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Kinematics
Describes motion while ignoring the agents that caused the motion
motion along straight line
i.
ii.
iii.
has mass
size
Distance
Displacement
Speed
Velocity
Acceleration
a) Position (x)
= location of the particle w.r.t a chosen reference point (origin)
can be +ve or -ve depending on the motion
b) Displacement (x)
= The change in the objects position during some time interval
Vector quantity (have magnitude & direction)
Can be +ve or -ve depending on the motion
SI unit = meters (m)
c) Distance
= Length of a path followed by a particle
Scalar quantity (only have magnitude; no direction)
Always +ve
SI unit = meters (m)
***distance not necessarily |x|
Example for both displacement & distance:
Example 1:
A boy travels from D to A, A to B, B to C and C to D
Answers:
Displacement = 0 m
Distance = 24 m
Example 2:
d) Average velocity ( )
= rate at which the displacement occurs
dimension: []
SI unit = m/s
always +ve
no direction
SI unit = m/s
v x lim
t 0
x dx
t dt
Answers:
First: Calculate distance & displacement of the man.
Total distance covered = 45m + 6m = 81m
Displacement = 45m 36m = 9m
So,
Speed = total distance/time of travel = 81m / 27s = 3m/s
Velocity = displacement/time = 9m /27s = 0.33m/s
(ave. v)
= Slope of the blue line joining (t1,
x1), (t2, x2) in x vs. t plot
vx (instant. v)
= Slope of tangential line (green)
at t for x vs. t curve
ax
v x v xf v xi
t
t
dimension:
[]
[ 2 ]
SI unit = m/s2
v x dv x d 2 x
a x lim
2
t 0 t
dt
dt
SI unit = m/s2
ax
= Slope of tangential line (green)
at t for v vs. t curve
---------------------------------------------------------------------Motion Diagrams
v = constant
a = 0 m/s2
v=
(+ve)
a = constant (+ve)
v=
(+ve)
a = constant (-ve)
= +
1
= + ( + )
2
1
= + + 2
2
2 = 2 + 2 ( )
***Motion is along x axis
used to solve any problem involving 1D motion with a constant ax
Interpretation:
velocity = constant
velocity is changing
ax = 0
displacement = area under the curve
ax = constant
displacement = area under the curve
ax is changing
(not covered in this chapter)
ax = constant
=
1
= + ( + )
2
1 2
= +
2
2 = 2 2( )
***Motion is along y axis
Example:
An object does free fall motion. It hits the ground after 4 seconds. Calculate the velocity
of the object after 3 seconds and before it hits the ground. What can be the height it is
thrown?
Refer textbook