SOLUTION:
We know that: Swept Volume = Volume of Stroke
Vs = d2 L / 4,
L = 1.2d So, Vs = d2 1.2 d / 4
d = (Vs x 4 / 1.2 )1/3 ----------(1)
Vo = Va Vd = 0.25 m3 / min
(Va Vd) / cycle = V/ N = 0.25/1000

GIVEN:
As in Problem 12.03
Induction Conditions
P1 = 1 bar
T1 = 40C = 313K
P2 = 25 bar
L/d = 1.2

Positive Displacement Machines

REQUIRED:
(i).
FAD =?

(ii) Pi =?

Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

(iii) v =?

SOLUTION:
(i) Mass delivered or mass of FAD = Mass of volume induced
mo (FAD) = moVo = (P x FAD) / R.T. = P1 V / R T1
FAD = 0.227 m3 /min
(ii)
Pi = (n/n-1)mRT1{(P2/P1)n-1/n 1}

m = P1 V / R T1 = 4.63 x 10-3kg / sec.

So
Pi = 1.985 KW
(iii)
v = (FAD/cycle) / Vs ---------------------(A)
FAD/cycle = (FAD/unit time) / (cycles/unit time)
FAD/cycle = 0.227 x 10-3 m3
So equ: (A)
v = 61.4 %

PROBLEM 12.5:
A single-acting compressor is required to deliver air at 70
bar from an induction pressure of 1 bar, at the rate of 2.4
m3/min measured at free air conditions of 1.013 bar and 15
C. The compression is carried out in two stages with an
ideal intermediate pressure and complete intercooling. The
clearance volume is 3% of the swept volume in each
cylinder and the compressor speed is 750 rpm. The index of
compression and re-expansion is 1.25 for both cylinders
and the temperature at the end of the induction stroke in
each cylinder is 32 C. The mechanical efficiency of the
compressor is 85%. Calculate:
(i)
the indicated power required;
(ii)
the saving in power over single-stage compression
between the same pressures;
(iii)
the swept volume of each cylinder;
(iv)
The required power output of the drive motor.

GIVEN:
Delivery Pressure = P2 = 70 bar
Induction Pressure = P1 = 1 bar
FAD = 2.4 m3/min at P = 1.013 bar
T = 288 K
Two Stage Compression
Ideal Intermediate Pressure, Pi/P1 = P2/Pi
(i)
Complete Intercooling T1 = T
(ii)
Clearance Volume is 3% of Swept Volume
(iii)
i.e.
VcL = 0.03 VsL ,
VcH = 0.03 VsH
As Intercooling is Complete & Clearance Ratio is same, we
can say that; VsL / VsH = Pi / P1 = P2 / Pi

Pi 2 = P1 P2
=> P2 / P1 = (P2/P1)
Speed = N = 750 rpm, n = 1.25
Temp. at the end of Induction Stroke in each cylinder.
T1 = Ti = 32C = 305K,mech. = 85 %
REQUIRED:
(i)
Indicated Power = Pi =?
(ii)
The savings in power over the single compressor
b/w the same pressures.
(iii)
Swept volume of each cylinder = Vs=?
(iv)
Power output of the driver motor =?
DIAGRAM:
SOLUTION:
(i) As the intermediate pressure is ideal & Intercooling is
complete, thus minimum work conditions are,
Hence; Pi = 2x(n/n-1)moRT1{(P2/P1)n-1/2n 1} -----(A)
But
mo =?
Mass induced = Mass of FAD
mo = moFAD = P x FAD / R T = 2.94 kg/min
(A) Pi = 22.7 KW

Positive Displacement Machines

(ii)
Saving Power = {(indicated power of single stage)(indicated power of double stage)}
For single stage,
Pi = (n/n-1)moRT1{{P2/P1)n-1/n 1} = 28.7 KW
Thus Saving Power = 28.7 22.7 = 6 KW.
(iii)
Swept Volume VsL & VsH for LP Stage.
Va Vd / cycle = (Va-Vd/unit time)/cycles /unit time
= VoLp / N --------------------------------------------- (1)
VoLp = mRT1/P1 = 2.57 m3/min
(1)Va Vd / cycle = VLp / N
Va Vd = 3.43 x 10-3 m3/cycles
Va = VsL + Vc = VsL + 0.03 VsL = 1.03 VsL
Vd =Vc(Pi/P1)1/n = 01641 VsL
VsL = 0.00396 m3
For HP Stage, VsH = Va/ - Vc/
VsH = Va/ - 0.03 VsH
Va/ = 1.03 VsH =>VsH = Va/ / 1.03---------------------(2)
As point a & a/ touches the Isothermal line due to complete
Intercooling, thus;
Pi Va/ = P1 Va
/
Va = Va P1/Pi = Va / (Pi/P1) ----------------------------(3)
Va = 1.03 Vs = 1.03 x 0.003962 = 4.08 x 10-3m3/cycle
Equ:(3) Va/ = 0.0004877 m3 / cycle
Now VsH = Va/ /1.03 = 0.00473 m3
So Swept Volume of HP stage = 0.000473 m3
(iv)
Power output of motor = Shaft Power
Shaft Power = Indicated Power / mech.= 22.7 / 6.85
Power output of Motor = 26.71 KW

PROBLEM 12.7:
A single-cylinder, single-acting air compressor of 200 mm
bore by 250 mm stroke is constructed so that its clearance
can be altered by moving the cylinder head, the stroke
being unaffected.

Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

(a)
using the data below calculate:
(i)
the free air delivery;
(ii)
The power required from the drive motor.
Data Clearance volume set at 700 cm3; rotational speed,
300rpm; delivery pressure, 5 bar; suction pressure and
temperature, 1 bar and 32 C; free air conditions, 1.013 bar
and 15 C; index of compression and re-expansion, 1.25;
mechanical efficiency, 80%.
To what minimum value can the clearance volume be
reduced when the delivery pressure is 4.2 bar, assuming
that the same driving power is available and that the suction
conditions, speed, value of index, and mechanical
efficiency, remain unaltered?
GIVEN:
Single Stage Compressor
d = 200 mm = 0.2 m, L = 250 mm = 0.25 m
N = 300 rpm,
n = 1.25
Vc = 700 cm3 = 700 x 10-6 m3
P2 = 5 bar,
P1 = 1 bar,
P = 1.013 bar
T1 = 32C = 305K,
T = 288K
REQUIRED:
(i)
FAD =?
When mech. = 80 %

(ii) Power required, P = ?

SOLUTION:
As
Vs = (/4) d2 L
Vs = 7.85 x 10-3 m3,
Vc = 7 x 10-4 m3
Va = Vs + Vc = 7.85
Vo = FAD = (Va-Vd)x(T/T1)x(P1/P)
Vd = Vc(P2/P1)1/n = 2.54 x 10-3 m3

Positive Displacement Machines

Va Vd = 6.01 x 10-3m3
V = (Va Vd)x(T/T1)x(P/P1) = 5.61 x 10-3 m3/cycle
V/min = 300 x 5.61 x 10-3
FAD = 1.68 m3/min
(ii)
Power = (n/n-1)mR(T2 T1) --------------(1)
Where mo = PVo/RT = 2.068 Kg/min
So, equ: (1) Indicated Power = Pi = 5.7 KN
As we know that
Power required to drive the motor
= Indicated Power / mech.= 7.2 KW

PROBLEM 12.8:
A single acting, single-cylinder air compressor running at
300 rpm is driven by an electric motor. Using the data
given below, and assuming that the bore is equal to the
stroke, calculate:
(i)
the free air delivery;
(ii)
the volumetric efficiency;
(iii)
The bore and stroke.
Data Air inlet conditions, 1.013 bar and 15 C; delivery
pressure, 8 bar; clearance volume, 7% of the swept volume;
index of compression and re-expansion, 1.3; mechanical
efficiency of the drive between motor and compressor,
87%; motor power output, 23 kW.
GIVEN:
Single Acting Single Cylinder Compressor
N = 300 rpm, Power of the motor = 23 KW
Efficiency of Transmission = = 87 %
P1 = 1.013 bar
P2 = 8 bar
T1 = 288 K
Vc = 0.07 Vs
L = d,
n = 1.3

Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

REQUIRED:
(i)
FAD =?
(ii)
Volumetric Efficiency = v =?
(iii)
L =?
(iv)
d=?
SOLUTION:
Motor power = Indicated Power / trans.
23 x 103 = Indicated power / 0.87
Indicated Power = 20010 watts.
Now Pi = (n/n-1)P1(Va Vd){(P2/P1)n-1/n 1}
Va Vd = 4.47 m3 / min = FAD
(ii)
v = 1 Vc/Vs{(P2/P1)1/n 1} = 72.6 %
(iii)&(iv)
As
Va = Vs + Vc = 1.07 Vs
Vd = Vc(P2/P1)1/n = 0.343 Vs
Va Vd = 0.727 Vs => 4.47/300 = 0.727 Vs

Vs = 0.0205
Now d3/4 = Vs = 0.0205

d = 296 mm L = 296 mm.

PROBLEM 12.9:
A two-stage air compressor consists of three cylinders
having the same bore and stroke. The delivery pressure is 7
bar and the FAD is 4.2 m3/min. Air is drawn in at 1.013 bar,
15 C and an intercooler cools the air at 38 C. The index of
compression is 1.3 for all three cylinders. Neglecting
clearance, calculate:
(i)
the intermediate pressure;
(ii)
the power required to drive the compressor;
(iii)
The isothermal efficiency.
GIVEN:

Positive Displacement Machines

Two Stages Air-Compressor

L=d
P2 = 7 bar
FAD Conditions = V1 = 4.2 m3/min
P1 = 1.013 bar
T1 = 15C = 288K
Intercooling
T2 = 311K,
n = 1.3,
clearance = 0
REQUIRED:
(a)
Intermediate pressure = Pi =?
(b)
Power reqd. to drive the Motor =?
(c)
Isothermal Efficiency = iso. =?
DIAGRAM:
SOLUTION:
We know that
PVo = mo RT
mo = PVo / RT = 0.086 Kg / sec
With Intercooler
Pi = P1P2 = 2.66 bar
Now we know that
Pi / P1 = P2 / Pi, are same for both stages.
So
I.P. = (n/n-1)moRT{(P2/P1)n-1/n 1} = 15.3 KW
iso. = Isothermal Work / Indicated Work ------------- (1)
Isothermal work = moRT1ln(P2/P1) = 137 KJ
Indicated Work = (n/n-1)moRT1{(P2/P1)n-1/n 1} = 15.3 KJ
iso. = 89.8 %

PROBLEM 12.12:
Air at 1.013 bar and 15 C is to be compressed at the rate of
5.6 m3/min to 1.75 bar. Two machines are considered: (a)
the Roots Blower; and (b) a sliding Vane Rotary
Compressor. Compare the powers required, assuming for
the vane type that internal compression takes place through

Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

75% of the pressure rise before delivery takes place, and

that the compressor is an ideal uncooled machine.
GIVEN:
P1 = 1.013 bar
P2 = 1.75 bar
T1 = 15C = 288K
Vo = 5.6 m3/min = 5.6/60 m3/sec
REQUIRED:
Power Required;
(1)
Root Blower

(2) Vane Type

ASSUMPTION:
(1) For Vane Type, Internal compression takes place
through 75 % of pressure rise before delivery takes
place.
(2) Compressor is an ideal uncooled machine.
SOLUTION:
(1)
For Root Blower
Power Required = (P2 P1)xVo = 6.88 KW
(2)
For Vane Type
Power = (r/r-1) P1Vo1 {(Pi/P1) r-1/r 1}+(P2 P1)xVo2
Here Pi = 0.75 (P2 P1) + P1 = 1.566 bar
Vo1 = 5.6 m3/min
Voi = Vo1 (Pi/P1)1/r = 4.1 bar
Now Power = 5.64 KW

Positive Displacement Machines

Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan