Timken Practical Data For Metallurgists

77
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Practical Data for

Metallurgists
Seventeenth Edition
Welcome to the Practical Data for Metallurgists,
the guide that technical experts, operations
managers and engineering personnel have
turned to for more than 50 years for the latest
metallurgical information. Our guidewhich
conforms with information published by AISI and
SAEincludes an updated listing of standard
steels and their chemical compositions,
hardening abilities and tolerances.
At Timken, we use a combination of materials
science, application engineering and processing
capabilities to add value and improve the performance of our customers. Providing you with the
information you need to make informed decisions
about your alloy steel needs is just one way we
help you reach your fullest potential.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Number
4 32
Steel Chemistries
Chemical Compositions, etc.
Miscellaneous Steel Properties
USA-European-Japanese Grades
European Industrial Standards
Japanese Automotive Standards
Japanese Industrial Standards
Hardenability Band Data
Restricted Hardenability Band Data
Jominy Correlation with Round Bars
Combined Hardenability Charts
Martensite Percent vs. Carbon Content and Hardness
Relationship of Fatigue Strength to Tensile Strength
Carburizing Rates of Carbon and Alloy Steels
Critical Transformation Temperatures and Ms/Mf Points
Hot Working Temperatures
33
34 37
38 42
43 48
49 59
60 62
63 66
67 80
81
82
83 87
88 90
91 92
Tubing
General Tolerances
Length Tolerances
Straightness Tolerances
Seamless Steel Tubing Shapes
Tube Size Calculations
OD Cleanups
Formulas for Calculating Surface Cleanup
Formulas for Calculating Camber (Straightness) Cleanup
93 97
98
99 100
101 102
103 106
107
108
108
Bar
General Tolerances
Straightness Tolerances
Weight Table Rounds and Squares
Reduction Ratios for Round and Square Bars
Cold Shearing Metric Equivalents and Limitations
Estimated Mechanical Properties for Bars
109 110
110
111 114
115
116 122
123 124
Miscellaneous Information
Iron Carbon Phase Diagram
Statistical Process Control (SPC) Information
Handy Physical Constants
Engineering Conversion Factors
Metric-English Stress Conversion Tables
Work-Energy Conversion Tables
Decimal Equivalent Chart
Temperature Conversion Tables
Hardness Conversion Tables
Useful Equations for Hardenable Alloy Steels
Glossary of Metallurgical Terms
Glossary of Forging Terms
125 126
127 128
129
130 132
133
134
135 136
137 138
139 140
141
142 147
148 152
STANDARD CARBON STEELS

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE
No.
Mn
P
Max
S
Max
1005
1006
1008
.06 max
.08 max
.10 max
.35 max
.25/.40
.30/.50
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
1010
1011
1012
1013
1015
1016
1017
1018
.08/.13
.08/.14
.10/.15
.11/.16
.13/.18
.13/.18
.15/.20
.15/.20
.30/.60
.60/.90
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.30/.60
.60/.90
.040
.040
.040
.030
.040
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1020
1021
1022
1023
1025
1026
1029
.18/.23
.18/.23
.18/.23
.20/.25
.22/.28
.22/.28
.25/.31
.30/.60
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.30/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.60/.90
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1030
1035
1038
1039
.28/.34
.32/.38
.35/.42
.37/.44
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.040
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
1040
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1049
.37/.44
.40/.47
.40/.47
.43/.50
.43/.50
.43/.50
.46/.53
.60/.90
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.30/.60
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.60/.90
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1050
1053
1055
.48/.55
.48/.55
.50/.60
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.60/.90
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
1060
1065
.55/.65
.60/.70
.60/.90
.60/.90
.040
.040
.050
.050
1070
1074
1078
.65/.75
.70/.80
.72/.85
.60/.90
.50/.80
.30/.60
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
1080
1086
.75/.88
.80/.93
.60/.90
.30/.50
.040
.040
.050
.050
1090
1095
.85/.98
.90/1.03
.60/.90
.30/.50
.040
.040
.050
.050
FREE CUTTING RESULPHURIZED STEELS

SAE
No.
Mn
P
Max
1117
1118
1126
1132
1137
1138
1140
1141
1144
1146
1151
.14/.20
.14/.20
.23/.29
.27/.34
.32/.39
.34/.40
.37/.44
.37/.45
.40/.48
.42/.49
.48/.55
1.00/1.30
1.30/1.60
.70/1.00
1.35/1.65
1.35/1.65
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
1.35/1.65
1.35/1.65
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.24/.33
.08/.13
.08/.13
FREE CUTTING REPHOSPHORIZED

AND RESULPHURIZED STEEL
SAE
No.
Mn
1212
1213
1215
.13 max
.13 max
.09 max
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
.75/1.05
.07/.12
.07/.12
.04/.09
.16/.23
.24/.33
.26/.35
of adverse effect on machinability.
HIGH MANGANESE CARBON STEEL

SAE
No.
Mn
P
Max
S
Max
1522
1524
1526
1527
1541
1547
1548
1552
1566
.18/.24
.19/.25
.22/.29
.22/.29
.36/.44
.43/.51
.44/.52
.47/.55
.60/.71
1.10/1.40
1.35/1.65
1.10/1.40
1.20/1.50
1.35/1.65
1.35/1.65
1.10/1.40
1.20/1.50
.85/1.15
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
STANDARD ALLOY STEELS

(1)
(2)
SAE
No.
Mn
Cr
1330
1335
1340
.28/.33
.33/.38
.38/.43
1.60/1.80
1.60/1.90
1.60/1.90
..............
..............
..............
.............. ..............
.............. ..............
.............. ..............
.............
.............
.............
4023
4027
4037
4047
.20/.25
.25/.30
.35/.40
.45/.50
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............
.............
4118
4120(1)
4130
4137
4140
4142
4145
4150
.18/.23
.18/.23
.28/.33
.35/.40
.38/.43
.40/.45
.43/.48
.48/.53
.70/.90
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.60
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.08/.15
.13/.20
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
4320
4340
E4340
.17/.22
.38/.43
.38/.43
.45/ .65
.60/.80
.65/.85
.40/.60
.70/.90
.70/.90
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............
4620
.17/.22
.45/.65
..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.............
4820
.18/.23
.50/.70
..............
3.25/3.75
.20/.30
.............
50B46(2)
.44/.49
.75/1.00
.20/.35
.............. ..............
.............
5120
5130
5132
5140
5150
5160
51B60(2)
.17/.22
.28/.33
.30/.35
.38/.43
.48/.53
.56/.64
.56/.64
.70/.90
.70/.90
.60/.80
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.80/1.10
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
51100 .98/1.10
E52100 .98/1.10
.25/.45
.25/.45
.90/1.15
1.30/1.60
.............
.............
............
............
52100
.25/.45
1.35/1.60
.............
............
.............
P ! .025
S ! .025
P ! .025
S ! .015
.93/1.05
Formerly PS 15
B ! .0005/.003
Ni
Mo
Other
STANDARD ALLOY STEELS continued

SAE
No.
Mn
Cr
6150
.48/.53
.70/.90
.80/1.10
.............
............
V
.15 min
8615
8617
8620
8622
8630
8640
8645
.13/.18
.15/.20
.18/.23
.20/.25
.28/.33
.38/.43
.43/.48
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.............
.............
.............
.............
............
.............
.............
8720
.18/.23
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
.............
8822
.20/.25
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.30/.40
9259
9260
.56/.64
.56/.64
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.45/.65
.............
.............
.............
Ni
Mo
Other
.............
Si
............. .70/1.10
............. 1.80/2.20
Si ! .15/.35, P ! .035 max (SAE J1268), S ! .040 max, Ni ! .25 max, Cr ! .20 max,
Mo ! .06 max
and supplier.
PS GRADES (Formerly EX Grades)

PS
No.
Mn
Cr
10
16
17
18
19
20
21
31
32
33
34
36
38
39
40
54
55
56
57(1)
58
59
61
63
64
65
66
67
.19/.24
.20/.25
.23/.28
.25/.30
.18/.23
.13/.18
.15/.20
.15/.20
.18/.23
.17/.24
.28/.33
.38/.43
.43/.48
.48/.53
.51/.59
.19/.25
.15/.20
.08/.13
.08 max
.16/.21
.18/.23
.23/.28
.31/.38
.16/.21
.21/.26
.16/.21
.42/.49
.95/1.25
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.70/.90
.70/.90
.85/1.25
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.70/1.05
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
1.25 max
1.00/1.30
1.00/1.30
1.00/1.30
.75/1.10
1.00/1.30
1.00/1.30
.40/.70
.80/1.20
.25/.40
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.45/.65
.45/.65
.20 min
.40/.60
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.40/.70
.45/.65
.45/.65
17.00/19.00
.45/.65
.70/.90
.70/.90
.45/.65
.70/.90
.70/.90
.45/.75
.85/ 1.20
Ni
Si ! .15/.35, P ! .035 max, S ! .040 max

(1)
P ! .040 max, S ! .15/.35, Si ! 1.00 max
Note: PS Nos. 15, 24 and 30 are now standard grades.

(See SAE Nos. 4120, 4121 and 4715)
Mo
Other
.20/.40
.05/.10 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20
B
..............
.08/.15 .0005-.003
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
.70/1.00
.45/.60 ..............
.70/1.00
.45/.60 ..............
.20 min
.05 min ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.13/.20 ..............
..............
.05 min ..............
1.65/2.00
.65/.80 ..............
1.65/2.00
.65/.80 ..............
.............. 1.75/2.25 ..............
.............. .............. ..............
.............. .............. ..............
.............. ..............
B
.............. .............. .0005-.003
.............. .............. ..............
.............. ..............
V
1.65/2.00
.08/.15
.10/.15
..............
.25/.35 ..............
STANDARD H STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges
SAE
No.
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Other
1330 H
1335 H
1340 H
1345 H
.27/.33
.32/.38
.37/.44
.42/.49
1.45/2.05
1.45/2.05
1.45/2.05
1.45/2.05
.............
.............
.............
.............
..............
..............
..............
..............
............
............
............
............
.............
.............
.............
.............
4027 H
.24/.30
.60/1.00
.............
..............
.20/.30
4028 H
4032 H
4037 H
4042 H
4047 H
.24/.30
.29/.35
.34/.41
.39/.46
.44/.51
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
S
.035/.050
.............
.............
.............
.............
4118 H
4130 H
4135 H
4137 H
4140 H
4142 H
4145 H
4147 H
4150 H
4161 H
.17/.23
.27/.33
.32/.38
.34/.41
.37/.44
.39/.46
.42/.49
.44/.51
.47/.54
.55/.65
.60/1.00
.30/.70
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.30/.70
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.65/.95
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.08/.15
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.25/.35
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
4320 H
4340 H
E4340 H
.17/.23
.37/.44
.37/.44
.40/.70
.55/.90
.60/.95
.35/.65
.65/.95
.65/.95
1.55/2.00
1.55/2.00
1.55/2.00
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............
4620 H
.17/.23
.35/.75
.............
1.55/2.00
.20/.30
4621 H
.17/.23
.60/1.00
.............
1.55/2.00
.20/.30
4626
4718 H
.23/.29
.15/.21
.40/.70
.60/.95
.............
.30/.60
.65/1.05
.85/1.25
.15/.25
.30/.40
.............
Si
.15/.35
Si
.15/.35
.............
4720 H
.17/.23
.45/.75
.30/.60
.85/1.25
.15/.25
.............
4815 H
4817 H
4820 H
.12/.18
.14/.20
.17/.23
.30/.70
.30/.70
.40/.80
.............
.............
.............
3.20/3.80
3.20/3.80
3.20/3.80
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............
50B40 H
.37/.44
.65/1.10
.30/.70
..............
............
50B44 H
5046 H
.42/.49
.43/.50
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.30/.70
.13/.43
..............
..............
............
............
50B46 H
.43/.50
.65/1.10
.13/.43
..............
............
50B50 H
.47/.54
.65/1.10
.30/.70
..............
............
50B60 H
.55/.65
.65/1.10
.30/.70
..............
............
B
.0005/.003
B
.0005/.003
.............
B
.0005/.003
B
.0005/.003
B
.0005/.003
STANDARD H STEELS continued

SAE
No.
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
5120 H
5130 H
5132 H
5135 H
5140 H
5147 H
5150 H
5155 H
5160 H
.17/.23
.27/.33
.29/.35
.32/.38
.37/.44
.45/.52
.47/.54
.50/.60
.55/.65
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.50/.90
.50/.90
.60/1.00
.60/1.05
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.65/1.10
.60/1.00
.75/1.20
.65/1.10
.70/1.15
.60/1.00
.80/1.25
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.............
..............
51B60 H
.55/.65
.65/1.10
.60/1.00
6118 H
6150 H
.15/.21
.47/.54
.40/.80
.60/1.00
.40/.80
.75/1.20
81B45 H
.42/.49
.70/1.05
.30/.60
.15/.45
.08/.15
8617 H
8620 H
8622 H
8625 H
8627 H
8630 H
.14/.20
.17/.23
.19/.25
.22/.28
.24/.30
.27/.33
.60/.95
.60/.95
.60/.95
.60/.95
.60/.95
.60/.95
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
86B30 H
8637 H
8640 H
8642 H
8645 H
.27/.33
.34/.41
.37/.44
.39/.46
.42/.49
.60/.95
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
86B45 H
8650 H
8655 H
8660 H
8720 H
8740 H
.42/.49
.47/.54
.50/.60
.55/.65
.17/.23
.37/.44
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.70/1.05
.60/.95
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.35/.75
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.20/.30
.20/.30
.35/.75
.30/.40
Other
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
B
.............. .............. .0005/.003
V
.............. .............. .10/.15
.............. .............. .15 min.
8822 H
.19/.25
.70/1.05
.35/.65
9259 H
.56/.64
.65/1.10
.45/.65
9260 H
.55/.65
.65/1.10
.............
9310 H
.07/.13
.40/.70
1.00/1.45 2.95/3.55
94B15 H
.12/.18
.70/1.05
.25/.55
.25/.65
.08/.15
94B17 H
.14/.20
.70/1.05
.25/.55
.25/.65
.08/.15
94B30 H
.27/.33
.70/1.05
.25/.55
.25/.65
.08/.15
B
.0005/.003
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
B
.0005/.003
..............
..............
..............
..............
B
.0005/.003
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Si
.70/1.20
Si
.............. .............. 1.70/2.20
.............. ..............
.08/.15
..............
B
.0005/.003
B
.0005/.003
B
.0005/.003
Si ! .15/.35, P ! .030 max (SAE J1268), S ! .040 max, Cu ! .35 max, Ni ! .25 max,
Cr ! .20 max, Mo ! .06 max
10
STANDARD CARBON AND

CARBON BORON H STEELS
SAE
No.
1038 H
1045 H
1522 H
1524 H
1526 H
1541 H
15B21(1)
15B28H
15B30H
15B35H(1)
15B37H(1)
15B41H(1)
15B48H(1)
15B62H(1)
Mn
P
Max
S
Max
Si
.34/.43
.42/.51
.17/.25
.18/.26
.21/.30
.35/.45
.17/.24
.25/.34
.27/.35
.31/.39
.30/.39
.35/.45
.43/.53
.54/.67
.50/1.00
.50/1.00
1.00/1.50
1.25/1.75
1.00/1.50
1.25/1.75
.70/1.20
1.00/1.50
.70/1.20
.70/1.20
1.00/1.50
1.25/1.75
1.00/1.50
1.00/1.50
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.60
For electric furnace steels P & S !

(1) B ! .0005/.003
RESTRICTED HARDENABILITY STEELS

SAE
No.
15B21RH
15B35RH(1)
3310RH
4027RH
4118RH
4120RH
4130RH
4140RH
4145RH
4161RH
4320RH
4620RH
4820RH
50B40RH(1)
5130RH
5140RH
5160RH
8620RH
8622RH
8720RH
8822RH
9310RH
(1)
Mn
Si
.17/.22
.33/.38
.08/.13
.25/.30
.18/.23
.18/.23
.28/.33
.38/.43
.43/.48
.56/.64
.17/.22
.17/.22
.18/.23
.38/.43
.28/.33
.38/.43
.56/.64
.18/.23
.20/.25
.18/.23
.20/.25
.08/.13
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.40/.60
.70/.90
.70/.90
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.45/.65
.45/.65
.50/.70
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.45/.65
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Ni
Cr
.............
............. .............
.............
............. .............
3.25/3.75 1.40/1.75 .............
.............
............. .20/.30
.............
.40/.60
.08/.15
.............
.40/.60
.13/.20
.............
.80/1.10 .15/.25
.............
.80/1.10 .15/.25
.............
.80/1.10 .15/.25
.............
.70/.90
.25/.35
1.65/2.00
.40/.60
.20/.30
1.65/2.00 ............. .20/.30
3.25/3.75 ............. .20/.30
.............
.40/.60 .............
.............
.80/1.10 .............
.............
.70/.90 .............
.............
.70/.90 .............
.40/.70
.40/.60
.15/.25
.40/.70
.40/.60
.15/.25
.40/.70
.40/.60
.20/.30
.40/.70
.40/.60
.30/.40
3.00/3.50 1.00/1.40 .08/.15
! .35 max, Ni ! .25 max, Cr ! .20 max, Mo ! .06 max

(1)
B ! .0005 /.003
11
Mo
FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS

SAE
No.
Mn
P
Max
S
Max
1009
1033
1034
1037
1059
1062
1064
1069
1075
1084
1085
1086
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1119
1120
1123
1139
1145
1152
1211
1320
1345
1513
1518
1525
1533
1534
1536
1544
1545
1546
1551
1553
1561
1570
1572
1580
1590
.15 max
.30/.36
.32/.38
.32/.38
.55/.65
.54/.65
.60/.70
.65/.75
.70/.80
.80/.93
.80/.93
.80/.94
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.13 max
.13 max
.13 max
.10/.16
.13/.18
.14/.20
.14/.20
.18/.23
.20/.27
.35/.43
.42/.49
.48/.55
.13 max
.18/.23
.43/.48
.10/.16
.15/.21
.23/.29
.30/.37
.30/.37
.30/.37
.40/.47
.43/.50
.44/.52
.45/.56
.48/.55
.55/.65
.65/.75
.65/.76
.75/.88
.85/.98
.60 max
.70/1.00
.50/.80
.70/1.00
.50/.80
.85/1.15
.50/.80
.40/.70
.40/.70
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.30/.50
.50/.80
.60/.90
.30/.60
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
1.00/1.30
.60/.90
1.10/1.40
1.00/1.30
.70/1.00
1.20/1.50
1.35/1.65
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
.60/.90
1.60/1.90
1.60/1.90
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
.80/1.10
1.10/1.40
1.20/1.50
1.20/1.50
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
1.00/1.30
.85/1.15
.80/1.10
.75/1.05
.80/1.10
1.00/1.30
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.07/0.12
.07/0.12
.07/0.12
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.07/.12
.040
.035
.030
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.08/.13
.08/.13
.08/.13
.10/.15
.16/.23
.24/.33
.08/.13
.08/.13
.16/.23
.24/.33
.08/.13
.06/.09
.13/.20
.04/.07
.06/.09
.10/.15
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
12
FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS continued

SAE
No.
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Other
2317
2330
2340
2345
2512
2515
2517
3115
3120
3130
3135
X3140
3140
3145
3150
3215
3220
3230
3240
3245
3250
3310
3311
3312
3316
3325
3335
3340
3415
3435
3450
4012
4024(1)
4028(1)
4032
4042
4053
4063
4068
4119
4121(2)
4125
4131
4135
4147
4161
4317
4337
4419
.15/.20
.28/.33
.38/.43
.43/.48
.09/.14
.12/.17
.15/.20
.13/.18
.17/.22
.28/.33
.33/.38
.38/.43
.38/.43
.43/.48
.48/.53
.10/.20
.15/.25
.25/.35
.35/.45
.40/.50
.45/.55
.08/.13
.10/.16
.08/.13
.14/.19
.20/.30
.30/.40
.35/.45
.10/.20
.30/.40
.45/.55
.09/.14
.20/.25
.25/.30
.30/.35
.40/.45
.50/.56
.60/.67
.63/.70
.17/.22
.18/.23
.23/.28
.28/.33
.33/.38
.45/.50
.56/.64
.15/.20
.35/.40
.18/.23
.40/.60
.60/.80
.70/.90
.70/.90
.45/.60
.40/.60
.45/.60
.40/.60
.60/.80
.60/.80
.60/.80
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.45/.60
.30/.50
.45/.60
.45/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.50/.70
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.45/.65
.60/.80
.45/.65
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.55/.75
.55/.75
.55/.75
.55/.75
.70/.90
.55/.75
.70/.90
.70/.90
.90/1.25
.90/1.25
.90/1.25
.90/1.25
.90/1.25
.90/1.25
1.40/1.75
1.30/1.60
1.40/1.75
1.40/1.75
1.25/1.75
1.25/1.75
1.25/1.75
.60/.95
.60/.95
.60/.95
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.40/.60
.45/.65
.40/.60
.90/1.20
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.70/.90
.40/.60
.70/.90
..............
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
4.75/5.25
4.75/5.25
4.75/5.25
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.50/2.00
1.50/2.00
1.50/2.00
1.50/2.00
1.50/2.00
1.50/2.00
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
2.75/3.25
2.75/3.25
2.75/3.25
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
..............
.............
..............
.............
..............
.............
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
..............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.15 max
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.15/.25
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.25/.35
.20/.30
.20/.30
.45/.60
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
(1)
(2)
S ! .035/.050
Formerly PS 24
13

SAE
No.
4419H
.17/.23
4422
.20/.25
4427
.24/.29
4608
.06/.11
46B12(3) .10/.15
4615
.13/.18
4617
.15/.20
.18/.23
X4620
4621
.18/.23
4621H .17/.23
4626
.24/.29
4640
.38/.43
4715(4)
.13/.18
4718
.16/.21
4720
.17/.22
4812
.10/.15
4815
.13/.18
4817
.15/.20
5015
.12/.17
(3)
50B40
.38/.43
50B44(3) .43/.48
5045
.43/.48
5046
.43/.48
50B50(3) .48/.53
5060
.56/.64
50B60(3) .56/.64
5115
.13/.18
5117
.15/.20
5135
.33/.38
5145
.43/.48
5145H .42/.49
5147
.46/.51
5152
.48/.55
5155
.51/.59
50100 .98/1.10
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Other
.35/.75
.70/.90
.70/.90
.25/.45
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.50/.70
.70/.90
.60/1.00
.45/.65
.60/.80
.70/.90
.70/.90
.50/.70
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.30/.50
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.60/.80
.70/.90
.60/1.00
.70/.95
.70/.90
.70/.90
.25/.45
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.45/.65
.35/.55
.35/.55
..............
..............
..............
.30/.50
.40/.60
.40/.60
.55/.75
.20/.35
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.70/.90
.70/.90
.80/1.05
.70/.90
.60/1.00
.85/1.15
.90/1.20
.70/.90
.40/.60
..............
..............
..............
1.40/1.75
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.55/2.00
.70/1.00
1.65/2.00
.70/1.00
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
3.25/3.75
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.45/.60
.35/.45
.35/.45
.15/.25
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.15/.25
.20/.30
.45/.60
.30/.40
.15/.25
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
.............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
V
.15 min
.10 min
.10/.15
.10 min
.15 min
.15 min
.15 min
.15 min
.15 min
.15 min
W
6115
6117
6118
6120
6125
6130
6135
6140
6145
6195
.10/.20
.15/.20
.16/.21
.17/.22
.20/.30
.25/.35
.30/.40
.35/.45
.43/.48
.90/1.05
.30/.60
.70/.90
.50/.70
.70/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.70/.90
.20/.45
.80/1.10
.70/.90
.50/.70
.70/.90
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
71360
71660
7260
.50/.70
.50/.70
.50/.70
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
3.00/4.00
3.00/4.00
.50/1.00
..............
..............
..............
.............. 12.00/15.00
.............. 15.00/18.00
.............. 1.50/2.00
(3)
(4)
B ! .0005/.003
Formerly PS 30
14

SAE
No.
Mn
Ni
Mo
Other
.13/.18
.43/.48
.23/.28
.25/.30
.30/.35
.33/.38
.38/.43
.38/.43
.40/.45
.43/.48
.45/.50
.48/.53
.50/.56
.51/.59
.56/.64
.13/.18
.15/.20
.18/.23
.33/.38
.38/.43
.40/.45
.43/.48
.48/.53
.45/.55
.51/.59
.51/.59
.55/.65
.55/.65
.08/.13
.13/.18
.15/.20
.13/.18
.15/.20
.28/.33
.35/.40
.38/.43
.38/.43
.40/.45
.43/.48
.45/.50
.45/.50
.60/.67
.38/.43
.43/.48
.48/.53
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.60/.80
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.60/.90
.60/.80
.70/.95
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.75/1.00
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.50/.80
.50/.80
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.30/.50
.35/.55
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.50/.80
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.............
.60/.80
.............
.10/.25
.25/.40
1.00/1.40
1.00/1.40
1.00/1.40
.30/.50
.30/.50
.30/.50
.30/.50
.30/.50
.30/.60
.30/.50
.30/.50
.30/.50
.10/.25
.10/.25
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.20/.40
.20/.40
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
3.00/3.50
3.00/3.50
3.00/3.50
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.40/.70
.40/.70
.85/1.15
.85/1.15
.85/1.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.15/.25
.15/.25
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
438V12(3) .08/.13
438V14(3) .10/.15
.75/1.00
.45/.65
.40/.60
.40/.60
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.08/.15
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
V
.03 min
.03 min
8115
81B45(3)
8625
8627
8632
8635
8637
8641(5)
8642
86B45(3)
8647
8650
8653
8655
8660
8715
8717
8719
8735
8740
8742
8745
8750
9250(6)
9254(7)
9255(6)
9261(6)
9262(6)
9310
9315
9317
94B15
94B17
94B30(3)
9437
9440
94B40(3)
9442
9445
9447
9747
9763
9840
9845
9850
Cr
B ! .0005/.003
S ! .04/.60
Si ! 1.80/2.20
(7) Si ! 1.20/1.60
(3)
(5)
(6)
15
16
.38/.43
.65/.85
1.00/1.15 1.60/1.90
.38/.43
.75/1.00
.38/.43
.75/1.00
.28/.33
.70/.90
.38/.43
.50/.70
.28/.33
.40/.60
.23/.28
1.20/1.50
.08/.13
.45/.60
.14/.19
.45/.60
.07/.13
.40/.70
.98/1.10
.25/.45
.48/.53
.70/.90
Mn
Al ! .020 max
Al ! .95/1.35
P&S!
(6) V ! .15 min
(7) Inactive/Cancelled
(5)
(4)
(3)
.025
.035
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.040
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
P
Max
Some MIL numbers cancelled. Replaced by AMS numbers.

Timken Company mill type.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated

Cu !
(2)
(1)
S-7420
S-8503(6)
S-5000
S-50783(3)
S-5626
S-6049
S-6050(7)
S-6709(4)
S-6758
S-7108(5)
S-7393(7)
MIL(1)
Solid
or
Tube
.025
.040
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.040
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
S
Max
.15/.35
.70/1.00
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.40
.15/.35
1.30/1.70
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
Si
.70/.90
.20 max
.80/1.10
.40/.60
.40/.60
1.40/1.80
.80/1.10
.40 max.
1.25/1.75
1.25/1.75
1.00/1.40
1.30/1.60
.75/1.20
Cr
1.65/2.00
.25 max
.25 max
.40/.70
.40/.70
..............
.25 max
1.65/2.00
3.25/3.75
3.25/4.00
3.00/3.50
..............
..............
Ni
AMS
SAE No.
Nearest Equivalent
.20/.30
6415
E4340
.06 max
.15/.25
6382/6349
4140
.20/.30 6322/6325/6327 8740
.15/.25
6280
8630
.30/.40
6470/6472
..............
.15/.25
637
4130
.35/.45
6425
4625M4(2)
..............
6250
3310
..............
..............
3316
.08/.15
..............
9310
.............. 6440/6444/6447 52100
..............
6448
6150
Mo
SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS
17
.48/.55
.47/.55
.41/.49
.38/.45
.75/1.00
.70/1.00
.60/.90
.75/1.00
.70/1.00
.60/1.00
.80/1.00
.70/.90
.65/.90
.65/.90
.30/.60
Mn
P&S!
Inactive/Cancelled
P&S!
(9) V ! .05/.10
(10) Al ! .040 max
(11) V ! .20/.30
(8)
(7)
(5)
.040
.040
.040
.025
.025
.040
.040
.040
.010
.010
.025
P
Max
.025
.040
.040
.040
.010
.010
.025
S
Max
.040
.05/.09
.040
.020
Some MIL numbers cancelled. Replaced by AMS numbers.

Timken Company mill type.
S
S
S
S
18/.23
.34/.41
.28/.33
.38/.43
.38/.43
.40/.44
.22/.28
Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated

Cu !
(2)
(1)
S-11595(10)
S-11595(10)
S-11595(10), (11)
S-46047(11)
S-8690(8)
S
S
S-8695(5)
S-8699(5), (9) S
S-8707(7)
S
S-8844-1 S or T
S-8844-2(9) S or T
T-5066
T
MIL(1)
Solid
or
Tube
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.15/.35
1.45/1.80
.30 max
Si
.80/1.10
.80/1.15
.80/1.15
.95/1.25
.40/.60
.............
.75/.95
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.95
.............
Cr
.............
.............
.............
.............
.40/.70
.............
1.65/2.00
.85/1.15
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.............
Ni
Mo
.15/.25
.15/.25
.30/.40
.55/.70
.15/.25
.20/.30
.35/.50
.20/.30
.20/.30
.35/.45
.............
SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS continued

SAE No.
.............
.............
.............
.............
4150
41R50
4142M3V2(1)
.............
6274
8620
6300
4037
6411/6427 4330M4V1(1)
.............
984
6414
4340
6257
300M
T5066
1025
AMS
Nearest Equivalent
18
(2)
(1)
B ! .001 max
P & S ! .015 max
(4)
(3)
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.60/.95
.60/.95
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.40/.70
.70/.90
Mn
B ! .0005/.005
P & S ! .040 max
.07/.13
.07/.13
.11/.17
.14/.20
.07/.13
.08/.13
.13/.18
.15/.20
.17/.23
.15/.20
.28/.33
.28/.33
.33/.38
.11/.17
.15/.20
.17/.22
.17/.23
.35/.40
6250
6260(1)
6263
6264
6265(2)
6266(3)
6270
6272
6274
6275(3)
6280
6281
6282
6290
6292
6294
6299
6300(4)
P & S ! .025 max, Cu !
AMS
Number
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.20/.40
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
1.25/1.75
1.00/1.40
1.00/1.40
1.00/1.40
1.00/1.40
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.35/.65
.30/.50
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.35/.65
.20 max
Cr
3.25/3.75
3.00/3.50
3.00/3.50
3.00/3.50
3.00/3.50
1.65/2.00
.40/.70
.40/.70
.35/.75
.30/.60
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.55/2.00
.25 max
Ni
Mo
.06 max
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.20/.30
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.08/.15
.15/.25
.15/.25
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.03/.08
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS
3310
9310
9315
9317
CV9310
43BV12
8615
8617
..............
94B17
8630
8630
8735
4615
4617
4620
4320H
4037
SAE
Designations
19
.28/.33
.25/.30
.40/.50
.38/.43
.33/.38
.38/.43
.38/.43
.38/.43
.38/.43
.48/.53
.38/.43
.28/.33
.28/.33
.33/.38
.38/.43
.38/.43
.27/.33
.38/.43
6302
6303(5)
6304
6312
6320
6321(6)
6322
6323
6324
6328
6342
6370
6371
6372
6381
6382
6407
6409(7)
.45/.65
.60/.90
.40/.70
.60/.80
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.60
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.60/.80
.65/.85
Mn
(7)
(6)
(5)
Cu ! .50 max
B ! .0005/.005
P ! .015 max, S ! .008 max
(8) Special Aircraft Quality Normalized and Tempered
P & S ! .025 max, Cu !
AMS
Number
.55/.75
.55/.75
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.70
.15/.35
Si
1.00/1.50
1.00/1.50
.80/1.10
.20 max
.40/.60
.30/.55
.40/.60
.40/.60
.55/.75
.40/.60
.70/.90
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
1.00/1.35
.70/.90
Cr
.25 max.
.50 max.
.25 max.
1.65/2.00
.40/.70
.20/.40
.40/.70
.40/.70
.55/.85
.40/.70
.85/1.15
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
1.85/2.25
1.65/2.00
Ni
.40/.60
.40/.60
.45/.65
.20/.30
.20/.30
.08/.15
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.35/.55
.20/.30
Mo
V
.20/.30
.75/.95
.25/.35
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS continued

4640
8735
81B40
8740
8740
8740 Mod
8750
9840
4130
4130
4135
4140
4140
HS220-07
4340(8)
17-22-AS
17-22-AV
SAE
Designations
20
.35/.40
.38/.43
.38/.43
.23/.28
.40/.45
.35/.40
.38/.43
.49/.55
.28/.33
.32/.38
.32/.38
.45/.50
.42/.48
.93/1.05
.98/1.10
.92/1.02
.48/.53
6412
6414(9)
6415
6418
6419(10)
6421(11)
6422(11)
6424
6427
6428
6430(9)
6431(10)
6439(9)
6440
6444(9)
6445(9)
6448
(11)
(10)
(9)
P & S ! .015 max

P & S ! .010 max
B ! .0005/.005
(12) Premium Aircraft Quality
P & S ! .025 max, Cu !
AMS
Number
.65/.85
.65/.90
.65/.85
1.20/1.50
.60/.90
.65/.85
.65/.85
.65/.85
.75/1.00
.60/.80
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.25/.45
.25/.45
.95/1.25
.70/.90
Mn
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
1.30/1.70
1.45/1.80
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.60
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.35
.15/.35
.50/.70
.15/.35
Si
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.20/.40
.70/.95
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.65/.90
.65/.90
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
1.35/1.60
1.30/1.60
.90/1.15
.80/1.10
Cr
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.40/.70
.40/.70
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
Ni
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.35/.45
.30/.50
.15/.25
.15/.25
.20/.30
.35/.50
.30/.40
.30/.40
.90/1.10
.90/1.10
.10 max
.08 max
.08 max
.06 max
Mo
V
..............
..............
..............
..............
.05/.10
..............
.01/.06
..............
.05/.10
.17/.23
.17/.23
.08/.15
.68/.15
..............
..............
..............
.15/.30
SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS continued

4337
CV4340
4340
4625M4
CV300M
98B37 Mod
98BV40 Mod
4350M
4330M4V1
4335 Mod
4335M4V2
D6-AC
4140
52100
CV52100(12)
CV51100 Mod
6150
SAE
Designations
21
(1)
.38/.43
.38/.43
.38/.43
.21/.26
6470
6471
6472(1)
6475
P ! .035 max, S ! .040 max
AMS
Number
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.70
Mn
NITRIDING STEELS
.20/.40
.20/.40
.20/.40
.20/.40
Si
1.40/1.80
1.40/1.80
1.40/1.80
1.00/1.25
Cr
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
3.25/3.75
Ni
Mo
.30/.40
.30/.40
.30/.40
.20/.30
.95/1.30
.95/1.30
.95/1.30
1.10/1.40
Al
135M or #3
CV Nit #3
Other
Designations
22
(1)
.15
.15
.15
.15
.15
.15
.08
.08
.03
.035
.04/.10
.12
.08
.20
.25
.15
.25
.08
.08
.03
201
202
301
302
302B
303
304
TP304
304L
TP304L
TP304H
305
308
309
310
TP310
314
316
TP316
316L
2.00
2.00
5.5/7.5
7.5/10.0
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Mn
Max
.75
.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
.75
2.00/3.00
1.00
.75
.75
.75
.75
.75
.75
1.00
1.00
1.50
.75
1.50/3.00
.75
Si
Max
At producers option, reported only when intentionally added.
C
Max
Type
Number
.040
.045
.060
.060
.045
.045
.045
.200
.045
.040
.045
.040
.040
.045
.045
.045
.045
.040
.045
.045
P
Max
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.15 min
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
S
Max
16.00/18.00
16.00/18.00
16.00/18.00
17.00/19.00
16.00/18.00
17.00/19.00
17.00/19.00
17.00/19.00
18.00/20.00
18.00/20.00
18.00/20.00
18.00/20.00
18.00/20.00
17.00/19.00
19.00/21.00
22.00/24.00
24.00/26.00
24.00/26.00
23.00/26.00
16.00/18.00
Cr
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS

Ni
11.00/14.00
10.00/14.00
3.50/5.50
4.00/6.00
6.00/8.00
8.00/10.00
8.00/10.00
8.00/10.00
8.00/10.50
8.00/11.00
8.00/12.00
8.00/13.00
8.00/11.00
10.50/13.00
10.00/12.00
12.00/15.00
19.00/22.00
19.00/22.00
19.00/22.00
10.00/14.00
Others
N ! 0.25 max
N ! 0.25 max
N ! 0.10 max
N ! 0.10 max
.............
Zr, Mo ! .60 max(1)
.............
..............
N ! 0.10 max
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Mo ! 2.00/3.00
N ! 0.10 max
Mo ! 2.00/3.00
Mo ! 2.00/3.00
N ! 0.10 max
23
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Mn
Max
H ! Grades for high temperature service.

TP ! Tubular Products
.08
.08
.04/.10
TP348H
384
385
.08
.04/.10
TP347H
TP348
.04/.10
.08
.08
TP321H
347
TP347
.08
.035
.04/.10
.08
.08
.08
TP316L
TP316H
TP317
321
TP321
348
C
Max
Type
Number
1.00
1.00
.75
.75
1.00
.75
.75
1.00
.75
.75
.75
.75
1.00
.75
Si
Max
.045
.045
.040
.040
.045
.040
.040
.045
.040
.040
.040
.040
.045
.040
P
Max
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
S
Max
15.00/17.00
11.50/13.50
17.00/20.00
17.00/20.00
17.00/19.00
17.00/20.00
17.00/20.00
17.00/19.00
17.00/20.00
16.00/18.00
..............
18.00/20.00
17.00/19.00
17.00/20.00
Cr
Ni
17.00/19.00
14.00/16.00
9.00/13.00
9.00/13.00
9.00/13.00
9.00/13.00
9.00/13.00
9.00/13.00
9.00/13.00
10.00/15.00
11.00/14.00
11.00/14.00
9.00/12.00
9.00/13.00
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS continued

Others
Ti ! 4 " C min, .60 max

Cb #Ta ! 10 " C min
Cb # Ta ! 10 " C min
! 1.00 max
Cb # Ta ! 8 " C min
! 1.00 max
Ta ! .10 max
Cb # Ta ! 1.00 max
Cb # Ta ! 8 " C min
Ta ! .10 max
Cb # Ta ! 1.00 max
..............
..............
Mo ! 2.00/3.00
Mo ! 2.00/3.00
Mo ! 3.00/4.00
Ti ! 5 " C min, .60 max
Ti ! 5 " C min, .60 max
24
(1)
.15
.08
.08
.15
.15
.15
.15
Over .15
Over .15
.12
.12
.20
.60/.75
.75/.95
.95/1.20
.20
Over .10
.10
403
405
TP405
410
TP410
414
416
420
TP420
430
430F
431
440A
440B
440C
TP443
501
502
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Mn
Max
.50
1.00
.75
1.00
.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
.75
1.00
1.00
Si
Max
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.060
.040
.030
.040
.060
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
P
Max
At producers option, reported only when intentionally added.
C
Max
Type
Number
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.150 min
.030
.030
.030
.150 min
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
S
Max
11.50/13.00
11.50/14.50
11.50/13.50
11.50/13.50
11.50/13.50
11.50/13.50
12.00/14.00
12.00/14.00
12.00/14.00
16.00/18.00
16.00/18.00
15.00/17.00
16.00/18.00
16.00/18.00
16.00/18.00
18.00/23.00
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
Cr
CHROMIUM STAINLESS STEELS

Ni
..............
.60 max
.50 max
.75 max
.50 max
1.25/2.50
..............
..............
.50 max
..............
..............
1.25/2.50
..............
..............
..............
.50 max
..............
.............
Others
Turbine Quality
AI ! .10/.30
AI ! .10/.30
..............
..............
..............
Zr, Mo ! .60 max(1)
..............
..............
..............
Mo ! .60 max(1)
..............
Mo ! .75 max
Mo ! .75 max
Mo ! .75 max
Cu ! .90/1.25
Mo ! .40/.65
Mo ! .40/.65
25
(1)
A
B
C
F11
F12
A
T1
T1a
T1b
Grade
.25 max
.30 max
.35 max
.10/.20
.10/.20
.06/.18
.10/.20
.15/.25
.14 max
Mn
.27/.93
.29/1.06
.29/1.06
.30/.80
.30/.80
.27/.63
.30/.80
.30/.80
.30/.80
The combined elements of Cr, Ni, Mo, V and Cu must not exceed 1%
A192
A209
A182
A106(1)
ASTM
Number
.10 min
.10 min
.10 min
.50/1.00
.10/.60
.25 max
.10/.50
.10/.50
.10/.50
Si
.40 max
.40 max
.40 max
1.00/1.50
.80/ 1.25
.............
.............
1.00/1.50
.............
Cr
.40 max
.40 max
.40 max
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
Ni
SELECTED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS

Mo
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.44/.65
.44/.65
.............
.44/.65
.44/.65
.44/.65
V
.08 max
.08 max
.08 max
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
26
(4)
(3)
(2)
A1
C
T4
T5(2)
T5b
T5c
T7(2)
T9(2)
T11(2)
T12
T21(2)
T22(2)
T91(3)
TP304H(4)
TP310H(4)
TP316H(4)
TP321H(4)
TP347H(4)
TP348
Grade
.27 max
.35 max
.05/.15
.15 max
.15 max
.12 max
.15 max
.15 max
.05/.15
.05/.15
.05/.15
.05/.15
.08/.12
.04/.10
.04/.10
.04/.10
.04/.10
.04/.10
.08 max
Mn
.93 max
.29/1.06
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.61
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
2.00 max
2.00 max
2.00 max
2.00 max
2.00 max
2.00 max
Cb ! .06/.10, N ! .03/.07, Al ! .04 max
A213
A210
ASTM
Number
.10 min
.10 min
.50/1.00
.50 max
1.00/2.00
.50 max
.50/1.00
.25/1.00
.50/1.00
.50 max
.50 max
.50 max
.20/.50
.75 max
.75 max
.75 max
.75 max
.75 max
.75 max
Si
.............
.............
2.15/2.85
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
6.00/8.00
8.00/10.00
1.00/1.50
.80/1.25
2.65/3.35
1.90/2.60
8.00/9.00
18.00/20.00
24.00/26.00
16.00/18.00
17.00/20.00
17.00/20.00
17.00/20.00
Cr
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.40 max
8.00/11.00
19.00/22.00
11.00/14.00
9.00/13.00
9.00/13.00
9.00/13.00
Ni
.............
.............
.44/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.90/1.10
.44/.65
.44/.65
.80/1.06
.87/1.13
.85/1.05
.............
.............
2.00/3.00
.............
.............
.............
Mo
SELECTED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS continued

Ti ! 4 " C min, .60 max

Cb # Ta ! 8 " C min,1.00 max
Cb # Ta ! 10 " C min,
Ta ! .10 max
Cb # Ta ! 1.00 max
.............
.............
.18/.25
Ti ! 4 " C min, .70 max

.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
Others
27
P ! .015 max, S ! .005 max
.15 max
.18/.22
410
420 Mod
.26/.32
.26/.32
.26/.32
.15 max
Type
Impact 7
Impact 8
Impact 10
9Cr1Mo
1.00 max
1.00 max
.60/.90
.90/1.10
.90/1.10
.30/.60
Mn
Si
..............
.15/.30
.40/.70
.50/.80
.15/.30
Cr
..............
.40/ .60
1.00/1.35
1.90/2.40
3.00/3.50
1.00 max
1.00 max
..............
.20/.40
.15/.35
.25/1.00
Si
12.00/14.00
12.50/14.00
1.20/1.50
1.00/1.50
.70/.90
8.00/10.00
Cr
..............
..............
..............
.15 max
.50/.70
..............
Ni
..............
..............
.65/.75
.75/.85
.65/.75
.90/1.10
Mo
TIMKEN OIL COUNTRY STEELS
Mn
.30/ .60
.45/ .65
.60/ .80
.80/1.20
.40/ .60
.72/.85
.17/.22
.27/.33
.25/.31
.23/.28
Type
TDS-10
TDS-30
TDS-50
TDS-70
TDS-90
..............
..............
.02/.05
.02/.05
.02/.05
..............
Cb
..............
1.65/2.00
1.85/2.25
.25 max.
..............
Ni
TIMKEN TUBULAR HOLLOW DRILL STEELS

Mo
P ! .030 max
S ! .030 max
P ! .040 max
P ! .020 max
Other
..............
.20/.30
.35/.55
.25/.35
.45/.60
28
(1)
CORROSION RESISTANT ALLOYS
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.03
44LN
DP-3
3RE60
2205
2304
Uranus 50
Ferralium 255
7-Mo PLUS
Range indicates min to max mass functions.
C max
Designation
2.0
1.0
1.2-2.0(1)
2.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.0
Mn max
1.00
0.75
1.40-2.00(1)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.60
Si max
24.0-26.0
24.0-26.0
18.0-19.0
21.0-23.0
21.5-24.5
20.5-22.5
24.0-27.0
26.0-29.0
Cr
Duplex Stainless Steel Ranges and Limits (Not Manufactured by Timken)

Ni
5.50-6.50
5.50-7.50
4.25-5.25
4.50-6.50
3.00-5.50
5.50-8.50
4.50-6.50
3.50-5.20
29
.27/.33
.23/.28
.28/.33
.32/.38
.32/.38
Type
HS-220-07
HS-220-18
HS-220-27
HS-220-28
HS-220-30
Mn
1.00/1.30
.60/ .80
Si
.15/.30
.15/.30
Cr
.65/.90
.70/.90
Ni
.40/.70
1.55/2.00
Mo
.15/.25
.20/.30
.60/.80
1.20/1.50
.75/1.00
.60/.80
.60/.90
Mn
.40/.70
1.30/1.70
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.60
Si
1.00/1.35
.20/.40
.75/1.00
.65/.90
.65/.90
Cr
Ni
1.85/2.25
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
TIMKEN HIGH STRENGTH STEELS
TM - Trademark of The Timken Company
.13/.21
.20/.27
Type
WHS 100TM
WHS 130TM
.35/.55
.35/.45
.35/.50
.30/.40
.30/.40
Mo
.03/.08
..............
TIMKEN WELDABLE HIGH STRENGTH STEELS

B
............
............
.05/.10
.17/.23
.17/.23
.003 added
..............
30
0.28/0.33
0.28/0.33
0.32/0.36
0.32/0.36
0.31/0.35
0.36/0.40
0.36/0.41
0.36/0.41
0.36/0.40
0.38/0.43
0.53/0.57
0.52/0.57
0.52/0.57
0.52/0.57
MicroTec 3M80
MicroTec 3M80A
MicroTec 3M80B
MicroTec 3M80C
MicroTec 3M85
MicroTec 4M85
MicroTec 4M90
MicroTec 4M90A
MicroTec 4M95
MicroTec 4M95A
MicroTec 5H85
MicroTec 5H90
MicroTec 5H95
MicroTec 5H95A
0.10/0.18
0.16/0.20
0.16/0.20
0.16/0.22
0.28/0.33
0.26/0.30
0.28/0.32
MicroTec 2W60
MicroTec 2W65
MicroTec 2W70
MicroTec 2W75
MicroTec 3W70
MicroTec 3W75
MicroTec 3W75A
Type
0.70/0.85
0.70/1.00
1.05/1.25
1.15/1.35
1.30/1.60
1.30/1.50
1.35/1.45
1.35/1.45
1.30/1.50
1.20/1.40
1.10/1.30
1.10/1.30
1.30/1.50
1.35/1.45
1.20/1.60
1.20/1.40
1.40/1.60
1.30/1.70
0.90/1.30
1.00/1.30
0.90/1.20
Mn
0.08/0.12
0.05/0.20
0.08/0.18
0.10/0.20
0.08/0.18
0.08/0.18
0.06/0.10
0.07/0.09
0.10/0.14
0.04/0.10
0.10/0.18
0.10/0.18
0.08/0.12
0.08/0.12
0.05/0.10
0.06/0.10
0.07/0.11
0.10/0.20
0.07/0.18
0.13/0.23
0.13/0.18
0.020/0.035
0.025/0.035
0.040/0.060
0.040/0.060
..............
0.025/0.050
0.010 max.
0.005/0.020
0.030/0.050
0.030/0.050
..............
0.030/0.050
0.045 max.
0.030/0.045
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
TIMKEN MICROALLOY STEELS

Si
..............
0.15/0.35
0.45/0.65
0.45/0.65
..............
..............
0.40/0.50
0.20/0.30
..............
0.30/0.50
..............
..............
0.50/0.70
0.50/0.65
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Cr = .15/.45
N = .008/.015
N = .008/.015
Other
31
(1)
.10/.20
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.12 max
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.08/.12
(2)
.045
.030
..............
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.020
P
Max
S
Max
(3)
.10/.50
.50/1.00
.50 max
.50 max
.50 max
.50 max
1.00/2.00
1.00/1.50
.50/1.00
.25/1.00
.20/.50
Si
..............
1.00/1.50
.80/1.25
1.90/2.60
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
6.00/8.00
8.00/10.00
8.00/9.50
Cr
.44/.65
.44/.65
.44/.65
.87/1.13
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.09/1.10
.45/.65
.90/1.10
.85/1.05
Mo
1
11
..............
22
5
5c
5b
..............
7
9
91
.41/.48
.28/.33
.25/.30
Type
17-22-A
17-22-AS
17-22-AV
.45/.65
.45/.65
.60/.90
Mn
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
S
Max
.55/.75
.55/.75
.55/.75
Si
1.00/1.50
1.00/1.50
1.00/1.50
Cr

P
Max
ASTM
No
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
Mo
.20/.30
.20/.30
.75/.95
..............
6302
6303
AMS
No
Ni ! .40 max, V ! .18/.25, Cb ! .06/.10, N ! .03/.07, Al ! .04 max
.045
.030
..............
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.010
Ti ! 4 " C min, .70 max
.30/.80
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
Mn
TIMKEN HIGH TEMPERATURE ENGINEERING STEELS
.50 Mo steel also available with .08/.14 C.
.50Mo(1)
DM
DM-2
2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo
5 Cr 1/2 Mo
5 Cr 1/2 Mo+Ti(2)
5 Cr 1/2 Mo+Si
5 Cr 1 Mo+Si
7 Cr 1/2 Mo
9 Cr 1 Mo
T9(3)
Type
Chemical Composition Range and Limits
TIMKEN ALLOY STEELS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SERVICE
32
(3)
(2)
(1)
Type
.93/1.05
.90/1.05
.85/1.00
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
.16/.22
.10/.16
.11/.15
.70/.80
.77/.85
.95/1.20
.89/1.01
52100 shown for reference purposes only

Max Cu .10, Co .25, W .25, P .015, S .010
Deep hardening steels.
52100(1)
ASTM-A485-1(#1 Mod.)(3)
ASTM-A485-2(#2 Mod.)
ASTM-A485-3(T-1)(3)
ASTM-A485-4(T-2)(3)
TBS-600TM (4)
CBS-600TM (5)
CBS1000MTM (6)
CBS-50NiL(2)
TBA-2(7)
M-50
440C
TBS-9
Mn
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
Cr
.70/.90
.80/1.20
Ni
1.65/2.00
2.00/2.50
(6)
(5)
(4)
Si
.15/.35
.45/.75
.50/.80
.15/.35
.15/.35
.85/1.20
.90/1.25
.40/.60
.10/.25
.15/.35
.25 max.
1.00 max.
.15/.35
Cr
1.30/1.60
.90/1.20
1.40/1.80
1.10/1.50
1.10/1.50
1.25/1.65
1.25/1.65
.90/1.20
4.00/4.25
.90/1.20
3.75/4.25
16.00/18.00
.40/.60
Through hardening steel for service up to 600 F.

Carburizing steel for service up to 600 F.
Carburizing steel for service up to 1000 F.
.25/.45
.90/1.20
1.40/1.70
.65/.90
1.05/1.35
.60/.80
.40/.70
.40/.60
.15/.35
1.05/1.35
.35 max.
1.00 max.
.50/.80
Mn
Ni
(7)
Mo
..............
..............
..............
.20/.30
.45/.60
.25/.35
.90/1.10
4.00/5.00
4.00/4.50
1.20/1.40
4.00/4.50
.75 max.
.08/.15
Mo
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.25/.50
1.13/1.33
..............
.90/1.10
..............
..............
.35/.45
.50/.65
Through hardening steel can be air quenched.
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
2.75/3.25
3.20/3.60
1.30/1.65
.10 max.
..............
.25 max.
TIMKEN SPECIAL BEARING STEELS
.30/.38
.30/.38
Type
4333M4
4333M6
TIMKEN TUBING FOR POLYETHYLENE PRODUCTION
USA - EUROPEAN - JAPANESE

NEAR EQUIVALENT GRADES
USA
European
Japanese
1045
4118
C45
20CrMo5
S45C
SCM418
4130
25CrMo4
SCM430
4140
42CrMo4
SCM440
4340
40NiCrMo6
SNCM439
8620
21NiCrMo2
SNCM220
8640
40NiCrMo22
SNCM240
5120
20Cr4
SCr420
5130
28Cr4
SCr430
5140
41Cr4
SCr440
52100
100Cr6
SUJ2
33
34
(1)
.07/.13
.12/.18
.17/.23
.17/.24
.22/.29
.27/.34
.32/.39
.37/.44
.42/.50
.47/.55
.52/.60
.57/.65
.25/.35
.28/.35
.28/.35
.35/.42
.35/.42
.42/.50
.42/.50
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
Si Max
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.40/.70
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
1.30/1.65
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
Mn
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
P Max
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.03
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
S Max
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
Cr
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Mo
Ck has same chemical composition except %S is .03 max. Cm has same chemical composition except %S is .020/.035 max.
C 10
C 15
C 20
C 22(1)
C 25(1)
C 30(1)
C 35(1)
C 40(1)
C 45(1)
C 50(1)
C 55(1)
C 60(1)
28 Mn 6
32 Cr 2
32 CrS 2
38 Cr 2
38 CrS 2
46 Cr 2
46 CrS 2
Steel
Grade
DIN 17200
Chemical Composition, %
EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS

CARBON STEELS AND ALLOY STEELS
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Ni
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
35
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
Si Max
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.50/.80
.50/.80
.40/.70
.30/.60
.70/1.10
.40/.70
Mn
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
P Max
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
S Max
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
1.40/1.70
1.80/2.20
.90/1.20
2.30/2.70
Cr
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.30/.50
..............
.15/.25
Mo
.24/.31
.24/.31
.30/.37
.30/.37
.34/.41
.34/.41
.38/.45
.38/.45
.22/.29
.22/.29
.30/.37
.30/.37
.38/.45
.38/.45
.46/.54
.32/.40
.30/.38
.26/.34
.47/.55
.26/.34
28 Cr 4
28 CrS 4
34 Cr 4
34 CrS 4
37 Cr 4
37 CrS 4
41 Cr 4
41 CrS 4
25 CrMo 4
25 CrMoS 4
34 CrMo 4
34 CrMoS 4
42 CrMo 4
42 CrMoS 4
50 CrMo 4
36 CrNiMo 4
34 CrNiMo 6
30 CrNiMo 8
50 CrV 4
30 CrMoV 9
(1)
C
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.90/1.20
1.40/1.70
1.80/2.20
..............
..............
Ni
EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS CARBON STEELS AND ALLOY STEELS continued
Steel
Grade
(1)
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.10/.20
.10/.20
36
(1)
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.40
.15/.40
.15/.40
.15/.40
.15/.40
.15/.40
.15/.40
Si Max
Mn
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.40/.60
1.00/1.30
1.10/1.40
.60/.90
.60/.90
.40/.60
.40/.60
.045
.045
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
P Max
.045
.045
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
S Max
Alloy steels intended for direct quenching shall contain at least 0.02% by weight of metallic (acid soluble) aluminum.
.07/.13
.12/.18
.07/.13
.12/.18
.12/.18
.14/.19
.17/.22
.17/.22
.23/.29
.12/.17
.14/.19
Steel Grade
C 10
C 15
Ck 10
Ck 15
15 Cr 3
16 MnCr 5
20 MnCr 5
20 MoCr 4
25 MoCr 4
15 CrNi 6
17 CrNiMo 6
DIN 17210
Chemical Composition, % (1)
..............
..............
..............
..............
.40/.70
.80/1.10
1.00/1.30
.30/.50
.40/.60
1.40/1.70
1.50/1.80
Cr

CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS
Mo
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.40/.50
.40/.50
..............
.25/.35
Ni
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
1.40/1.70
1.40/1.70
37
.90/1.05
.90/1.05
.90/1.05
.90/1.05
.90/1.05
.90/1.05
Steel Grade
100 Cr2
100 Cr6
100 CrMn6
100 CrMo7
100 CrMo7 3
100 CrMnMo 8
Si
.15/.35
.15/.35
.50/.70
.20/.40
.20/.40
.40/.60
.25/.45
.25/.45
1.00/1.20
.25/.45
.60/.80
.80/1.10
Mn
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
P Max
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
S Max
DIN 17230
Chemical Composition %
.40/.60
1.35/1.60
1.40/1.65
1.65/1.95
1.65/1.95
1.80/2.05
Cr

THROUGH HARDENING BEARING STEELS
Mo
.10 max
.10 max
.10 max
.15/.25
.20/.35
.50/.60
.30
.30
.30
.30
.30
.30
Ni Max
38
Steel
Grade
S 10 C
S 12 C
S 15 C
S 17 C
S 20 C
S 22 C
S 25 C
S 28 C
S 30 C
S 33 C
S 35 C
S 38 C
S 40 C
S 43 C
S 45 C
S 48 C
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
.08/.13
.10/.15
.13/.18
.15/.20
.18/.23
.20/.25
.22/.28
.25/.31
.27/.33
.30/.36
.32/.38
.35/.41
.37/.43
.40/.46
.42/.48
.45/.51
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
P
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
S
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
Cu
Ni
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS

CARBON STEELS AND BORON STEELS
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
Cr
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
Ni + Cr
39
Steel
Grade
S 50 C
S 53 C
S 55 C
S 58 C
ASBo 20
ASBo 25
ASBo 28
ASBo 30
ASBo 33
ASBo 35
ASBo 38
ASBo 40
ASBo 43
ASBo 45
ASBo 48
ASBo 50
ASBo 53
No.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
.47/53
.50/.56
.52/.58
.55/.61
.18/.23
.22/.28
.25/.31
.27/.33
.30/.36
.32/.38
.35/.41
.37/.43
.40/.46
.42/.48
.45/.51
.47/.53
.50/.56
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.30/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
P
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
S
..............
..............
..............
..............
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
B
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
Cu
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
Ni
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
Cr
JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS CARBON STEELS AND BORON STEELS continued
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
Ni + Cr
40
Steel Grade
ASMn420H
ASMn425H
ASMn430H
SMn433H
ASMn435H
SMn438H
ASMn440H
ASMn443H
ASMn448H
ASMn453H
ASMnB220H
ASMnB233H
ASMnB422H
ASMnB425H
ASMnB433H
ASMnB443H
ASMnC420H
SMnC443H
No.
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
.17/.23
.22/.28
.27/.34
.29/.36
.32/.39
.34/.41
.37/.44
.40/.47
.45/.52
.50/.57
.17/.23
.29/.36
.19/.25
.22/.28
.29/.36
.40/.47
.17/.23
.39/.46
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
1.15/1.55
1.15/1.55
1.15/1.55
1.15/1.55
1.15/1.55
1.30/1.70
1.30/1.70
1.30/1.70
1.30/1.70
1.30/1.70
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.20/1.50
1.20/1.50
1.20/1.50
1.20/1.50
1.15/1.55
1.30/1.70
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
P
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
S
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
Ni
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35/.70
.35/.70
Cr
Mo
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS

H STEELS
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
..............
..............
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
Cu
41
Steel Grade
ASMnC520H
ASMnC543H
ASMnCB440H
SCr415H
ASCr418H
SCr420H
ASCr423H
ASCr425H
SCr430H
SCr435H
SCr440H
ASCr445H
ASCB435H
ASCB440H
ASCM115H
ASCM118H
ASCM120H
ASCM125H
ASCM315H
No.
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
.17/.23
.39/.46
.37/.44
.12/.18
.15/.21
.17/.23
.20/.26
.22/.28
.27/.34
.32/.39
.37/.44
.42/.49
.32/.39
.37/.44
.12/.18
.15/.21
.17/.23
.22/.28
.12/.18
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
1.15/1.55
1.30/1.70
.80/1.20
.80/1.20
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.65/1.00
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
P
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
S
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
Ni
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.30/.70
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.85/1.25
Cr
Cu
.............. .............. .30 max

.............. .............. .30 max
.............. .0005 min .30 max
.............. .............. .30 max
.............. .............. .30 max
.............. .............. .30 max
.............. .............. .30 max
.............. .............. .30 max
.............. .............. .30 max
.............. .............. .30 max
.............. .............. .30 max
.............. .............. .30 max
.............. .0005 min .30 max
.............. .0005 min .30 max
.08/.15 .............. .30 max
.08/.15 .............. .30 max
.08/.15 .............. .30 max
.08/.15 .............. .30 max
.08/.15 .............. .30 max
Mo
JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS H STEELS continued
42
Steel Grade
ASCM318H
ASCM320H
ASCM325H
SCM415H
SCM418H
SCM420H
ASCM430H
SCM435H
SCM440H
SCM445H
SCM822H
SNCM220H
SNCM420H
No.
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
.15/.21
.17/.23
.22/.28
.12/.18
.15/.21
.17/.23
.27/.34
.32/.39
.37/.44
.42/.49
.19/.25
.17/.23
.17/.23
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.65/1.00
.65/1.00
.65/1.00
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.60/.95
.40/.70
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
Ni
.030 max .25 max

.030 max .25 max
.030 max .25 max
.030 max .25 max
.030 max .25 max
.030 max .25 max
.030 max .25 max
.030 max .25 max
.030 max .25 max
.030 max .25 max
.030 max .25 max
.030 max .35/.75
.030 max 1.55/2.00
S
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.35/.65
.35/.65
Cr
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.35/.45
.15/.30
.15/.30
Mo
JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS H STEELS continued
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
B
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
Cu
43
.08/.13
.10/.15
.13/.18
.15/.20
.18/.23
.20/.25
.22/.28
.25/.31
.27/.33
.30/.36
.32/.38
.35/.41
S 10 C
S 12 C
S 15 C
S 17 C
S 20 C
S 22 C
S 25 C
S 28 C
S 30 C
S 33 C
S 35 C
S 38 C
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
Steel
Grade
.035 max S 40 C
.035 max S 43 C
.035 max S 45 C
.035 max S 48 C
.035 max S 50 C
.035 max S 53 C
.035 max S 55 C
.035 max S 58 C
.035 max S 09 CK
.035 max S 15 CK
.035 max S 20 CK
.035 max
S
.37/.43
.40/.46
.42/.48
.45/.51
.47/.53
.50/.56
.52/.58
.55/.61
.07/.12
.13/.18
.18/.23
C
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
NOTE: As impurities Cu, Ni, Cr and Ni + Cr for grades S 09 CK, S 15 CK, S 20 CK shall not exceed respectively 0.25%, 0.20%, 0.20% and 0.30% and Cu, Ni, Cr and Ni +
Cr for other grades shall not exceed respectively 0.30%, 0.20%, 0.20% and 0.35%.
Steel
Grade
JIS G 4051
JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS

CARBON STEELS
44
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
Symbol
SUJ 1
SUJ 2
SUJ 3
SUJ 4
SUJ 5
Si
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.70
.15/.35
.40/.70
.50 max
.50 max
.90/1.15
.50 max
.90/1.15
Mn
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
JIS G 4805
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
S
.90/1.20
1.30/1.60
.90/1.20
1.30/1.60
.90/1.20
Cr

HIGH CARBON CHROMIUM BEARING STEELS
Mo
..............
..............
..............
.10/.25
.10/.25
45
.17/.23
.38/.43
.12/.18
.17/.23
.27/.35
.36/.43
.44/.50
.13/.20
.20/.30
.25/.35
.12/.18
SNCM 220
SNCM 240
SNCM 415
SNCM 420
SNCM 431
SNCM 439
SNCM 447
SNCM 616
SNCM 625
SNCM 630
SNCM 815
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
NOTE: As impurities, Cu shall not exceed 0.30% for all grades.
Steel
Grade
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.40/.70
.40/.70
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.80/1.20
.35/.60
.35/.60
.30/.60
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
P
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
JIS G 4103
.40/.70
.40/.70
1.60/2.00
1.60/2.00
1.60/2.00
1.60/2.00
1.60/2.00
2.80/3.20
3.00/3.50
2.50/3.50
4.00/4.50
Ni
Cr
.40/.65
.40/.65
.40/.65
.40/.65
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
1.40/1.80
1.00/1.50
2.50/3.50
.70/1.00

NICKEL MOLYBDENUM CHROMIUM STEELS
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.40/.60
.15/.30
.50/.70
.15/.30
Mo
46
Steel Grade
.13/.18
.18/.23
.28/.33
.33/.38
.38/.43
.43/.48
Si
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Mn
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
NOTE: As impurities Ni and Cu shall not exceed 0.25% and 0.30%, respectively, for all grades.
SCr 415
SCr 420
SCr 430
SCr 435
SCr 440
SCr 445
P
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
JIS G 4104
S
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max

CHROMIUM STEELS
Cr
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
47
Steel Grade
.13/.18
.16/.21
.18/.23
.17/.23
.28/.33
.27/.37
.33/.38
.38/.43
.43/.48
.20/.25
Si
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Mn
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
.70/1.00
.60/.85
.30/.60
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
P
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
NOTE: As impurities, Ni and Cu shall not exceed 0.25% and 0.30%, respectively, for all grades.
SCM 415
SCM 418
SCM 420
SCM 421
SCM 430
SCM 432
SCM 435
SCM 440
SCM 445
SCM 822
JIS G 4105
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max

CHROMIUM MOLYBDENUM STEELS
Cr
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
1.00/1.50
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
Mo
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.35/.45
48
Steel Grade
.17/.23
.30/.36
.35/.41
.40/.46
.17/.23
.40/.46
Si
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Mn
1.20/1.50
1.20/1.50
1.35/1.65
1.35/1.65
1.20/1.50
1.35/1.65
P
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
S
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
Cr
..............
..............
..............
..............
.35/.70
.35/.70
NOTE: As impurities Ni and Cu shall not exceed 0.25% and 0.30%, respectively, for all grades. SMn 420, SMn 433, SMn 438 and SMn 443 shall not contain Cr exceeding 0.35%.
SMn 420
SMn 433
SMn 438
SMn 443
SMnC 420
SMnC 443
JIS G 4106

MANGANESE STEELS AND MANGANESE CHROMIUM STEELS
49
Max.
58
56
55
53
49
43
37
33
30
29
28
27
27
26
26
25
25
24
23
21
...
...
...
...
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
51
42
34
29
26
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
1038 H
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
62
61
59
56
52
46
38
34
33
32
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
28
27
26
25
23
22
21
Max.
55
52
42
34
31
29
28
27
26
26
25
25
25
24
24
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
1045 H
50
48
47
46
45
42
39
37
34
32
30
28
27
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Max.
41
41
32
27
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
1522 H
51
49
48
47
45
43
39
38
35
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
23
22
20
...
...
...
...
Max.
42
42
38
34
29
25
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
1524 H
GRADE
53
50
49
47
46
42
39
37
33
31
30
28
27
26
26
24
24
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
Max.
44
42
38
33
26
25
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
1526 H
Tabulations of Band Limits 1038 H to 15B21 H
60
59
59
58
57
56
55
53
52
50
48
46
44
41
39
35
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
26
53
52
50
47
44
41
38
35
32
29
27
26
25
24
23
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
1541 H
Max.
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
48
48
47
47
46
45
44
42
40
38
35
32
27
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
41
41
40
39
38
36
30
23
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
15B21 H
Max.
50
Max.
53
53
52
51
51
50
49
48
46
43
40
37
34
31
30
29
27
25
25
24
23
22
21
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
47
47
46
45
42
32
25
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
15B28 H
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
55
53
52
51
50
48
43
38
33
29
27
26
25
24
23
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Max.
48
47
46
44
32
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
15B30 H
58
56
55
54
53
51
47
41
...
30
...
27
...
26
...
25
...
24
...
22
...
20
...
...
Max.
51
50
49
48
39
28
24
22
...
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
15B35 H
58
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
...
45
...
40
...
33
...
29
...
27
...
25
...
23
...
21
Max.
50
50
49
48
43
37
33
26
...
22
...
21
...
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
15B37 H
GRADE
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
46
42
39
36
34
33
31
31
Max.
53
52
52
51
51
50
49
48
44
37
32
28
26
25
25
24
23
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
Min.
15B41 H
63
62
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
53
51
48
45
41
38
34
32
31
30
29
29
28
28
Max.
56
56
55
54
53
52
42
34
31
30
29
28
27
27
26
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
...
...
Min.
15B48 H
Tabulations of Band Limits 15B28 H to 1330 H
...
...
...
...
65
65
64
64
64
63
63
63
62
62
61
60
58
54
48
43
40
37
35
34
60
60
60
60
59
58
57
52
43
39
37
35
35
34
33
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
27
26
Min.
15B62 H
Max.
56
56
55
53
52
50
48
45
43
42
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
31
31
30
30
49
47
44
40
35
31
28
26
25
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
1330 H
Max.
51
(1)
60
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
52
51
50
48
46
44
42
41
39
38
37
36
35
35
34
34
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
Formerly Standard Steels
Max.
53
52
51
49
46
40
35
33
31
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
20
Min.
1340 H
J
Distan
Sixteenths
of an Inch
63
63
62
61
61
60
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
49
48
47
46
45
45
45
45
Max.
56
56
55
54
51
44
38
35
33
32
31
30
29
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
Min.
1345 H
43
43
42
42
42
42
41
41
41
40
40
40
39
39
38
38
37
37
37
36
36
36
35
35
Max.
36
36
35
35
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
Min.
3310 H(1)
47
47
47
46
46
46
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
44
44
44
44
43
43
43
42
42
42
41
Max.
40
39
38
38
37
37
36
35
34
33
33
32
32
32
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
30
30
30
Min.
3316 H(1)
GRADE
52
50
46
40
34
30
28
26
25
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
Max.
45
40
31
25
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4028 H
57
54
51
46
39
34
31
29
28
26
26
25
24
24
23
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
Max.
50
45
36
29
25
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4032 H
Tabulations of Band Limits 1335 H to 4037 H
59
57
54
51
45
38
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
24
24
24
23
23
52
49
42
35
30
26
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4037 H
Max.
4042 H
62
60
58
55
50
45
39
36
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
28
28
28
27
27
27
26
26
Max.
55
52
48
40
33
29
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
23
22
22
22
21
20
20
...
...
...
...
Min.
52
Max.
64
62
60
58
55
52
47
43
40
38
37
35
34
33
33
32
31
30
30
30
30
29
29
29
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
57
55
50
42
35
32
30
28
28
27
26
26
25
25
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
Min.
4047 H
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
48
46
41
35
31
28
27
25
24
23
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Max.
41
36
27
23
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4118 H
48
47
44
41
37
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
23
23
23
22
22
22
Max.
41
37
32
37
23
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4120 H
56
55
53
51
49
47
44
42
40
38
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
32
31
31
30
30
29
Max.
49
46
42
38
34
31
29
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4130 H
GRADE
58
58
57
56
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
42
41
40
39
38
38
37
Max.
51
50
49
48
47
45
42
40
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
27
27
27
26
26
26
Min.
4135 H
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
46
45
44
43
42
42
41
41
Max.
52
51
50
49
49
48
45
43
40
39
37
36
35
34
33
33
32
31
30
30
30
29
29
29
Min.
4137 H
60
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
56
55
55
54
54
53
52
51
49
48
47
46
45
44
53
53
52
51
51
50
48
47
44
42
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
33
32
32
31
31
30
Min.
4140 H
Max.
62
62
62
61
61
61
60
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
54
53
53
52
51
51
50
55
55
54
53
53
52
51
50
49
47
46
44
42
41
40
39
37
36
35
34
34
34
33
33
Min.
4142 H
Max.
53
Max.
63
63
62
62
62
61
61
61
60
60
60
59
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
55
55
55
54
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
56
55
55
54
53
53
52
52
51
50
49
48
46
45
43
42
40
38
37
36
35
35
34
34
Min.
4145 H
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
64
64
64
64
63
63
63
63
63
62
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
59
58
57
57
57
56
56
Max.
57
57
56
56
55
55
55
54
54
53
52
51
49
48
46
45
42
40
39
38
37
37
37
36
Min.
4147 H
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
64
63
63
62
62
62
61
60
59
59
58
58
58
58
Max.
59
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
56
55
54
53
51
50
48
47
45
43
41
40
39
38
38
38
Min.
4150 H
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
64
64
64
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
Max.
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
59
59
59
58
58
57
56
55
63
50
48
45
43
42
41
Min.
4161 H
GRADE
48
47
45
43
41
38
36
34
33
31
30
29
28
27
27
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
24
24
Max.
41
38
35
32
29
27
25
23
22
21
20
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4320 H
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
59
59
58
58
58
58
57
57
57
57
56
56
56
Max.
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
52
52
52
51
51
50
49
49
48
48
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
Min.
4340 H
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
59
59
58
58
58
57
57
57
57
57
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
52
52
52
52
51
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
Min.
E 4340 H
Max.
48
45
42
39
34
31
29
27
26
25
24
23
22
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
41
35
27
24
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4620 H
Max.
54
(1)
51
48
41
33
29
27
25
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
Formerly Standard Steels
Max.
45
36
29
24
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4626 H(1)
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
47
47
45
43
40
37
35
33
32
31
30
29
29
28
27
27
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
24
Max.
40
40
38
33
29
27
25
24
23
22
22
21
21
21
20
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4718 H
48
47
43
39
35
32
29
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
22
21
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
Max.
41
39
31
27
23
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4720 H
45
44
44
42
41
39
37
35
33
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
26
25
24
24
24
23
23
23
Max.
38
37
34
30
27
24
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4815 H
GRADE
46
46
45
44
42
41
39
37
35
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
26
25
25
25
25
24
24
Max.
39
38
35
32
29
27
25
23
22
21
20
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4817 H
48
48
47
46
45
43
42
40
39
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
25
Max.
41
40
39
38
34
31
29
27
26
25
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4820 H
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
53
51
49
47
44
41
38
36
35
34
33
32
30
29
53
53
52
51
50
48
44
39
34
31
29
28
27
26
25
25
23
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
50B40 H
Max.
63
63
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
58
57
56
54
52
50
48
44
40
38
37
36
35
34
33
56
56
55
55
54
52
48
43
38
34
31
30
29
29
28
27
26
24
23
21
20
...
...
...
Min.
50B44 H
Max.
55
Max.
63
62
60
56
52
46
39
35
34
33
33
32
32
31
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
23
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
56
55
45
32
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
5046 H
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
54
51
47
43
40
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
Max.
56
54
52
50
41
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
26
25
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
Min.
50B46 H
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
62
61
60
60
59
58
57
56
54
50
47
44
41
39
38
37
36
Max.
59
59
58
57
56
55
52
47
42
37
35
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
22
21
20
Min.
50B50 H
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
65
65
64
64
64
63
63
63
62
60
58
55
53
51
49
47
44
Max.
60
60
60
60
60
59
57
53
47
42
39
37
36
35
34
34
33
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
Min.
50B60 H
GRADE
48
46
41
36
33
30
28
27
25
24
23
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Max.
40
34
28
23
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
5120 H
56
55
53
51
49
47
45
42
40
38
37
36
35
34
34
33
32
31
30
29
27
26
25
24
Max.
49
46
42
39
35
32
30
28
26
25
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
5130 H
57
56
54
52
50
48
45
42
40
38
37
36
35
34
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
50
47
43
40
35
32
29
27
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
5132 H
Max.
58
57
56
55
54
52
50
47
45
43
41
40
39
38
37
37
36
35
34
33
32
32
31
30
51
49
47
43
38
35
32
30
28
27
25
24
23
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
5135 H
Max.
56
Max.
60
59
58
57
56
54
52
50
48
46
45
43
42
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
53
52
50
48
43
38
35
33
31
30
29
28
27
27
26
25
24
23
21
20
....
....
....
....
Min.
5140 H
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
64
64
63
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
Max.
57
56
55
54
53
52
49
45
40
37
35
34
33
32
32
31
30
29
27
26
25
24
22
21
Min.
5147 H
65
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
56
55
53
51
50
48
47
45
43
42
41
40
39
39
38
Max.
59
58
57
56
53
49
42
38
36
34
33
32
31
31
30
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
Min.
5150 H
....
65
64
64
63
63
62
62
61
60
59
57
55
52
51
49
47
45
44
43
42
41
41
40
Max.
60
59
58
57
55
52
47
41
37
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
31
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
Min.
5155 H
GRADE
....
....
....
65
65
64
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
56
54
52
48
47
46
45
44
43
43
42
Max.
60
60
60
59
58
56
52
47
42
39
37
36
35
35
34
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
Min.
5160 H
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
65
65
64
64
63
61
59
57
55
53
51
49
47
Max.
60
60
60
60
60
59
58
57
54
50
44
41
40
39
38
37
36
34
33
31
30
28
27
25
Min.
51B60 H
46
44
38
33
30
28
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
39
36
28
24
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
6118 H
Max.
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
61
61
60
59
58
57
55
54
52
50
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
59
58
57
56
55
53
50
47
43
41
39
38
37
36
35
35
34
32
31
30
29
27
26
25
Min.
6150 H
Max.
57
Max.
63
63
63
63
63
63
62
62
61
60
60
59
58
57
57
56
55
53
52
50
49
47
45
43
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
56
56
56
56
55
54
53
51
48
44
41
39
38
37
36
35
34
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
Min.
81B45 H
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
46
44
41
38
34
31
28
27
26
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
Max.
39
33
27
24
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8617 H
48
47
44
41
37
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
23
23
23
22
22
22
Max.
41
37
32
27
23
21
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8620 H
50
49
47
44
40
37
34
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
Max.
43
39
34
30
26
24
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8622 H
GRADE
52
51
48
46
43
40
37
35
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
Max.
45
41
36
32
29
27
25
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8625 H
54
52
50
48
45
43
40
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
28
28
27
27
27
27
27
Max.
47
43
38
35
32
29
27
26
24
24
23
22
21
21
20
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8627 H
Tabulations of Band Limits 81B45 H to 86B30 H
56
55
54
52
50
47
44
41
39
37
35
34
33
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
29
29
29
29
49
46
43
39
35
32
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
20
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8630 H
Max.
56
55
55
55
54
54
53
53
52
52
52
51
51
50
50
49
48
47
45
44
43
41
40
39
49
49
48
48
48
48
48
47
46
44
42
40
39
38
36
35
34
32
31
29
28
27
26
25
Min.
86B30 H
Max.
58
Max.
59
58
58
57
56
55
54
53
51
49
47
46
44
43
41
40
39
37
36
36
35
35
35
35
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
52
51
50
48
45
42
39
36
34
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
23
23
Min.
8637 H
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
60
60
60
59
59
58
57
55
54
52
50
49
47
45
44
42
41
39
38
38
37
37
37
37
Max.
53
53
52
51
49
46
42
39
36
34
32
31
30
29
28
28
26
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
Min.
8640 H
62
62
62
61
61
60
59
58
57
55
54
52
50
49
48
46
44
42
41
40
40
39
39
39
Max.
55
54
53
52
50
48
45
42
39
37
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
Min.
8642 H
63
63
63
63
62
61
61
60
59
58
56
55
54
52
51
49
47
45
43
42
42
41
41
41
Max.
56
56
55
54
52
50
48
45
41
39
37
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
27
27
Min.
8645 H
GRADE
63
63
62
62
62
61
61
60
60
60
59
59
59
59
58
58
58
58
57
57
57
57
56
56
Max.
56
56
55
54
54
53
52
52
51
51
50
50
49
48
46
45
42
39
37
35
34
32
32
31
Min.
86B45 H
65
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
61
60
60
59
58
58
57
56
55
53
52
50
49
47
46
45
Max.
59
58
57
57
56
54
53
50
47
44
41
39
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
Min.
8650 H
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
53
60
59
59
58
57
56
55
54
52
49
46
43
41
40
39
38
37
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
Min.
8655 H
Max.
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
65
64
64
63
62
62
61
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
58
57
55
53
50
47
45
44
43
42
40
39
38
37
36
36
35
35
Min.
8660 H
Max.
59
Max.
48
47
45
42
38
35
33
31
30
29
28
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
23
23
22
22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
41
38
35
30
26
24
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8720 H
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
60
60
60
60
59
58
57
56
55
53
52
50
49
48
46
45
43
42
41
40
39
39
38
38
Max.
53
53
52
51
49
46
43
40
37
35
34
32
31
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
27
27
26
26
Min.
8740 H
50
49
48
46
43
40
37
35
34
33
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
28
27
27
27
27
27
27
Max.
43
42
39
33
29
27
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8822 H
....
....
65
64
63
62
60
58
55
52
49
47
45
43
42
40
38
37
36
36
35
35
35
34
Max.
60
60
57
53
46
41
38
36
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
28
28
Min.
9260 H
GRADE
43
43
43
42
42
42
42
41
40
40
39
38
37
36
36
35
35
35
34
34
34
34
33
33
Max.
36
35
35
34
32
31
30
29
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
25
24
24
Min.
9310 H
45
45
44
44
43
42
40
38
36
34
33
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
23
22
22
22
Max.
38
38
37
36
32
28
25
23
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
94B15 H
46
46
45
45
44
43
42
41
40
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
39
39
38
37
34
29
26
24
23
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
94B17 H
Max.
56
56
55
55
54
54
53
53
52
52
51
51
50
49
48
46
44
42
40
38
37
35
34
34
49
49
48
48
47
46
44
42
39
37
34
32
30
29
28
27
25
24
23
23
22
21
21
20
Min.
94B30 H
Max.
60
Min.
50
48
44
40
36
34
32
30
28
27
26
26
26
25
25
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
55
54
52
49
46
44
41
39
37
35
33
32
32
31
31
31
30
30
30
29
29
28
28
27
42
39
35
30
26
24
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
47
45
41
38
34
31
29
28
26
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
42
38
30
25
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
47
44
38
33
29
27
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
46
42
34
28
24
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
51
48
43
37
32
28
26
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
37
37
37
36
36
35
33
33
32
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
28
28
27
27
27
26
26
26
42
42
42
41
41
41
40
40
39
39
39
39
38
38
37
37
36
36
35
35
35
34
34
34
52
51
50
49
41
33
28
24
23
21
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
57
55
54
53
50
46
42
36
32
28
....
25
....
24
....
23
....
22
....
20
....
....
....
....
42
41
39
33
24
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.....
....
47
46
44
42
37
30
24
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
4130 RH
Max.
Min.
4120 RH
Max.
Min.
4118 RH
Max.
Min.
4027 RH
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
GRADE
Min.
3310 RH
Max.
15B35 RH
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
15B21 RH
Tabulations of Band Limits 15B21 RH to 4130 RH
RESTRICTED END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
61
Min.
54
54
53
53
52
50
47
43
38
35
33
32
31
30
29
28
26
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
59
59
58
58
57
56
55
54
52
50
49
47
45
44
41
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
42
42
41
40
36
33
32
30
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
20
20
....
....
....
47
47
46
45
43
41
40
38
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
25
24
23
42
37
30
27
24
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
47
44
40
37
32
29
27
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
42
40
37
34
31
29
27
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
47
46
44
41
39
36
34
32
31
29
28
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
21
21
21
21
21
21
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
59
59
58
57
56
54
53
51
49
47
46
45
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
63
63
62
62
61
60
59
58
57
57
57
57
56
56
55
55
54
53
52
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
44
43
42
40
40
39
38
37
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
59
58
58
58
57
57
56
56
55
54
53
52
51
51
50
50
49
54
54
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
46
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
37
36
35
35
34
33
59
59
59
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
52
51
50
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
50B40 RH
Max.
Min.
4820 RH
Max.
Min.
4620 RH
Max.
Min.
4320 RH
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
GRADE
Min.
4161 RH
Max.
4145 RH
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
4140 RH
Tabulations of Band Limits 4140 RH to 50B40 RH
62
Max.
55
53
51
49
46
44
42
39
37
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
50
47
44
41
37
35
33
31
29
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
5130 RH
J
Distance
Sixteenths
of an Inch
59
58
57
55
53
51
48
46
44
43
41
40
39
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
Max.
54
53
51
49
45
41
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
Min.
5140 RH
65
65
65
65
64
63
62
60
58
56
55
53
51
50
48
47
44
43
42
41
40
39
39
38
Max.
60
60
60
59
58
57
54
50
45
42
40
39
38
37
36
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
29
Min.
5160 RH
47
45
41
38
34
31
29
28
26
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Max.
42
39
35
30
26
24
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8620 RH
GRADE
49
47
45
41
38
35
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
Max.
44
41
37
32
29
27
24
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8622 RH
47
45
43
40
36
33
31
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
Max.
42
39
37
32
28
26
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8720 RH
Tabulations of Band Limits 5130 RH to 9310 RH
49
48
47
43
40
37
35
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
Max.
44
43
40
35
31
29
27
26
25
25
24
23
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
Min.
8822 RH
42
42
42
41
41
40
40
39
38
37
37
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
32
32
32
31
31
37
36
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
29
28
28
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
26
25
25
Min.
9310 RH
Max.
INTRODUCTION TO
JOMINY CORRELATION
WITH ROUND BARS
The following correlation of Jominy values with quenching severity
and surface to center hardnesses obtainable in round bars is based
on calculated and practical experience data.
Since practical heat treatment results are subject to several variables
being quenched, furnace atmosphere, and quenching severity of the
applying this correlation to his particular heat treatment setup.
However, as experience is gained by their use, it is believed that
these charts will be found helpful as a guide to the selection of steel of
proper hardenability based on Jominy end quench results. As a valueadded service, Timken Company hardenability data will be supplied
upon request, with each heat of steel.
63
1" RD
3/4" RD
1/2" RD
1.5
1.0
0.70
2.0
1.5
1.0
5.0
1.5 2.0
0.20
0.35
0.70
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
12
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
SURFACE
16
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
20
0.20
0.35
0.50
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
5.0
H VALUE
24
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Water
Water
Brine
Brine
Ideal Quench
QUENCH
28
No
Moderate
Good
Strong
No
Strong
No
Strong
AGITATION
32
Select proper round bar size to be quenched.

Select the curve most representative of quenching conditions (H value) to be used.
Read the curve to the Jominy Distance.
Insert Rockwell C hardness values corresponding to the Jominy Distance.
These are obtained from The Timken Company
CENTER
4
8
JOMINY DISTANCE
0.50
1.
2.
3.
4.
0.20
BAR SIZE
0.35
INSTRUCTIONS FOR
USE OF CHART
Hardenability
Data available
with each
shipment of steel.
These hardness
values represent
the approximate
surface-to-center
hardness
obtainable for
the type of steel
being heat
treated.
CHART FOR PREDICTING APPROXIMATE CROSS SECTION HARDNESS OF QUENCHED

ROUND BARS USING JOMINY TEST RESULTS
0.20
0.50
0.35
0.50
1.0
0.70
64
4" RD
3" RD
0.35
12
5.0
2.0
1.0
0.50
2.0
0.35
0.70
5.0
0.50
1.0
5.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.70
2.0
5.0
4
8
JOMINY DISTANCE
1.5
2" RD
0.50
SURFACE
16
0.20
1.0
0.20
0.70
1/2 RADIUS
SURFACE
0.20
0.35
0.50
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
5.0
H VALUE
20
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
0.35
0.70
1-1/2" RD
0.50
CENTER
QUENCH
24
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Water
Water
Brine
Brine
Ideal Quench
0.20
0.35
BAR SIZE
28
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
No
Moderate
Good
Strong
No
Strong
No
Strong
AGITATION
32
0.20
65
1.5
1.5
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
66
8" RD
7" RD
6" RD
5" RD
BAR SIZE
4
8
JOMINY DISTANCE
12
16
5.0
20
1.5
24
1.0
0.70
28
5.0
32
0.35
1.5
0.35
1.5
0.35
0.70
1.5
0.35
0.50
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
SURFACE
CENTER
1/2 RADIUS
SURFACE
CENTER
1/2 RADIUS
SURFACE
CENTER
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
EXPLANATION OF COMBINED
HARDENABILITY CHARTS
The following charts present hardenability data for thirteen popular
steels. They may be used to determine the approximate mid-radius
hardness which is developed, in various sized rounds up to 9" in
diameter using a good oil quench (.4-.5 Hv), or rounds up to 15" in
diameter when air cooling. The effect of a subsequent 1000F 2 hour
temper is also illustrated.
The relationship between hardness and section size was determined
using data from the Jominy end quench test, and air hardenability test,
and controlled cooling tests. It must be remembered that the results
for a particular steel type are based on one chemical analysis and
one austenitizing temperature. Variations of these will affect hardenability, as shown by the Jominy hardenability bands (shaded area).
Therefore, the charts should be used to determine estimated, rather
than exact, hardness values.
USE OF CHARTS
1. Select steel type.
2. Find desired diameter for the quenching medium employed.
3. Read the approximate as-quenched or tempered hardness using
the appropriate curve; read hardness range using hardenability
band.
For example, a 2-inch round made of 1045 type steel will
develop the following mid-radius hardnesses:
As-Cooled
Tempered
1000 F-2 Hours
Mild Water
Oil .4-.5 Hv
Air
28(25/32) Rc
25(22/29) Rc
91Rb
22.5 Rc
21 Rc
91Rb
67
1045
BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
68
55F/S
2"
10
25F/S
3"
2"
S
.023
Si
.22
Cr
.11
Ni
.18
Mo
.04
15
12F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
~9"
48
4"
80F/M
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290F/M 200F/M
6"
5"
19F/M
4"
Al
6" 10" 15"
13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550 F.
27F/M
3"
Cu
.04
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32F/M
2"
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
P
.019
NORMALIZED 1600 F. AUSTENITIZED 1550 F.
Mn
.79
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.42
HEAT TREATMENT
1340
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
69
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.011
S
.013
Si
.24
Cr
.08
Ni
.09
Mo
.02
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
48
~9"
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER
1550 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
.019
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.11

Mn
1.87
1"
1"
C
.40
HEAT TREATMENT
3310
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
70
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.012
S
.012
Si
.25
Cr
1.56
Ni
3.42
Mo
.05
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
(FROM ASM HANDBOOK)
19 /M
F
4"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1550 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
.032
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.10

Mn
.54
1"
1"
C
.08
HEAT TREATMENT
4027
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
71
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.011
S
.027
Si
.29
Cr
.05
Ni
.09
Mo
.22
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
48
~9"
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1600 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
.032
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.07

Mn
.86
1"
1"
C
.26
HEAT TREATMENT
4130
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
72
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.013
S
.020
Si
.30
Cr
.96
Ni
.20
Mo
.21
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1600 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.12

Mn
.51
1"
1"
C
.31
HEAT TREATMENT
4140
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
73
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.031
S
.021
Si
.31
Cr
.96
Ni
.13
Mo
.20
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1550 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.08

Mn
.82
1"
1"
C
.39
HEAT TREATMENT
4320
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
74
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.010
S
.014
Si
.29
Cr
.50
Ni
1.79
Mo
.23
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
48
~9"
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1700 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
.021
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.09
Mn
.61
1"
1"
C
.18
HEAT TREATMENT
4340
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
75
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.014
S
.015
Si
.30
Cr
.72
Ni
1.75
Mo
.26
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1550 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.13

Mn
.74
1"
1"
C
.41
HEAT TREATMENT
4620
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
76
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.013
S
.019
Si
.32
Cr
.20
Ni
1.75
Mo
.22
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1700 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.05

Mn
.60
1"
1"
C
.19
HEAT TREATMENT
5130
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
77
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.022
S
.026
Si
.26
Cr
.98
Ni
.09
Mo
.02
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1600 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
.019
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.14

Mn
.79
1"
1"
C
.30
HEAT TREATMENT
5160
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
78
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.014
S
.016
Si
.29
Cr
.78
Ni
.07
Mo
.01
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
48
~9"
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
11/4"
/4"
3
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
400 F. TEMPER
1000 F. TEMPER
1550 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
.023
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.05

Mn
.91
1"
1"
C
.58
HEAT TREATMENT
8620
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
79
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.010
S
.014
Si
.30
Cr
.50
Ni
.51
Mo
.19
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1700 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
.031
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.09

Mn
.85
1"
1"
C
.20
HEAT TREATMENT
9310
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
80
55 /S
2"
10
25 /S
3"
2"
P
.012
S
.015
Si
.30
Cr
1.26
Ni
3.26
Mo
.11
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1550 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
.044
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.11

Mn
.58
1"
1"
C
.10
HEAT TREATMENT
81
ROCKWELL C HARDNESS
10
20
30
40
50
60
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
PERCENT CARBON
.60
.70
Note: Fine divisions added to

simplify use of the graph.
Hodge, J. M. and Orehoski, M. A.

Relationship between hardenability
and percentage of martensite in
some low-alloy steels.
Transactions. AIME, 1946, v. 167,
pp. 627-642.
50% MARTENSITE
80% MARTENSITE
90% MARTENSITE
99.9% MARTENSITE
95% MARTENSITE
AVERAGE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CARBON CONTENT, HARDNESS AND

PERCENTAGE OF MARTENSITE IN QUENCHING
414
552
690
828
TENSILE STRENGTH, MPa

966 1104 1241 1379 1517
1655 1793 1931
EFFECTS OF SURFACE CONDITIONS AND MECHANICAL

NOTCHES ON ENDURANCE OR FATIGUE LIMITS
160
1140
ENDURANCE LIMIT, 1000 psi
828
120
POLISHED
690
100
GROUND
552
80
MACHINED
60
414
ENDURANCE LIMIT, MPa
966
140
276
40
HOT ROLLED,
SEVERLY NOTCHED,
AS FORGED
20
60
80
100
120
140 160
180 200 220
TENSILE STRENGTH, 1000 psi
240
260
138
280
Note: Endurance limits for surfaces exposed to corrosive environment fall

below the band for hot rolled, severly notched, and as forged surfaces.
CONDITIONS WHICH AFFECT

FATIGUE STRENGTH
The fatigue strength of a material depends on many factors of which
the following are considered among the most important: (1) the
strength of the material and the magnitude of the stress being applied
to the material in its application, (2) the surface integrity of the material
stress present, and the presence of decarburization, (3) the environment in which the material is exposed in service.
It must be noted that fatigue data such as that represented by the
curves shown above are averages obtained from laboratory tests
which approach ideal conditions and should not be considered more
than a guide.
F.B. Stulen and W.C. Schulte, Metals Engineering Quarterly (Am. Soc. Metals), Vol. 5,
No. 3, Aug. 1965
SAE Fatigue Design Handbook (AE4) - 1968
Proceedings of the International Conference on Fatigue of Metals, (IME-ASME) - 1956
82
CARBURIZING INFORMATION
For .10% Carbon (Approx.) Higher Alloy Carburizing

Steels, i.e., 3310, 9310, etc.
EFFECTIVE CASE DEPTH
for
VARIOUS CARBURIZING TIMES AND TEMPERATURES
(Calculated in Inches to .40% CARBON LEVEL)
Carburizing
Time,
Hours
1600
1650
1700
1750
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
.011"
.015"
.019"
.021"
.024"
.026"
.028"
.030"
.032"
.034"
.036"
.013"
.019"
.023"
.026"
.030"
.033"
.035"
.038"
.040"
.042"
.044"
.016"
.023"
.028"
.033"
.037"
.040"
.043"
.046"
.049"
.052"
.054"
.019"
.027"
.034"
.039"
.044"
.048"
.052"
.056"
.059"
.062"
.065"
12
.037"
.046"
.057"
.068"
16
.043"
.053"
.065"
.078"
20
.048"
.059"
.073"
.088"
24
.052"
.065"
.080"
.096"
30
.059"
.073"
.089"
.108"
Carburizing Temperature (F)
Note: Case depth tables are based on data published in Metals Progress Data Sheet in
May 1974 by F. E. Harris.
83
CARBURIZING INFORMATION
For .20% Carbon (Approx.) Lower Alloy Carburizing

Steels, i.e., 4017, 4620, 8620, etc.
EFFECTIVE CASE DEPTH
for
VARIOUS CARBURIZING TIMES AND TEMPERATURES
(Calculated in Inches to .40% CARBON LEVEL)
Carburizing
Time,
Hours
1600
1650
1700
1750
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
.013"
.018"
.022"
.025"
.029"
.031"
.034"
.036"
.038"
.040"
.042"
.015"
.022"
.027"
.031"
.034"
.038"
.041"
.044"
.046"
.049"
.051"
.019"
.026"
.032"
.037"
.042"
.045"
.049"
.053"
.056"
.059"
.062"
.022"
.031"
.039"
.045"
.050"
.055"
.059"
.063"
.067"
.071"
.073"
12
.044"
.053"
.065"
.077"
16
.051"
.061"
.075"
.088"
20
.057"
.069"
.084"
.099"
24
.062"
.075"
.092"
.109"
30
.070"
.085"
.103"
.122"
Carburizing Temperature (F)
Note: Case depth tables are based on data published in Metals Progress Data Sheet in
May 1974 by F. E. Harris
84
PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS

DEW POINT, F
-20
20
40
60
80
100
SURFACE CARBON CONCENTRATION, %
Austenite
cementite
Low-carbon
steel
1
760 C
0.6
815 C
Austenite
+ ferrite
870 C
0.4
925 C
980 C
0.2
1040 C
Workpiece
temperature
1150 C
1095 C
0.1
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
DEW POINT, C
Variation of carbon potential with dew point for an endothermic-based atmosphere
containing 20% CO and 40% H2 in contact with plain carbon steel at various workpiece
temperatures.
85
74
86
SURFACE CARBON CONCENTRATION, %
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.02
0.04
0.1
1040 C
0.2
980 C
925 C
0.4
CARBON DIOXIDE IN ATMOSPHERE, %
0.06
1095 C
0.6
870 C
815 C
760 C
Austenite
+ ferrite
Low-carbon
steel
Variation of carbon potential with carbon dioxide concentration for an endothermic-based atmosphere containing 20% CO and
40% H2 in contact with plain carbon steel at various workpiece temperatures.
0.01
Workpiece
temperature
1150 C
Austenite cementite
PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS
DETERMINING CARBURIZING TIMES

AND TEMPERATURES
100
80
1,
50
0
60
1,
70
0
1,
60
0
40
1,
90
0
1,
80
0
20
10
6
4
400
200
100
CASE DEPTH, 0.001 in.
TIME AT HEAT, Hr
80
60
40
20
11
12
13
14
15
10
PARAMETER, P
TO USE THE CHART

In the upper grid, select a point (time and temperature) for which the case
depth results are known. Go vertically down from that point to the known
case depth and plot the point. Pass a line through this point parallel to the
dashed line shown. Projecting a line vertically upward from any point on
this line into the grid will give the combinations of time and temperature
that will result in the same depth of case. For instance, a vertical line drawn
upward from the dashed line at 100 thousandths indicates that a 0.100 in.
case will be produced by 6 hr. at 1900F, 11 hr. at 1800F, or 22 hr. at
1700F. Shop experience of the Cook Heat Treat Co., Houston, is depicted
by this line and its related points.
Adapted from information provided by Charles F. Lewis, Cook Heat
Treating Co., Div. Lindberg Corp.
87
88
1325
1315
1340
1325
1285
1280
1285
1265
1290
1260
1355
1350
1345
1355
1355
1355
2317
2330
2340
2345
2512
2515
3115
3120
3130
3140
3141
3150
1370
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1340
.............
.............
1015
1020
1030
1035
1040
1045
1050
1065
1090
1330
1335
1340
1345
Ac1
SAE
No.
1500
1480
1460
1410
1410
1380
1400
1400
1435
1360
1350
1335
1470
1460
1420
1420
1565
1555
1485
1475
1460
1440
1420
.............
.............
Ac3
Heating (F)
1480
1445
1360
1275
1300
1275
1150
1160
1265
1205
1185
1125
1340
1340
1310
1300
1545
1515
1465
1440
1420
1405
1390
.............
.............
Ar3
Ar1
1240
1230
1220
1225
1215
1215
1060
1090
1065
910/1050
1060
1040
1160
1165
1160
1160
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
.............
.............
Cooling (F)
.............
.............
.............
1550
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
1450
.............
.............
1550
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
1500
1625
Quench
Temp F
.............
.............
.............
630
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
580
.............
.............
640
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
525
420
Ms (F)
.............
.............
.............
440
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
400
.............
.............
450
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
300
175
Mf (F)
3115
3120
3130
3140
3141
3150
2512
2515
2317
2330
2340
2345
1330
1335
1340
1345
1015
1020
1030
1035
1040
1045
1050
1065
1090
SAE
No.
APPROXIMATE CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS

OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS
89
(1)
1335
1335
1360
1340
1340
1310
1360
1365
1385
1380
1380
.............
1390
.............
1355
1350
.............
1340
1300
1325
.............
1285
1285
1290
1360
1370
1380
1360
3310
3316
4027
4032
4042
4053
4063
4068
4118
4130
4140
4147
4150
4160
4320
4340
4342
4615
4620
4640
4695(1)
4718
4815
4820
5045
5060
5120
5140
1430
1410
1525
1450
1500
1500
1460
1400
1390
1395
1500
1475
1460
.............
1450
.............
1485
1425
.............
1485
1490
1400
.............
1510
1450
1440
1440
1425
Ac3
1305
1305
1460
1345
1400
1350
1340
1320
1220
1215
1410
1350
1370
.............
1290
.............
1330
1220
.............
1400
1335
1220
.............
1410
1310
1260
1235
1235
Ar3
Represents the case of 4600 grades of carburizing steels
Ac1
SAE
No.
Ar1
1255
1285
1305
1230
1230
1250
1210
1200
1190
1195
1275
1250
1280
.............
1245
.............
840/1170
725/1210
.............
1200
1220
875/1130
.............
1200
860/1110
825/1110
1160
1160
Cooling (F)
.............
.............
.............
1550
.............
.............
1500
.............
1500
.............
.............
1600
1500
1500
.............
1575
.............
1550
1500
.............
.............
1550
1550
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
Quench
Temp F
.............
.............
.............
630
.............
.............
610
.............
445
.............
.............
710
640
590
.............
500
.............
550
530
.............
.............
640
255
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
Ms (F)
CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS continued
Heating (F)
.............
.............
.............
460
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
550
425
.............
.............
.............
.............
330
.............
.............
.............
490
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
Mf (F)
5045
5060
5120
5140
4027
4032
4042
4053
4063
4068
4118
4130
4140
4147
4150
4160
4320
4340
4342
4615
4620
4640
4695(1)
4718
4815
4820
3310
3316
SAE
No.
90
(2)
1360
1350
1350
1350
1325
.............
1380
1350
1350
1315
1300
.............
1350
8615
8620
8630
8640
8650
8695(2)
8720
8740
8750
9310
9317
9395(2)
9442
1645
1480
1600
1700
1415
1415
1490
1455
.............
1435
1520
1450
1410
1550
1525
1480
1435
1390
.............
1560
1530
.............
1450
1415
1415
Ac3
1430
1350
1460
1525
1365
1260
1305
1290
.............
1280
1400
1300
1265
1455
1400
1340
1275
1240
.............
1430
1440
.............
1375
1320
1320
Ar1
1350
1245
1280
1230
1275
1150
830/1080
800
.............
1190
1200
1180
1190
1265
1200
1210
1170
1195
.............
1270
1300
.............
1275
1300
1270
Cooling (F)
Ar3
Represents the case of 8600 and 9300 grades of carburizing steels, respectively.
1515
1370
1440
1435
1380
1275
1400
1410
.............
1380
6117
6120
6140
6150
9 Cr 1 Mo
17-22-A
17-22-AS
17-22-AV
Graph Mo
Graph Air
1385
1340
Ac1
51100
52100
52100
52100
SAE
No.
.............
.............
.............
.............
1450
1460
.............
.............
1700
1575
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
1600
.............
.............
1500
1650
1740
1550
.............
.............
1560
1650
1740
Quench
Temp F
.............
.............
.............
.............
410
325
.............
.............
170
620
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
690
.............
.............
275
305
260
620
.............
.............
345
305
260
Ms (F)
CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS continued
Heating (F)
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
410
............
............
............
.............
.............
540
............
............
............
.............
.............
460
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
Mf (F)
9 Cr 1 Mo
17-22-A
17-22-AS
17-22-AV
Graph Mo
Graph Air
9310
9317
9395(2)
9442
8720
8740
8750
8615
8620
8630
8640
8650
8695(2)
6117
6120
6140
6150
52100
52100
51100
SAE
No.
Represents the case of 8600 and 9300 grades of carburizing steels, respectively.
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES
FOR STEELS
SAE
No.
Temperature
(F)
SAE
No.
Temperature
(F)
1008
1010
1015
1040
2250
2250
2250
2200
4320
4337
4340
2200
2200
2200
1118
1141
2250
2200
4422
4427
2250
2250
4520
2250
1350
2200
2317
2340
2250
2200
4615
4620
4640
2300
2300
2200
2512
2250
4718
2250
3115
3135
3140
2250
2200
2200
4820
2250
5060
2150
3240
2200
3310
3316
3335
2250
2250
2250
5120
5140
5160
2250
2200
2150
51100
52100
2050
2050
4017
4032
4047
4063
2300
2200
2200
2150
6120
6135
6150
2250
2250
2200
4130
4132
4135
4140
4142
2200
2200
2200
2200
2200
8617
8620
8630
8640
8650
2250
2250
2200
2200
2200
91
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES
FOR STEELS continued
Timken
Type
Temperature
(F)
SAE
No.
Temperature
(F)
8720
8735
8740
2250
2200
2200
2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo
5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.05C)
5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.15C)
2250
2250
2250
9310
2250
302
303
304
309
310
316
317
321
347
2200
2200
2200
2150
2050
2150
2150
2150
2150
5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.25C)
5 Cr 1/2 Mo + Ti
5 Cr 1/2 Mo + Si
7 Cr 1/2 Mo
9 Cr 1 Mo
2250
2100
2200
2250
2200
8 1/2 Ni
2200
Graph-Mo
Graph-Air
1950
1925
410
416
420
430
440A
440C
443
446
2200
2200
2200
2100
2100
2050
2100
1900
5 Cr Mo (1.00C)
5Cr Mo W (1.00W)
2050
2300
10105
Nitriding #3
2050
2200
17-22A
17-22AS
17-22AV
2200
2200
2250
C-Mo
DM
2300
2300
DM-2
2300
A 485-1
A 485-2
A 485-3
A 485-4
2050
2050
2100
2100
TBS-600
2050
CBS-600
CBS-1000M
2250
2200
NOTE: Information obtained from hot-twist test data published in Evaluating The
actual Forge Shop experience.
92
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCES

Standard Timken Company Tolerances
HOT ROLLED, ROUND(1)
OD Tolerances
As rolled or single thermal treatment:
TOD ! " (.0045 OD # .005) or ".015 min.
TOD ! " (.0045 OD # .13) or ".38 min.
inches
mm
TOD ! ".095
TOD ! "2.41
(330mm)refer to mill
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered:
TOD ! "1.5 (.0045 OD # .005) or ".023 min.
TOD ! "1.5 (.0045 OD # .13) or ".58 min.
inches
mm
TOD ! ".113
TOD ! "2.87
Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)

OD to wall ratio over 10:1 or over 10.75 inches (273 mm) to
13.00 inches (330 mm) OD
(all OD to wall ratios). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "10%
OD to wall ratio of 10:1 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."7.5%
Note: Minimum wall tolerance is ".020 inch (.51mm).
OD - Outside Diameter
T - Tolerance
ID - Inside Diameter
W - Wall Thickness
(1) Hot rolled and rough turned tubes can be purchased to outside diameter (OD) and
wall thickness (W) only.
Timken Company guaranteed tube sizes are calculated using Timken Company
tolerances.
93
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCE continued

ROUGH TURNED, ROUND (1)

OD Tolerances
As turned or single thermal treatment:
inches
mm
TOD ! ".005
TOD ! ".13
inches
mm
TOD ! ".010
TOD ! ".25
Straightened and/or tempered or stress relieved after

rough turning:
inches
mm
TOD ! ".010
TOD ! ".25

Heat Treated Before Rough Turned
TOD ! ".010 inches (".25mm)
Heat Treated After Rough Turned
Heat Treated Before Rough Turned
Heat Treated After Rough Turned
OD to wall ratio over 10:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."12.5%
OD to wall ratio of 10:1 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."10.0%
Note: Minimum wall tolerance is ".020 inch (.51mm).
T - Tolerance
W - Wall Thickness
(1) Hot rolled and rough turned tubes can be purchased to outside diameter (OD) and
wall thickness (W) only.
Timken Company guaranteed tube sizes are calculated using Timken Company
tolerances.
94

COLD DRAWN, ROUND (2)

OD Tolerances
As drawn:
inches
TOD/ID ! " (.0023 OD # .003) or ".004 min.
mm
TOD/ID ! " (.0023 OD # .08) or ".10 min.
Drawn and annealed, normalized, tempered or
stress relieved:
inches
TOD/ID ! "1.8 (.0023 OD # .003) or ".007 min.
mm
TOD/ID ! "1.8 (.0023 OD # .08) or ".18 min.
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered
(OD & wall or ID & wall dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID ! "2.5 (.0023 OD # .003) or ".010 min.
mm
TOD/ID ! "2.5 (.0023 OD # .08) or ".25 min.
(OD & ID dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID ! "3.75 (.0023 OD # .003) or ".015 min.
mm
TOD/ID ! "3.75 (.0023 OD # .08) or ".38 min.
OD to wall ratio over 10:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."7.5%
OD to wall ratio 10:1 to 4:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "6%
OD to wall ratio under 4:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."7.5%
Note: (1) Minimum wall tolerance is ".012 inch (.30mm)
(2) When ID is under 1.000 inch (25.4mm), inquiry basis
(3) Walls 6% of OD and lighter, inquiry basis
(4) When OD & ID dimensions, use "7.5% wall
T - Tolerance
W - Wall Thickness
(2)
1.250 inches (31.75mm) will have a hot rolled ID and will be produced to cold drawn OD
tolerances and hot rolled wall tolerances.
2.500 inches (63.50mm) diameter, where Timken Company tolerances apply.
95

ROTOROLLED, ROUND
OD Tolerances
As Rotorolled:
inches
TOD/ID ! " (.0024 OD # .0016) or ".005 min. OD
".010 min. ID
mm
TOD/ID ! " (.0024 OD # .041) or ".13 min.
Rotorolled and annealed, normalized, tempered or
stress relieved:
inches
TOD/ID ! " (.0024 OD # .007) or ".010 min.
mm
TOD/ID ! " (.0024 OD # .18) or ".25 min.
(OD & wall or ID & wall dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID ! "2 (.0024 OD # .0016) or ".010 min.
mm
TOD/ID ! "2 (.0024 OD # .041) or ".25 min.
(OD & ID dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID ! "3 (.0024 OD # .0016) or ".015 min.
mm
TOD/ID ! "3 (.0024 OD # .041) or ".38 min.
All wall thicknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "5%
Note: Minimum wall tolerance is ".012 inches (.30mm)
T - Tolerance
96
W - Wall Thickness
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCES

Special Processed Tubing Tolerances
COLD DRAWN, SHAPED (Square, Rectangular or Oval)
OD Tolerances
As drawn or tempered:
inches
TOD/ID ! ".005 OD or ".020 min.
mm
TOD ! ".005 OD or ".51 min.
inches
TOD/ID ! ".01 OD or ".040 min.
mm
TOD/ID ! ".01 OD or "1.02 min.
All wall thicknesses "
COLD DRAWN, SHAPED3

OD Tolerances
As drawn or tempered:
inches
TOD/ID ! ".005 OD or ".010 min.
mm
inches
mm
All wall thicknesses "
T - Tolerance
W - Wall Thickness
3 When corner radii and twist are important, they must be reviewed by our mill before we
accept the order.
97
LENGTH TOLERANCES
All Conditions Seamless Steel Tubing
Random Lengths
Tubing shipped on random-length orders has a length spread of 7
feet (2.1 meters) with a mean length 10 feet to 26 feet (3 to 8 meters)
Multiple Lengths
For tubing ordered in multiple lengths, it is standard practice for the
customer to make their own allowances for loss of steel due to cutting
operations. These allowances will vary from one customer to another
due to their cutting practices and the amount of facing required on the
ends of the part. Therefore, tubing is furnished to the multiple length
In Inches
Permissible
Variations
4 feet and under
4 feet and under
4 feet and under
Over 4 feet to 10 feet, incl.
Up to 2 inches incl.
Over 2 inches to
4 inches incl.
Over 4 inches
Up to 2 inches incl.
Over 2 inches
All
All
All
1/16 inch
3/32 inch
0
0
1/8 inch
3/32 inch
1/8 inch
3/16 inch
5/16 inch
7/16 inch
0
0
0
0
0
0
In Meters
Permissible
Variations
1 meter and under
1 meter and under
1 meter and under
Over 1 meter to 3 meters
Over 1 meter to 3 meters
Over 3 meters to 7 meters
Up to 50mm incl.
Over 50mm to
100mm incl.
Over 100mm
Up to 50mm incl.
Over 50mm
All
All
All
98
1mm
2mm
0
0
3mm
2mm
3mm
5mm
8mm
11mm
0
0
0
0
0
0
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCES
All Conditions Seamless Steel Tubing
Straightness tolerances (T) should not exceed those shown in the
tables below. The tolerance (T) for any 3-foot (1 meter) length is
measured as shown in Figure 1. The total tolerance, the maximum
curvature in the total length, is measured as shown in Figure 2. The
table applies to lengths not exceeding 22 feet (6.7 meters).
The tolerances shown apply to conventional steel grades of as rolled,
annealed, and heat treated tubing up to 302 Brinell maximum or micro
alloy grades with a hardness of 229 Brinell or below. Heat treated
tubes with a Brinell hardness of 302 maximum up to 401 maximum
or micro alloy grades with a Brinell hardness exceeding 229 will have
tolerance (T) twice the values shown in the table. Tubes with lighter
walls, or with hardness exceeding 401 Brinell maximum, or weighing
greater than 140 pounds per foot, require agreement on tolerances at
time of order.
FIGURE 1
Measuring technique for straightness in any three feet
T max
Three foot (one meter) straight-edge
FIGURE 2
Measuring technique for overall straightness

L
Surface plate
T max
99
100
.060 inch
OD over 8 inches to 12 inches

inclusive. Wall thickness, over
4% of OD
1.65mm
OD over 200mm to 280mm inclusive.

Wall thickness, over 4% of OD
Refer to the previous page for exception to the straightness tolerance.
1.25mm
OD over 125mm to 200mm inclusive.

Wall thickness, over 4% of OD
(1)
.85mm
OD 125mm and smaller. Wall

thickness, over 3% of OD
Maximum
Curvature
.045 inch
OD over 5 inches to 8 inches

inclusive. Wall thickness, over
4% of OD
In Meters
.030 inch
Maximum
Curvature
OD 5 inches and smaller. Wall

thickness, over 3% of OD
In Inches
Maximum Curvature
for Lengths
Ratio of .85mm
per meter
Ratio of 1.25mm
per meter
Ratio of 1.65mm
per meter
.55mm ! length in meters

.85mm ! length in meters
1.25 mm ! length in meters
Ratio of 0.020 inch

per foot
Maximum Curvature
in Total Lengths of
.045 inch ! length in feet

3
Ratio of .010 inch

per foot

3
3
Ratio of 0.015 inch

per foot
Maximum Curvature
for Lengths
Maximum Curvature
in Total Lengths
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCES continued

Seamless Steel Tubing(1)
W ! 10.68 (D " t) t
M ! .02466 (D " t) t
A ! # (D " t) t
W ! 10.68 (D " et) et

M ! .02466 (D " et) et
et ! D " 1.050 d
2
ed ! 1.050 d
W ! 11.27 (D " t) t
M ! .02601 (D " t) t
eD ! 1.027 D
ed ! 1.027 d
W ! 10.68 (eD " et) et

M ! .02466 (eD " et) et
et ! 1.050 D " d
2
eD ! 1.050 D
W
M
e
W ! 11.78 (D " t) t
M ! .02719 (D " t) t
eD ! 1.050 D
ed ! 1.050 d
W ! 10.68 (D " et) et

M ! .02466 (D " et) et
et ! D " 1.128 d
2
ed ! 1.128 d
W ! 13.60 (D " t) t
M ! .03138 (D " t) t
eD ! 1.128 D
ed ! 1.128 d
W ! 10.68 (D " et) et

M ! .02466 (D " et) et
et ! D " 1.027 d
2
ed ! 1.027 d
(1)
Refer to the previous page for exception to the straightness tolerance.
SEAMLESS STEEL TUBING SHAPES
101
SEAMLESS STEEL TUBING SHAPES continued
W ! 10.68 (eD " et) et

M ! .02466 (eD " et) et
et ! 1.027 D " d
2
eD ! 1.027 D
W ! 13.60 (D " t) t
M ! .03138 (D " t) t
eD ! 1.128 D
ed ! 1.128 d
W ! 10.68 (D " et) et

M ! .02466 (D " et) et
et ! D " .7425 d
2
ed ! .7425 d
W ! 5.34 (D1 $ D2 " 2t) t

M ! .01233 (D1 $ D2 " 2t) t
eD ! D1 $ D2
2
ed ! d1 $ d2
2
Legend
A ! Tubing cross sectional area.
Round OD and ID.
ed ! Equivalent round inside diameter in inches (or millimeters)
W ! Weight in pounds per foot
et ! Equivalent wall thickness in

inches (or millimeters)
M ! Mass in kilograms per meter
D1 ! Major outside diameter of oval

tube in inches (or millimeters)
D ! Outside diameter or distance

across flats in inches
(or millimeters)
d1 ! Major inside diameter of oval

d ! Inside diameter or distance

across flats in inches
(or millimeters)
t!
D2 ! Minor outside diameter of oval

d2 ! Minor inside diameter of oval
Wall thickness in inches

(or millimeters)
eD ! Equivalent round outside diameter in inches (or millimeters)
102
TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS

How Mechanical Tube Sizes Are Calculated
The Timken Company has pioneered a method to determine the most
economical tube size, which insures that all part dimensions will clean
up during machining. This program has the capability to determine
what we call a guaranteed tube size for either full or bright metal
cleanup on the outer diameter and/or the inner diameter, based on the
condition of the tube.
sions and critical machining position. The required critical dimensions
(machined or ground) should be included. The critical machining
position is based on whether the tube is chucked on the tube OD or
the tube ID during the initial machining operation.
amount of cleanup, the size tolerances and the tube eccentricity variables. These variables are then factored into the tube size calculation.
Cleanup Allowance
elimination of surface imperfections, decarburization and camber
may be needed. (See table, page 98.)
Examples of Tube Size Calculation

Finished Part Dimensions
4.995 inches !.005 inch OD " 4.005
inches !.005 inch ID " 7 inches. Part is
cut to length and held on one end. Allowance for camber is made for parts over
3 inches, measured from the end of the
part to the face of the chuck. Examples
on page 96 are for a hot rolled tube using
Timken Company cleanup allowances.
103
7 inches
TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS continued
Figure 1
Cross section of finished part
requiring full cleanup of OD
and ID surfaces.
Figure 2
Finished part with addition of
cleanup stock to OD. (Refer to
Example 1, Operation 1, page 96.)
Figure 3
Finished part showing cleanup
stock added to ID. (Refer to
Example 1, Operaton 2.)
Figure 4
Finished part with cleanup
allowance added to OD and ID
determines minimum wall required
for part to clean up. (Refer to
Example 1, Operation 3.) Were it
not for eccentricity, this would be
the recommended tube size.
Figure 5
Same tube size machined true
to OD showing effect of tube
eccentricity. Tube ID is
eccentric in relation to tube
OD. Note that cleanup stock
(dashed line) has been
eliminated at A due to tube
eccentricity. Part would not
clean up at this point.
Figure 6
Here enough stock has been
added to ID to protect cleanup
stock required at minimum wall
point A. (Refer to Example 1,
Operations 4 and 5.)
When machining true to the ID, similar considerations apply except

that stock to compensate for eccentricity is added to the tube OD.
(See Example 2, page 97.)
104
105
Tube OD (Operation 1)
Minus tube ID (Operation 2)
3. Determine minimum wall required

(see Figure 4)
"
"
"
"
!
!
!
5.109 in
1.274 in
3.835 in
.589 in
.925
.637 in
5.109 in
3.931 in
1.178 in
2
.589 in
4.000 in
.042 in
.027 in
3.931 in
5.000 in
.054 in
.027 in
.028 in
5.109 in
Theoretical Foot Weight: 30.42 lbs.
Tube OD (Operation 1)
Minus average wall doubled
Required tube ID
5. Determine nominal tube ID

(see Figure 6)
Guaranteed Tube Size: 5.109 inches OD $.028 inches % .637 inches $7.5%
Minimum tube wall

Divide by the complement of minus tolerance
Average tube wall
4. Determine average wall required

(see Figure 6)
Divide by 2
Minimum tube wall
Minimum machined ID
Minus cleanup stock
Minus camber allowance
Maximum tube ID
2. Determine maximum tube ID

(see Figure 3)
Formula
Maximum machined OD
Plus cleanup stock
Plus camber allowance
Plus OD negative tolerance
Nominal tube OD
1. Determine nominal tube OD

(see Figure 2, page 95)
Operation
Example 1 Machined True to OD
Example
"
"
"
"
!
!
!
129.77mm
32.34mm
97.43mm
14.95mm
.925
16.17mm
129.77mm
99.84mm
29.93mm
2
14.96mm
101.60mm
1.07mm
.69mm
99.84mm
127.00mm
1.37mm
.69mm
.71mm
129.77mm
106
Minimum tube OD (Operation 1)

Minus nominal tube ID (Operation 2)
3. Determine minimum wall required
"
"
"
"
"
!
!
3.861 in
1.306 in
5.167 in
.604 in
.925
.653 in
5.069 in
3.861 in
1.208 in
2
.604 in
4.000 in
.054 in
.027 in
.028 in
.030 in
3.861 in
5.000 in
.042 in
.027 in
5.069 in
Theoretical Foot Weight: 31.48 lbs.
Nominal tube ID (Operation 2)

Plus average wall doubled
Nominal tube OD
5. Determine nominal tube OD
Guaranteed Tube Size: 5.167 inches OD $.028 inches % .653 inches $7.5%
Minimum tube wall (Operation 3)

Divide by the complement of minus tolerance
Average tube wall
4. Determine average wall required
Divide by 2
Minimum tube wall
Minimum machined ID
Minus minimum OD cleanup
Minus camber allowance
Minus OD tolerance
Minus (if hot rolled)
Nominal tube ID
2. Determine nominal tube ID
Formula
Maximum machined OD
Plus ID cleanup stock
Plus camber allowance
Minimum tube OD
1. Determine minimum tube OD
Operation
to the tube OD. This will result in a larger recommended tube size.
Example
"
"
"
"
"
!
!
98.07mm
33.19mm
131.26mm
15.35mm
.925
16.59mm
128.76mm
98.07mm
30.69mm
2
15.35mm
101.60mm
1.37mm
.69mm
.71mm
.76mm
98.07mm
127.00mm
1.07mm
.69mm
128.76mm
When machining true to the ID, similar considerations apply, except that stock to compensate for tube eccentricity is added
Example 2 Machined True to ID
107
Cleanup (inches)
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
12.0
0.762
0.508
0.254
0.03
0.02
0.01
Note: Total stock removal is calculated for the tube diameter
Outside Diameter (inches)
1.016
0.04
11.0
1.270
0.05
10.0
1.524
0.06
9.0
1.778
0.07
2.032
2.286
0.08
2.540
0.09
3.048
3.302
3.556
3.810
2.794
2.0
304.80
0.10
1.0
279.40
HR-CD-ID Cleanup
HR-OD
Clean-up
254.00
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
CD-OD
Cleanup
228.00
4.064
152.40 177.80 203.20

4.318
127.00
Outside Diameter (mm)
0.16
101.60
4.572
76.20
0.17
50.80
0.18
25.40
HOT ROLLED AND COLD DRAWN MECHANICAL TUBING CLEANUPS

FOR FULL SURFACE INTEGRITY AND BASE METAL
Cleanup (mm)
FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING

SURFACE CLEANUP
Hot Rolled OD Cleanup ! [.022e.18 OD]
Cold Drawn OD Cleanup ! .86[.022e.18 OD]
Hot Rolled and Cold Drawn ID Cleanup ! .78[.022e.18 OD]
FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING

CAMBER (STRAIGHTNESS) CLEANUP
Chucked on one end:
Chucked on both ends:
Formulas (Calculate all length dimensions in inches):

A) OD " 5.000 inches ! (171 # length) $ 444 $ (1.03 # length squared)
100,000
B) OD % 5.000 inches ! (222 # length) $ 222 $ (1.13 # length squared)
100,000
C) OD " 5.000 inches and Part Length & 60 inches ! 450 ' (25 # length)
30,000
D) OD 5.000 inches and Part Length & 60 inches:
Use formula C ' .030 inches
108
BAR CROSS SECTIONAL TOLERANCES

FOR HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS(1)
Variation from Size
Rounds or Squares
(inches)
To 5/16 incl.
Over 5/16 to 7/16 incl.
Over 7/8 to 1 incl.
Over 1 to 1-1/8 incl.
Over 1-1/8 to 1-1/4 incl.
Over 1-1/2 to 2 incl.
Over 2 to 2-1/2 incl.
Over 9-1/2 to 10 incl.
(1)
Over
(inches)
Under
(inches)
Out-of-Round
or Square
(inches)
.005
.006
.007
.008
.009
.010
.011
.012
.014
1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16
5/64
1/8
5/32
3/16
1/4
.005
.006
.007
.008
.009
.010
.011
.012
.014
1/64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.008
.009
.010
.012
.013
.015
.016
.018
.021
.023
.023
.035
.046
.058
.070
.085
.100
.120
Tolerances are in accordance with ASTM A29 Rev. 5 revision.
STANDARD TIMKEN
COMPANY TOLERANCES
Variation from Size
Rounds or Squares
(inches)
Over
(inches)
Under
(inches)
Out-of-Round
or Square
(inches)
Over 10 to 12 incl.
12-1/2 or 13 round
14, 15 or 16 round
Over 12 square or
rectangular. All other sizes
not listed.
If forged
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/2
0
..
1/8
1/2
0.150
..
..
..
1/2
1/2
109
BAR LENGTH TOLERANCES FOR

HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS
Rounds, Squares,
Hexagons, Octagons
(inches)
Up to 3-1/2, incl.
Over 3-1/2 to 5, incl.
Over 5 to 12 incl.
10' to
20'
Excl.
20' to
30'
Excl.
30' to
40'
Excl.
40' to
60'
Excl.
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
1-3/4
2-1/4
2-3/4
2-1/4
2-5/8
3
2-3/4
3
3-1/4
No Tolerance Under
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE
HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS
Rounds, Squares, Hexagons, Octagons,
Flats, and SpringFlats
Measurement is taken on the concave side of the bar
with a straight edge.
Normal Straightness
1 4"
Special Straightness
1 8"
in any 5 ft.
and
14
(1) 3
"!
8
"!
in any 5 ft.
and
length in ft.
5
18
length in ft.
5
"!
length in ft.
5
Inquire with mill.
Note: Because of warpage, straightness tolerances do not apply to bars if any

subsequent heating operation or controlled cooling has been performed.
Note: Tolerances shown are based upon ASTM A29.
(1) Note: As applicable to rounds greater than 12".
MACHINING ALLOWANCE
FOR HOT ROLLED BARS
Minimum Stock Removal (diameter)
Standard Grades
Resulfurized Grades
1.6% per side

2.4% per side
Note: Based on bars within special straightness tolerance. Since straightness is a

function of length, additional machining allowance may be required for turning
on centers.
110
MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR

ROUNDS AND SQUARES
Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
1/8"
9/64"
5/32"
11/64"
.0531
.0672
.0830
.1004
.0417
.0528
.0652
.0789
3/4"
49/64"
25/32"
51/64"
1.9125
1.9930
2.0752
2.1590
1.5021
1.5653
1.6299
1.6957
3/16"
13/64"
7/32"
15/64"
.1195
.1403
.1627
.1868
.0939
.1102
.1278
.1467
13/16"
53/64"
27/32"
55/64"
2.2445
2.3317
2.4205
2.5110
1.7629
1.8313
1.9011
1.9721
1/4"
17/64"
9/32"
19/64"
.2125
.2399
.2689
.2997
.1669
.1884
.2112
.2354
7/8"
57/64"
29/32"
59/64"
2.6031
2.6969
2.7924
2.8895
2.0445
2.1182
2.1931
2.2694
5/16"
21/64"
11/32"
23/64"
.3320
.3661
.4018
.4391
.2608
.2875
.3155
.3449
15/16"
61/64"
31/32"
63/64"
2.9883
3.0887
3.1908
3.2946
2.3470
2.4259
2.5061
2.5876
3/8"
25/64"
13/32"
27/64"
.4781
.5188
.5611
.6051
.3755
.4075
.4407
.4753
1"
1-1/32"
1-1/16"
1-3/32"
3.400
3.616
3.838
4.067
2.6704
2.8399
3.0146
3.1945
7/16"
29/64"
15/32"
31/64"
.6508
.6981
.7471
.7977
.5111
.5483
.5867
.6265
1-1/8"
1-5/32"
1-3/16"
1-7/32"
4.303
4.546
4.795
5.050
3.3797
3.5700
3.7656
3.9664
1/2"
33/64"
17/32"
35/64"
.8500
.9040
.9596
1.0168
.6676
.7100
.7536
.7986
1-1/4"
1-9/32"
1-5/16"
1-11/32"
5.313
5.581
5.587
6.139
4.1724
4.3836
4.6001
4.8218
9/16"
37/64"
19/32"
39/64"
1.0758
1.1364
1.1986
1.2625
.8449
.8925
.9414
.9916
1-3/8"
1-13/32"
1-7/16"
1-15/32"
6.428
6.724
7.026
7.335
5.0486
5.2807
5.5180
5.7606
5/8"
41/64"
21/32"
43/64"
1.3281
1.3954
1.4643
1.5348
1.0431
1.0959
1.1500
1.2054
1-1/2"
1-17/32"
1-9/16"
1-19/32"
7.650
7.972
8.301
8.636
6.0083
6.2612
6.5194
6.7838
11/16"
45/64"
23/32"
47/64"
1.6070
1.6809
1.7564
1.8336
1.2622
1.3202
1.3795
1.4401
1-5/8"
1-21/32"
1-11/16"
1-23/32"
8.978
9.327
9.682
10.044
7.0514
7.3252
7.6043
7.8885
Round Cornered squares differ in weight from above schedule.
111

ROUNDS AND SQUARES continued
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
1-3/4"
1-25/32"
1-13/16"
1-27/32"
10.413
10.788
11.170
11.558
8.1780
8.4726
8.7725
9.0776
3"
3-1/32"
3-1/16"
3-3/32"
30.600
31.241
31.888
32.542
24.033
24.537
25.045
25.559
1-7/8"
1-29/32"
1-15/16"
1-31/32"
11.953
12.355
12.763
13.178
9.3880
9.7035
10.0243
10.3502
3-1/8"
3-5/32"
3-3/16"
3-7/32"
33.203
33.871
34.545
35.225
26.078
26.602
27.131
27.666
2"
2-1/32"
2-1/16"
2-3/32"
13.600
14.028
14.463
14.905
10.6814
11.0178
11.3595
11.7063
3-1/4"
3-9/32"
3-5/16"
3-11/32"
35.913
36.606
37.307
38.014
28.206
28.751
29.301
29.856
2-1/8"
2-5/32"
2-3/16"
2-7/32"
15.353
15.808
16.270
16.738
12.0583
12.4156
12.7781
13.1458
3-3/8"
3-13/32"
3-7/16"
3-15/32"
38.728
39.449
40.176
40.910
30.417
30.983
31.554
32.130
2-1/4"
2-9/32"
2-5/16"
2-11/32"
17.213
17.694
18.182
18.677
13.5187
13.8968
14.2802
14.6687
3-1/2"
3-9/16"
3-5/8"
3-11/16"
41.650
43.151
44.678
46.232
32.712
33.891
35.090
36.311
2-3/8"
2-13/32"
2-7/16"
2-15/32"
19.178
19.686
20.201
20.722
15.0625
15.4615
15.8657
16.2751
3-3/4"
3-13/16"
3-7/8"
3-15/16"
47.813
49.420
51.053
52.713
37.552
38.814
40.097
41.401
2-1/2"
2-17/32"
2-9/16"
2-19/32"
21.250
21.785
22.326
22.874
16.6898
17.1096
17.5346
17.9650
4"
4-1/16"
4-1/8"
4-3/16"
54.400
56.113
57.853
59.620
42.726
44.071
45.438
46.825
2-5/8"
2-21/32"
2-11/16"
2-23/32"
23.428
23.989
24.557
25.131
18.4004
18.8410
19.2870
19.7382
4-1/4"
4-5/16"
4-3/8"
4-7/16"
61.413
63.232
65.078
66.951
48.233
49.662
51.112
52.583
2-3/4"
2-25/32"
2-13/16"
2-27/32"
25.713
26.300
26.895
27.496
20.1946
20.656
21.123
21.595
4-1/2"
4-9/16"
4-5/8"
4-11/16"
68.850
70.776
72.728
74.707
54.075
55.587
57.121
58.675
2-7/8"
2-29/32"
2-15/16"
2-31/32"
28.103
28.717
29.338
29.996
22.072
22.555
23.042
23.535
4-3/4"
4-13/16"
4-7/8"
4-15/16"
76.713
78.745
80.803
82.888
60.250
61.846
63.463
65.100
112

Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
5"
5-1/16"
5-1/8"
5-3/16"
85.000
87.138
89.303
91.495
66.759
68.438
70.139
71.860
7-1/2"
7-9/16"
7-5/8"
7-11/16"
191.25
194.45
197.68
200.93
150.21
152.72
155.26
157.81
5-1/4"
5-5/16"
5-3/8"
5-7/16"
93.713
95.957
98.228
100.526
73.602
75.364
77.148
78.953
7-3/4"
7-13/16"
7-7/8"
7-15/16"
204.21
207.52
210.85
214.21
160.39
162.99
165.60
168.24
5-1/2"
5-9/16"
5-5/8"
5-11/16"
102.850
105.20
107.58
109.98
80.778
82.62
84.49
86.38
8"
8-1/16"
8-1/8"
8-3/16"
217.60
221.01
224.45
227.92
170.90
173.58
176.29
179.01
5-3/4"
5-13/16"
5-7/8"
5-15/16"
112.41
114.87
117.35
119.86
88.29
90.22
92.17
94.14
8-1/4"
8-5/16"
8-3/8"
8-7/16"
231.41
234.93
238.48
242.05
181.75
184.52
187.30
190.11
6"
6-1/16"
6-1/8"
6-3/16"
122.40
124.96
127.55
130.17
96.13
98.15
100.18
102.24
8-1/2"
8-9/16"
8-5/8"
8-11/16"
245.65
249.28
252.93
256.61
192.93
195.78
198.65
201.54
6-1/4"
6-5/16"
6-3/8"
6-7/16"
132.81
135.48
138.18
140.90
104.31
106.41
108.53
110.66
8-3/4"
8-13/16"
8-7/8"
8-15/16"
260.31
264.04
267.80
271.59
204.45
207.38
210.33
213.31
6-1/2"
6-9/16"
6-5/8"
6-11/16"
143.65
146.43
149.23
152.06
112.82
115.00
117.20
119.43
9"
9-1/16"
9-1/8"
9-3/16"
275.40
279.2
283.1
287.0
216.30
219.3
222.4
225.4
6-3/4"
6-13/16"
6-7/8"
6-15/16"
154.91
157.79
160.70
163.64
121.67
123.93
126.22
128.52
9-1/4"
9-5/16"
9-3/8"
9-7/16"
290.9
294.9
298.8
302.8
228.5
231.6
234.7
237.8
7"
7-1/16"
7-1/8"
7-3/16"
166.60
169.59
172.60
175.64
130.85
133.19
135.56
137.95
9-1/2"
9-9/16"
9-5/8"
9-11/16"
306.8
310.9
315.0
319.1
241.0
244.2
247.4
250.6
7-1/4"
7-5/16"
7-3/8"
7-7/16"
178.71
181.81
184.93
188.08
140.36
142.79
145.24
147.71
9-3/4"
9-13/16"
9-7/8"
9-15/32"
323.2
327.4
331.6
335.8
253.9
257.1
260.4
263.7
113

Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
Rounds
10"
10-1/16"
10-1/8"
10-3/16"
340.0
344.3
348.5
352.9
267.0
270.4
273.8
277.1
11-3/4"
11-13/16"
11-7/8"
11-15/16"
469.4
474.4
479.5
484.5
368.7
372.6
376.6
380.5
10-1/4"
10-5/16"
10-3/8"
10-7/16"
357.2
361.6
366.0
370.4
280.6
284.0
287.4
290.9
12"
12-1/16"
12-1/8"
12-3/16"
489.6
494.6
499.8
505.0
384.5
388.5
392.5
396.6
10-1/2"
10-9/16"
10-5/8"
10-11/16"
374.9
379.3
383.8
388.4
294.4
297.9
301.5
305.0
12-1/4"
12-5/16"
12-3/8"
12-7/16"
510.2
515.4
520.6
525.9
400.7
404.8
408.9
413.0
10-3/4"
10-13/16"
10-7/8"
10-15/16"
392.9
397.5
402.1
406.7
308.6
312.2
315.8
319.5
12-1/2"
13"
13-1/2"
14"
531.2
575
620
666
417.2
451
487
523
11"
11-1/16"
11-1/8"
11-3/16"
411.4
416.1
420.8
425.5
323.1
326.8
330.5
334.2
14-1/2"
15"
15-1/2"
16"
715
765
817
871
561
601
642
684
11-1/4"
11-5/16"
11-3/8"
11-7/16"
430.3
435.1
439.9
448.8
337.9
341.7
345.5
349.3
16-1/2"
17"
17-1/2"
18"
926
982
1040
1102
727
772
818
865
11-1/2"
11-9/16"
11-5/8"
11-11/16"
449.6
454.6
459.5
464.4
353.1
357.0
360.9
364.8
18-1/2"
19"
19-1/2"
20"
1164
1227
1293
1360
914
964
1015
1068
Size
114
REDUCTION RATIOS
FOR ROUND BARS
As Cast Size
As Cast Size
Product
Diameter
(inches)
28"
Square
14" x 11.75"
16.000
15.000
14.500
14.000
13.500
13.000
12.500
12.000
11.500
11.000
10.500
10.000
9.500
9.000
8.500
8.000
7.500
7.000
3.9
4.4
4.7
5.1
5.5
5.9
6.4
6.9
7.5
8.2
9.1
10.0
11.1
12.3
13.8
15.6
17.7
20.4
1.6
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.3
3.7
4.3
Product
Diameter
(inches)
28"
Square
14" x 11.75"
6.500
6.000
5.500
5.000
4.500
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
23.6
27.7
33.0
39.9
49.3
62.4
81.5
110.9
159.7
249.6
443.7
998.2
5.0
5.8
6.9
8.4
10.3
13.1
17.1
23.3
33.5
52.4
93.1
209.4
REDUCTION RATIOS
FOR SQUARE BARS
As Cast Size
As Cast Size
Product
Diameter
(inches)
28"
Square
14" x 11.75"
16.000
15.000
14.500
14.000
13.500
13.000
12.500
12.000
11.500
11.000
10.500
10.000
9.500
9.000
8.500
8.000
7.500
7.000
3.1
3.5
3.7
4.0
4.3
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.9
6.5
7.1
7.8
8.7
9.7
10.9
12.3
13.9
16.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.4
115
Product
Diameter
(inches)
28"
Square
14" x 11.75"
6.500
6.000
5.500
5.000
4.500
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
18.6
21.8
25.9
31.4
38.7
49.0
64.0
87.1
125.4
196.0
348.4
784.0
3.9
4.6
5.4
6.6
8.1
10.3
13.4
18.3
26.3
41.1
73.1
164.5
EQUIVALENT CROSS-SECTIONAL
AREAS AND METRIC EQUIVALENTS
FOR COLD SHEARING TABLES
Square Size
Equivalent Cross Sectional Area
in.
mm
Square in.
mm
1
1
25.4
38.1
1.0
2.25
645.2
1451.6
50.8
4.0
2580.6
57.2
5.06
3264.5
63.5
6.25
4032.2
76.2
9.0
5806.4
82.6
10.56
6812.9
88.9
12.25
7903.2
95.2
14.06
9071.0
10322.6
101.6
16.0
108.0
18.06
11651.6
114.3
20.25
13064.5
120.6
22.56
14554.8
127.0
25.0
16129.0
139.7
30.25
19516.1
152.4
36.0
23225.8
165.1
42.25
27258.0
116
117
4
4
4
3
Thru 0.20
3
3
3
3
2
4
4
4
3
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
2 **
3
2**
2
3
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
2 **
2**
2**
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
Over 0.49
thru 0.55
All sizes in this carbon range should be cold shearing quality or thermally treated before cold shearing.
Over 0.55
thru 0.76
Note: For standard H grades, the maximum carbon content of the comparable standard steel is used when considering cold shearing limitations.
11XX Over 1.00 Max. Mn

15XX
13XX
23XX
25XX
31XX
32XX
33XX
34XX
10XX
12XX
11XX Thru 1.00 Max. Mn
Grade Series Designation
(Standard AISI and SAE Grades and Formerly Standard SAE Grades)
Maximum Square or Equivalent Cross-Sectional Area Without Heat Treatment
Over 0.76
thru 1.05
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS

HOT ROLLED ALLOY AND CARBON STEEL BILLETS AND BARS
118
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
4
4
4
4
4
Thru 0.20
4
3
4
3
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
2
3
2**
3
2 **
1 **
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
2**
2
2
2**
2
2**
2
2 **
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
2
Over 0.49
thru 0.55
Over 0.55
thru 0.76
40XX
41XX
43XX
44XX
46XX
47XX
48XX
50XX
50BXX
51XX
51BXX
61XX
81XX
81BXX
86XX
Over 0.76
thru 1.05
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS WITHOUT HEAT TREATMENT continued
119
Thru 0.20
4
3
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
2**
2**
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
Over 0.49
thru 0.55
Over 0.55
thru 0.76
86BXX
87XX
88XX
92XX
93XX
94XX
94BXX
97XX
98XX
43BVXX
Over 0.76
thru 1.05
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS WITHOUT HEAT TREATMENT continued
120
5
5
5
4
Thru 0.20
5
4
4
4
3
5
5
5
3
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
4
2
4
4
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
4
3
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
Over 0.49
thru 0.55
Over 0.55
thru 0.76
All sizes in this carbon range should be thermally treated before cold shearing.
11XX Over 1.00 Max. Mn

15XX
13XX
23XX
25XX
31XX
32XX
10XX
12XX
11XX Thru 1.00 Max. Mn
(Standard AISI and SAE Grades and Formerly Standard SAE Grades)
Maximum Square or Equivalent Cross-Sectional Area Annealed for Cold Shearing Quality
Over 0.76
thru 1.05
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS

FOR COLD SHEARING QUALITY
HOT ROLLED ALLOY AND CARBON STEEL BILLETS AND BARS
121
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
4
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
5
5
3
4
5
5
4
Thru 0.20
4
4
4
4
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
4
4
3
4
4
4
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
3
3
3
3
4
3
Over 0.49
thru 0.55
Over 0.55
thru 0.76
33XX
34XX
40XX
41XX
43XX
44XX
46XX
47XX
48XX
50XX
50BXX
51XX
51BXX
61XX
81XX
Over 0.76
thru 1.05
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS FOR COLD SHEARING QUALITY continued
122
Thru 0.20
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
4
4
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
4
4
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
4
4
4
4
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
Over 0.49
thru 0.55
Over 0.55
thru 0.76
81BXX
86XX
86BXX
87XX
88XX
92XX
93XX
94XX
94BXX
97XX
98XX
43BVXX
Over 0.76
thru 1.05
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS FOR COLD SHEARING QUALITY continued
ESTIMATED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

HOT ROLLED CARBON STEEL BARS
Estimated Minimum Values
SAE and
AISI No.
Tensile
Strength
psi
Yield
Strength
psi
Elongation
Reduction
Brinell
in 2 in.,
%
in Area,
%
Hardness
1008
1010
1012
1015
1017
1018
1020
1022
1023
1025
1026
1030
1035
1037
1038
1040
1042
1043
1045
1046
1050
1055
1060
1065
1070
1080
1085
1090
1524
1536
1541
1548
1552
44,000
47,000
48,000
50,000
53,000
58,000
55,000
62,000
56,000
58,000
64,000
68,000
72,000
74,000
75,000
76,000
80,000
82,000
82,000
85,000
90,000
94,000
98,000
100,000
102,000
112,000
121,000
122,000
74,000
83,000
92,000
96,000
108,000
24,500
26,000
26,500
27,500
29,000
32,000
30,000
34,000
31,000
32,000
35,000
37,500
39,500
40,500
41,000
42,000
44,000
45,000
45,000
47,000
49,500
51,500
54,000
55,000
56,000
61,500
66,500
67,000
41,000
45,500
51,000
53,000
59,500
30
28
28
28
26
25
25
23
25
25
24
20
18
18
18
18
16
16
16
15
15
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
20
16
15
14
12
55
50
50
50
50
50
50
47
50
50
49
42
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
35
30
30
30
30
25
25
25
42
40
40
33
30
86
95
95
101
105
116
111
121
111
116
126
137
143
143
149
149
163
163
163
170
179
192
201
207
212
229
248
248
149
163
187
197
217
123
ESTIMATED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

RESULFURIZED HOT ROLLED CARBON
STEEL BARS(1)
Estimated Minimum Values
SAE and
AISI No.
Tensile
Strength
psi
Yield
Strength
psi
Elongation
Reduction
Brinell
in 2 in.,
%
in Area,
%
Hardness
1117
1132
1137
1141
1144
1146
62,000
83,000
88,000
94,000
97,000
85,000
34,000
45,500
48,000
51,500
53,000
47,000
23
16
15
15
15
15
47
40
35
35
35
40
121
167
179
187
197
170
All SAE 1100 series steels are rated on the basis of 0.10 maximum silicon or coarse grain
melting practice.
(1)
124
IRON CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM

Temperature
F
"
!
#
CM
3000
2802
2800
2720
#+L
Temperature
C
= Austenite
= Ferrite
= Delta iron
= Cementite
2600
2552
1539
1492
#+"
"+L
1400
2400
"
2200
L + Fe3C
2066 F
2066
2000
1130
Fe3C
1800
1670
1600
1400
1333
1200
1000
410
910
" + Fe3C
!+"
!
0.025
A1,2,3
1333 F
Pearlite
and
Ferrite
Austenite
to Pearlite
760
723
Pearlite and Cementite

! + Fe3C
Magnetic change of Fe3C
0.008%
0.50%
6.67
0.83% 1%
Hypo-eutectoid
2%
3%
4%
Hyper-eutectoid
Steel
Cast Iron
Materials Science and Metallurgy, 4th Edition; Pollack, Prentice Hall, 1988
125
5%
210
6% 65%
IRON CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM

(ENLARGED VERSION)
Materials Science and Metallurgy, 4th Edition; Pollack, Prentice Hall, 1988
126

CALCULATIONS FOR X AND R CHARTS
AND CAPABILITY
CONTROL CHARTS FOR
VARIABLES
PROCESS CAPABILITY
Calculate the Average (X) and

Range (R) of each subgroup
Estimated
()
! R/d2
X1 " X2 " . . . . . Xn
X!
n
Estimated Process Capability (Cp)
R ! Xmax # Xmin
Cp !
Calculate the Average Range (R)
and the process Average (X)
X!
USL # LSL
6
Estimated Capability Ratio (Cr)
X1 " X2 " . . . . . Xk
k
Cr ! 1/Cp $ 100 (%)
R1 " R2 " . . . . . Rk
R!
k
Estimated Process Capability (Cpk)
CPU !
USL # X
3
CPL !
X # LSL
3
Calculate the Control Limits
=
_
UCL X ! X " A2R

=
_
LCL X ! X # A2R
UCLR ! D4R
LCLR ! D3R
CPK ! Minimum of CPU or CPL
Note: A2, D3, D4, d2 factors are dependent on subgroup size (n). See factor values table.
Note: Calculations of Process capability (Cp, Cpk, Cr) are only valid for stable processes.
FACTOR VALUES
N
D4
3.27
2.57
2.28
A2
1.86
1.02
0.73
0.58 0.48 0.27
1.13
1.69
2.06
2.33 2.53 3.26
D3
d2
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
12
2.11 2.00 1.72

*
0.26
-3s
* No constant for subgroup sizes below 7.
127
-2s
-1s
X
+1s
68.3%
95.4%
99.7%
+2s +3s
CONTROL CHARTS
CHARTS FOR
FOR ATTRIBUTES
ATTRIBUTES
CONTROL
The p
p Chart
Chart
The
The
u Chart
The
u Chart
number of rejects in subgroup

total
total
nonconformities
_p
nonconformities
! number of rejects in subgroup _ u __________________
!
p = _________________________
number inspected in subgroups u =
total units inspected
total units inspected
number inspected
_
_in subgroups
_
3 u
3 p ( 1# p )
UCLP ! P "
UCL
!
u
"
u
______
_
_
_
_
_ n3 u
3np ( 1- p )
_____
_________
UCLu = u +
UCLP = P +
_
_n
The np Chart
The np Chart
np ! Number of non-conforming
units within
a sample
np = Number
of non-conforming
units within a sample
np
_ ! Average number of
nonconforming
np = Average
numberunits
of per
sample
nonconforming
units per
sample
"
(1#p
)
UCLnp ! np
_
3 u _
LCLu ! u #_
3 u
LCLu = u - n_____
3 p ( 1# p ) _
_
LCLP ! P #_
3 np ( 1- p )
LCLP = P - _________
UCLnp =np + 3 np (1 - p )
np #
(1#p)
LCL np !
_
_
_
LCL np = np - 3 np (1 - p )
The c Chart
The u Chart
c ! The count (number) of
nonconformities
within
c = The
count (number)
of a
sample
nonconformities
within a
sample
_ c ! Average number of nonconfomities
per sample
c = Average
number
of nonconfomities per sample
UCLc ! c "
UCL = c + 3 c
LCL cc ! c #
LCL c = c - 3 c
IDENTIFICATION
OF
CONTROL
CONDITIONS
Identification
ofOUT-OF
Out-of Control
Conditions
(Each point
point is
is aa subgroup)
subgroup)
(Each
One or
More Points
Outside
Control
Limits.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points
Increasing.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points
Decreasing.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points On
Either Side
Of Aim Size.
128
HANDY PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Acceleration of gravity, g
Density of water
32.17 ft/s2 ! 9.807 m/s2

62.4 lbm/ft3 ! 1 g/cm3
1 gal H2O ! 8.345 lbm
Gas Constant, R
Gas volume (STP: 68F, 1 atm)
Joules Constant, J
Poissons ratio,
1545 ft-lbf/pmole-R ! 8.314 J/gmole-K

359 ft3/pmole ! .02241 m3/gmole
778 ft-lbf/BTU
.3 (for steel)
STEEL CONSTANTS
Fe-Fe3C eutectoid composition
Fe-Fe3C eutectoid temperature
0.77 w/o carbon

1340F (727C)
Modulus of Elasticity (steel)
30 " 106 psi
Densities:
Carbon & Low-Alloy Steels
304 SS
Tool Steels
Moly High Speed
Multiphase Alloys
0.283 lbm/in3 ! 7.84 g/cm3

0.29 lbm/in3 ! 7.88 g/cm3
Carbon Steels " 1.000
Steel Tensile Strength (psi)
~ 500 " Brinell Number
COMPARISON MATERIALS
Material
Density
(g/cm3)
Modulus of
Elasticity (psi)
Poissons
Ratio
Aluminum Alloys
Nickel-base Superalloys
Titanium Alloys
2.6-2.9
8.0-8.9
4.4-5.0
10.0 " 106

28.5 # 31.0 " 106
15.0 " 16.8 " 106
0.33
0.31
0.34
SI PREFIXES
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
129
109
106
103
102
101
10#1
10#2
10#3
10#6
10#9
ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS

Explanation of Dimensional Units
tion of basic dimensions of Length [L], Mass [M] and Time [t]. For ex!2
ample, all units of force have the dimensions [M][L][t] . The following
better illustrates this convention:
Force " [M][L][t]!2
" (Mass) # (Acceleration)
1 kgf " (1 kg) # (9.80665 m/s2)
Example Conversion
Meters to Yards
(50 m) # (3.28084 ft/m) # (1/3 yd/ft) " 54.68066 yd
The convention is to retain the number of digits which correctly infers

the known accuracy of the numbers involved. Normally, this means
number. For the above example, the answer would therefore be
rounded to 55 yards.
When the accuracy of the measurement is known, additional digits
meters is known to be accurate to .01 meters (.0109 yards), then the
conversion result may be rounded to 54.68 yards.
130
CONVERSION FACTORS
EQUATION: A ! B " C
A
Area [L]2
ft2
in2
in2
B
0.092903
645.16
6.45160
C
m2
mm2
cm2
Energy, Work or Heat [M] [L]2 [t]#2

Btu
1.05435
Btu
0.251996
Calories (cal)
4.184*
ft-lbf
1.355818
ft-lbf
0.138255
hp-hr
2.6845
KWH
3.600
m-kgf
9.80665*
N-m
1.
kJ
kcal
Joules (J)
J
kgf-m
MJ
MJ
J
J
Flow Rate [L]3 [t]#1

ft3/min
ft3/min
gal/min
gal/min
l/s
l/s
7.4805
0.471934
0.063090
Force or Weight [M] [L] [t]#2

kgf
9.80665*
lbf
4.44822
lbf
0.453592
Newton (N)
N
Kgf
Fracture Toughness
Heat Content
Btu/lbm
Btu/lbm
Btu/ft3
0.555556
2.324444
0.037234
cal/g
J/g
MJ/m3
Heat Flux
Btu/hr-ft2
Btu/hr-ft2
cal/s-cm2
7.5346 E-5
3.1525
4.184*
cal/s-cm2
W/m2
W/cm2
Length [L]
Foot (ft)
Inch (in)
Mile (mi)
0.304800
25.4000
1.609344
Meter (m)
Millimeter (mm)
Kilometer (km)
* Indicates exact conversion(s)
131
CONVERSION FACTORS continued

EQUATION: A ! B " C
A
Mass Density [M] [L]#3

lbm/in3
lbm/ft3
27.68
16.0184
g/cm3
kg/m3
Power [M] [L]2 [t]#3

Btu/hr
ft-lbf/s
Horsepower (hp)
Horsepower
0.292875
1.355818
745.6999
550.*
Watt (W)
W
W
ft-lbf/s
Atmosphere (atm)
atm
lbf/ft2
lbf/in2
14.696
1.01325 E5*
47.88026
27.6807
lbf/in2
Pascal (Pa)
Pa
in. H2O at 39.2F
Stress [M] [L]#1 [t]#2

kgf/cm2
ksi
N/mm2
kgf/mm2
9.80665 E-2*
6.89476
1.
1.42231
MPa
MPa
MPa
ksi
Volume [L]3 & Capacity

in3
ft3
ft3
ft3
Gallon
16.3871
0.028317
7.4805
28.3168
3.785412
cm3
m3
Gallon
Liter (l)
Liter
Btu/lbm-F
1.
cal/g-C
Temperature*
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Rankine
(F!32)/1.8
F"459.67
C"273.16
R/1.8
Celsius
Rankine
Kelvin
Kelvin
Thermal Conductivity
Btu-ft/hr-ft2-F
14.8816
cal-cm/hr-cm2-C
#1
[t]#2
* Indicates exact conversion(s)
132
METRIC-ENGLISH STRESS
CONVERSION TABLE
Kg Per Sq Mm to Psi to M Pa
Kg
per
sq
mm
Psi
M Pa
Kg
per
sq
mm
Psi
M Pa
Kg
per
sq
mm
Psi
Kg
per
sq
mm
Psi
M Pa
10
11
12
13
14
14,223
15,646
17,068
18,490
19,913
98.1
107.9
117.7
127.5
137.3
50
51
52
53
54
71,117
72,539
73,962
75,384
76,806
490.3
500.1
510.0
519.8
529.6
90
91
92
93
94
128,011
129,433
130,855
132,278
133,700
882.6
892.4
902.2
912.0
921.8
130
131
132
133
134
184,904
186,327
187,749
189,171
190,594
1274.9
1284.7
1294.5
1304.3
1314.1
15
16
17
18
19
21,335
22,757
24,180
25,602
27,024
147.1
156.9
166.7
176.5
186.3
55
56
57
58
59
78,229
79,651
81,073
82,496
83,918
539.4
549.2
559.0
568.8
578.6
95
96
97
98
99
135,122
136,545
137,967
139,389
140,812
931.6
941.4
951.2
961.0
970.9
135
136
137
138
139
192,016
193,438
194,861
196,283
197,705
1323.9
1333.7
1343.5
1353.3
1363.1
20
21
22
23
24
28,447
29,869
31,291
32,714
34,136
196.1
205.9
215.7
225.6
235.4
60
61
62
63
64
85,340
86,763
88,185
89,607
91,030
588.4
598.2
608.0
617.8
622.6
100
101
102
103
104
142,234 980.7 140 199,128

143,656 990.5 141 200,550
145,079 1000.3 142 201,972
146,501 1010.1 143 203,395
147,923 1020.0 144 204,817
1372.9
1382.7
1392.5
1402.4
1412.2
25
26
27
28
29
35,558
36,981
38,403
39,826
41,248
245.2
255.0
264.8
274.6
284.4
65
66
67
68
69
92,452
93,874
95,297
96,719
98,141
637.4
647.2
657.0
666.9
676.7
105
106
107
108
109
149,346
150,768
152,190
153,613
155,035
1029.7
1039.5
1049.3
1059.1
1068.9
145
146
147
148
149
206,239
207,662
209,084
210,506
211,929
1422.0
1431.8
1441.6
1451.4
1461.2
30
31
32
33
34
42,670
44,093
45,515
46,937
48,360
294.2
304.0
313.8
323.6
333.4
70
71
72
73
74
99,564
100,986
102,408
103,831
105,253
686.5
696.3
706.1
715.9
725.7
110
111
112
113
114
156,457
157,880
159,302
160,724
162,147
1078.7
1088.5
1098.3
1108.2
1118.0
150
151
152
153
154
213,351
214,773
216,196
217,618
219,040
1471.0
1480.8
1490.6
1500.4
1510.2
35
36
37
38
39
49,782
51,204
52,627
54,049
55,471
343.2
353.0
362.8
372.7
382.5
75
76
77
78
79
106,675
108,098
109,520
110,943
112,365
735.5
745.3
755.1
764.9
774.7
115
116
117
118
119
163,569
164,991
166,414
167,836
169,258
1127.8
1137.6
1147.4
1157.2
1167.0
155
156
157
158
159
220,463
221,885
223,307
224,730
226,152
1520.0
1529.8
1539.6
1549.5
1559.3
40
41
42
43
44
56,894
58,316
59,738
61,161
62,583
393.3
402.1
411.9
421.7
431.5
80
81
82
83
84
113,787
115,210
116,632
118,054
119,477
784.5
794.3
804.1
814.0
823.8
120
121
122
123
124
170,681
172,103
173,525
174,948
176,370
1176.8
1186.6
1196.4
1206.2
1216.0
45
46
47
48
49
64,005
65,428
66,850
68,272
69,695
441.3
451.1
460.9
470.7
480.5
85
86
87
88
89
120,899
122,321
123,744
125,166
126,588
833.6
843.4
853.2
863.0
872.8
125
126
127
128
129
177,792
179,215
180,637
182,059
183,482
1225.8
1235.6
1245.4
1255.3
1265.1
133
M Pa
WORK-ENERGY CONVERSION TABLE

ft.-lbf
0.7376
1.4751
2.2127
2.9502
3.6878
4.4254
5.1629
5.9005
6.6381
7.3756
8.1132
8.8507
9.5883
10.3259
11.0634
11.8010
12.5386
13.2761
14.0137
14.7512
15.4888
16.2264
16.9639
17.7015
18.4391
19.1766
19.9142
20.6517
21.3893
22.1269
22.8644
23.6020
24.3396
25.0771
25.8147
26.5522
27.2898
28.0274
28.7649
29.5025
30.2400
30.9776
31.7152
32.4527
33.1903
33.9279
34.6654
35.4030
36.1405
36.8781
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
joules
ft.-lbf
1.356
2.712
4.067
5.423
6.779
8.135
9.491
10.847
12.202
13.558
14.914
16.270
17.626
18.981
20.337
21.693
23.049
24.405
25.761
27.116
28.472
29.828
31.184
32.540
33.895
35.251
36.607
37.963
39.319
40.675
42.030
43.386
44.742
46.098
47.454
48.809
50.165
51.521
52.877
54.233
55.589
56.944
58.300
59.656
61.012
62.368
63.723
65.079
66.435
67.791
37.6157
38.3532
39.0908
39.8284
40.5659
41.3035
42.0410
42.7786
43.5162
44.2537
44.9913
45.7289
46.4664
47.2040
47.9415
48.6791
49.4167
50.1542
50.8918
51.6294
52.3669
53.1045
53.8420
54.5796
55.3172
56.0547
56.7923
57.5298
58.2674
59.0050
59.7425
60.4801
61.2177
61.9552
62.6928
63.4303
64.1679
64.9055
65.6430
66.3806
67.1182
67.8557
68.5933
69.3308
70.0684
70.8060
71.5435
72.2811
73.0186
73.7562
Examples: 1 ft-lbf ! 1.356 joules

1 joule ! 0.7376 ft-lbf
134
joules
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
69.147
70.503
71.858
73.214
74.570
75.926
77.282
78.637
79.993
81.349
82.705
84.061
85.417
86.772
88.128
89.484
90.840
92.196
93.551
94.907
96.263
97.619
98.975
100.331
101.686
103.042
104.398
105.754
107.110
108.465
109.821
111.177
112.533
113.889
115.245
116.600
117.956
119.312
120.668
122.024
123.379
124.735
126.091
127.447
128.803
130.159
131.514
132.870
134.226
135.582
TABLES FOR CONVERSION FROM

INCHES INTO MILLIMETERS
Fractions
1
1
3
1
13
64
4
17
9
64
32
19
64
16
21
11
64
32
23
64
8
25
13
64
32
27
64
16
29
15
64
32
31
64
32
15
64
16
64
32
11
64
64
32
7
64
16
64
32
64
Inches
.015625
.031250
.046875
.062500
.078125
.093750
.109375
.125000
.140625
.156250
.171875
.187500
.203125
.218750
.234375
.250000
.265625
.281250
.296875
.312500
.328125
.343750
.359375
.375000
.390625
.406250
.421875
.437500
.453125
.468750
.484375
.500000
* On the basis of the conversion factor 1 in. ! 25.4 mm.
135
Millimeters
.396875
.793750
1.190625
1.587500
1.984375
2.381250
2.778125
3.175000
3.571875
3.968750
4.365625
4.762500
5.159375
5.556250
5.953125
6.350000
6.746875
7.143750
7.540625
7.937500
8.334375
8.731250
9.128125
9.525000
9.921875
10.318750
10.715625
11.112500
11.509375
11.906250
12.303125
12.700000
TABLES FOR CONVERSION continued

Fractions
33
17
35
9
37
41
45
64
32
47
64
4
49
25
64
32
51
64
16
53
27
64
32
55
64
8
57
29
64
32
59
15
64
16
23
64
32
43
13
64
21
64
32
39
11
64
16
19
64
32
64
16
61
31
64
32
63
64
1
(All the values in these tables are exact).
136
Inches
.515625
.531250
.546875
.562500
.578125
.593750
.609375
.625000
.640625
.656250
.671875
.687500
.703125
.718750
.734375
.750000
.765625
.781250
.796875
.812500
.828125
.843750
.859375
.875000
.890625
.906250
.921875
.937500
.953125
.968750
.984375
1.000000
Millimeters
13.096875
13.493750
13.890625
14.287500
14.684375
15.081250
15.478125
15.875000
16.271875
16.668750
17.065625
17.462500
17.859375
18.256250
18.653125
19.050000
19.446875
19.843750
20.240625
20.637500
21.034375
21.431250
21.828125
22.225000
22.621875
23.018750
23.415625
23.812500
24.209375
24.606250
25.003125
25.400000
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES

Albert Sauveur type of table. Values revised.
459.4 to 0
F
0 to 100
F/C
-273
-268
-262
-257
-251
-459.4
-450
-440
-430
-420
-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.6
-246
-240
-234
-229
-223
-410
-400
-390
-380
-370
-218
-212
-207
-201
-196
-360
-350
-340
-330
-320
-190
-184
-179
-173
-169
F/C
100 to 1000
F/C
F/C
0
1
2
3
4
32
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2
50
51
52
53
54
122.0
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
38
43
49
54
60
100
110
120
130
140
212
230
248
266
284
260
266
271
277
282
F/C
500 932
510 950
520 968
530 986
540 1004
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
5
6
7
8
9
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
55
56
57
58
59
131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
66
71
77
82
88
150
160
170
180
190
302
320
338
356
374
288
293
299
304
310
550
560
570
580
590
1022
1040
1058
1076
1094
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.0
10
11
12
13
14
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
15.6
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
60
61
62
63
64
140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
93
99
100
104
110
200
210
212
220
230
392
410
413.6
428
446
316
321
327
332
338
600
610
620
630
640
1112
1130
1148
1166
1184
-310
-300
-290
-280
-273 -459.4
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
15
16
17
18
19
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6
65
66
67
68
69
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
116
121
127
132
138
240
250
260
270
280
464
482
500
518
536
343
349
354
360
366
650
660
670
680
690
1202
1220
1238
1256
1274
-168
-162
-157
-151
-146
-270
-260
-250
-240
-230
-454
-436
-418
-400
-382
-6.7
-6.1
-5.6
-5.0
-4.4
20
21
22
23
24
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
21.1
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
70
71
72
73
74
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
143
149
154
160
166
290
300
310
320
330
554
572
590
608
626
371
377
382
388
393
700
710
720
730
740
1292
1310
1328
1346
1364
-140
-134
-129
-123
-118
-220
-210
-200
-190
-180
-364
-346
-328
-310
-292
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
25
26
27
28
29
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.6
26.1
75
76
77
78
79
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
171
177
182
188
193
340
350
360
370
380
644
662
680
698
716
399
404
410
416
421
750
760
770
780
790
1382
1400
1418
1436
1454
-112
-107
-101
-96
-90
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-274
-256
-238
-220
-202
-1.1
- .6
0
.6
1.1
30
31
32
33
34
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
80
81
82
83
84
176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
199
204
210
216
221
390
400
410
420
430
734
752
770
788
806
427
432
438
443
449
800
810
820
830
840
1472
1490
1508
1526
1544
-84
-79
-73
-68
-62
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-184
-166
-148
-130
-112
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
35 95.0
36 96.8
37 98.6
38 100.4
39 102.2
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.1
31.7
85
86
87
88
89
185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
227
232
238
243
249
440
450
460
470
480
824
842
860
878
896
454
460
466
471
477
850
860
870
880
890
1562
1580
1598
1616
1634
-57
-51
-46
-40
-34
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-94
-76
-58
-40
-22
4.4
5.0
5.6
6.1
6.7
40
41
42
43
44
104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
34.4
90
91
92
93
94
194.0
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2
254
490 914 482

488
493
499
504
900
910
920
930
940
1652
1670
1688
1706
1724
-29
-23
-17.8
-20
-10
0
-4
14
32
7.2
7.8
8.3
8.9
9.4
45
46
47
48
49
113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
35.0 95
35.6 96
36.1 97
36.7 98
37.2 99
37.8 100
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212.0
510
516
521
527
532
538
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1742
1760
1778
1796
1814
1832
Look up reading in middle column. If in degrees Celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalent in

right hand column; if in Fahrenheit degrees, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.
137
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES continued

Albert Sauveur type of table. Values revised.
1000 to 2000
2000 to 3000
F/C
F/C
F/C
538
543
549
554
560
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1832
1850
1868
1886
1904
816
821
827
832
838
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
2732
2750
2768
2786
2804
F/C
1093
1099
1104
1110
1116
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
3632
3650
3668
3686
3704
1371
1377
1382
1388
1393
2500
2510
2520
2530
2540
4532
4650
4568
4586
4604
566
571
577
582
588
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1922
1940
1958
1976
1994
843
849
854
860
866
1550
1560
1570
1580
1590
2822
2840
2858
2876
2894
1121
1127
1132
1138
1143
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
3722
3740
3758
3776
3794
1399
1404
1410
1416
1421
2550
2560
2570
2580
2590
4622
4640
4658
4676
4694
593
599
604
610
616
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
2012
2030
2048
2066
2084
871
877
882
888
893
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
2912
2930
2948
2966
2984
1149
1154
1160
1166
1171
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
3812
3830
3848
3866
3884
1427
1432
1438
1443
1449
2600
2610
2620
2630
2640
4712
4730
4748
4766
4784
621
627
632
638
643
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
2102
2120
2138
2156
2174
899
904
910
916
921
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
3002
3020
3038
3056
3074
1177
1182
1188
1193
1199
2150
2160
2170
2180
2190
3902
3920
3938
3956
3974
1454
1460
1466
1471
1477
2650
2660
2670
2680
2690
4802
4820
4838
4856
4874
649
654
660
666
671
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
2192
2210
2228
2246
2264
927
932
938
943
949
1700
1710
1720
1730
1740
3092
3110
3128
3146
3164
1204
1210
1216
1221
1227
2200
2210
2220
2230
2240
3992
4010
4028
4046
4064
1482
1488
1493
1499
1504
2700
2710
2720
2730
2740
4892
4910
4928
4946
4964
677
682
688
693
699
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
2282
2300
2318
2336
2354
954
960
966
971
977
1750
1760
1770
1780
1790
3182
3200
3218
3236
3254
1232
1238
1243
1249
1254
2250
2260
2270
2280
2290
4082
4100
4118
4136
4154
1510
1516
1521
1527
1532
2750
2760
2770
2780
2790
4982
5000
5018
5036
5054
704
710
716
721
727
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
2372
2390
2408
2426
2444
982
988
993
999
1004
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
3272
3290
3308
3326
3344
1260
1266
1271
1277
1282
2300
2310
2320
2330
2340
4172
4190
4208
4226
4244
1538
1543
1549
1554
1560
2800
2810
2820
2830
2840
5072
5090
5108
5126
5144
732
738
743
749
754
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
2462
2480
2498
2516
2534
1010
1016
1021
1027
1032
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
3362
3380
3398
3416
3434
1288
1293
1299
1304
1310
2350
2360
2370
2380
2390
4262
4280
4298
4316
4334
1566
1571
1577
1582
1588
2850
2860
2870
2880
2890
5162
5180
5198
5216
5234
760
766
771
777
782
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
2552
2570
2588
2606
2624
1038
1043
1049
1054
1060
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
3452
3470
3488
3506
3524
1316
1321
1327
1332
1338
2400
2410
2420
2430
2440
4352
4370
4388
4406
4424
1593
1599
1604
1610
1616
2900
2910
2920
2930
2940
5252
5270
5288
5306
5324
788
793
799
804
810
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
2642
2660
2678
2696
2714
1066
1071
1077
1082
1088
1093
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
3542
3560
3578
3596
3614
3632
1343
1349
1354
1360
1366
2450
2460
2470
2480
2490
4442
4460
4478
4496
4514
1621
1627
1632
1638
1643
1649
2950
2960
2970
2980
2990
3000
5342
5360
5378
5396
5414
5432
Look up reading in middle column. If in degrees Celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalent in

right hand column; if in Fahrenheit degrees, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.
138
HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLES

BASED ON BRINELL
(APPROXIMATE)
BRINELL HARDNESS
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
Diamond
Pyramid
Hardness
Approx.
Tensile
30 N
(Vickers)
1000 psi
70.0
69.0
68.0
67.0
65.9
86.0
85.0
84.4
83.6
82.7
1076
1004
940
900
860
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
65.3
64.0
63.3
61.7
60.0
82.2
81.1
80.4
79.0
77.5
840
800
780
737
697
....
....
....
....
....
80.5
79.8
79.1
78.4
77.8
....
....
....
....
....
58.7
57.3
56.0
54.7
53.5
76.3
75.1
73.9
72.7
71.6
667
640
615
591
569
323
309
297
285
274
514
495
477
461
444
76.9
76.3
75.6
74.9
74.2
....
....
....
....
....
52.1
51.0
49.6
48.5
47.1
70.3
69.4
68.2
67.2
65.8
547
528
508
491
472
263
253
243
235
225
2.95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
429
415
401
388
375
73.4
72.8
72.0
71.4
70.6
....
....
....
....
....
45.7
44.5
43.1
41.8
40.4
64.6
63.5
62.3
61.1
59.9
455
440
425
410
396
217
210
202
195
188
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
363
352
341
331
321
70.0
69.3
68.7
68.1
67.5
....
(110.0)
(109.0)
(108.5)
(108.0)
39.1
37.9
36.6
35.5
34.3
58.7
57.6
56.4
55.4
54.3
383
372
360
350
339
182
176
170
166
160
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
311
302
293
285
277
66.9
66.3
65.7
65.3
64.6
(107.5)
(107.0)
(106.0)
(105.5)
(104.5)
33.1
32.1
30.9
29.9
28.8
53.3
52.2
51.2
50.3
49.3
328
319
309
301
292
155
150
145
141
137
Diameter
Tungsten
A-Scale
B-Scale
C-Scale
3000 Kg
10 mm Ball
Brale
1/16" Ball
Brale
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
757
86.5
86.0
85.6
85.0
84.4
....
....
....
....
....
2.25
....
....
2.35
2.40
745
722
710
682
653
84.1
83.4
83.0
82.2
81.2
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
627
601
578
555
534
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
139
HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLES continued

BRINELL HARDNESS
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
Diameter
Tungsten
A-Scale
B-Scale
C-Scale
3000 Kg
Diamond
Pyramid
Hardness
Approx.
Tensile
10 mm Ball
Brale
1/16" Ball
Brale
30 N
(Vickers)
1000 psi
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
269
262
255
248
241
64.1
63.6
63.0
62.5
61.8
(104.0)
(103.0)
(102.0)
(101.0)
100.0
27.6
26.6
25.4
24.2
22.8
48.3
47.3
46.2
45.1
43.9
284
276
269
261
253
133
129
126
122
118
3.95
4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
235
229
223
217
212
61.4
60.8
59.7
59.2
58.5
99.0
98.2
97.3
96.4
95.5
21.7
20.5
(18.8)
(17.5)
(16.0)
42.9
41.9
....
....
....
247
241
234
228
222
115
111
....
105
102
4.20
4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
207
201
197
192
187
57.8
57.4
56.9
56.5
55.9
94.6
93.8
92.8
91.9
90.7
(15.2)
(13.8)
(12.7)
(11.5)
(10.0)
....
....
....
....
....
218
212
207
202
196
100
98
95
93
90
4.45
4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
183
179
174
170
167
55.5
55.0
53.9
53.4
53.0
90.0
89.0
87.8
86.8
86.0
(9.0)
(8.0)
(6.4)
(5.4)
(4.4)
....
....
....
....
....
192
188
182
178
175
89
87
85
83
81
4.70
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.10
163
156
149
143
137
52.5
51.0
49.9
48.9
47.4
85.0
82.9
80.8
78.7
76.4
(3.3)
(.9)
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
171
163
156
150
143
79
76
73
71
67
5.20
5.30
5.40
5.50
5.60
131
126
121
116
111
46.0
45.0
43.9
42.8
41.9
74.0
72.0
69.8
67.6
65.7
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
137
132
127
122
117
65
63
60
58
56
Values in ( ) are beyond normal range and are given for information only.
The Brinell values in this table are based on the use of a 10mm tungsten carbide ball; at
hardness levels of 429 Brinell and below, the values obtained with the tungsten carbide
ball, the Hultgren ball, and the standard ball are the same.
The Hardness Conversion Tables are based on SAE J417 and ASTM E140.
140
USEFUL EQUATIONS FOR

HARDENABLE ALLOY STEELS
104 V
Ae1 (F) ~ 1333 ! 25 " Mn # 40 " Si # 42 " Cr ! 26 " Ni ............... (1)

Ae3 (F) ~ 1570 ! 323 " C ! 25 " Mn # 80 " Si ! 3 " Cr ! 32 " Ni.. (2)
Ac1 (C) ~ 723 ! 10.7 " Mn # 29.1 " Si # 16.9 " Cr ! 16.9 " Ni #
290 " As # 6.38 " W ........................................................... (3)
Ac3 (C) ~ 910 ! 203 " C # 44.7 " Si $ 15.2 " Ni # 31.5 " Mo # 104
" V $ 13.1 " W ...................................................................... (4)
Ms (F) ~ 930 ! 600 " C ! 60 " Mn ! 20 " Si ! 50 " Cr ! 30 "
Ni ! 20 " Mo ! 20 " W........................................................ (5)
M10 (F) ~ Ms ! 18 ................................................................................. (6)
M50 (F) ~ Ms ! 85 ................................................................................. (7)
M90 (F) ~ Ms ! 185 ............................................................................... (8)
Mf (F) ~ Ms ! 387................................................................................ (9)
Bs (F) ~ 1526 ! 486 " C ! 162 " Mn ! 126 " Cr ! 67 " Ni !
149 " Mo ............................................................................ (10)
B50 (F) ~ Bs ! 108 ............................................................................. (11)
Bf (F) ~ Bs ! 216 ............................................................................. (12)
Carburized Case Depth (in.) ~ .025t, for 1700F ............................... (13)
(t # time in hours)
___________________________________________________________________________
Note:
1 & 2:
3 & 4:
5:
6-12:
13-15:
Each equation above is subject to the chemistry limitations under which

it was developed.
R. A. Grange, Metal Progress, 79, April 1961, p 73.
K. W. Andrews, JISI, 203, 1965, p 721.
E. S. Rowland and S. R. Lyle, Trans. ASM, 37, 1946, p 27.
W. Steven and A. G. Haynes, JISI, 183, 1956, p 349.
F. E. Harris, Metal Progress, 44, August 1943, p 265.
141
105
GLOSSARY OF
METALLURGICAL TERMS
Alloying Elements
ALUMINUM - Al
is used to deoxidize steel and control grain size. Grain size control is
restricts austenite grain growth. Aluminum is also an extremely effective
nitride former in nitriding steels.
BORON - B
enability, especially for low carbon alloys. It does not affect the strength
in the annealed state.
CALCIUM - Ca
is used in certain steels to control the shape, size and distribution of
impact strength and machinability.
CARBON - C
is the most important alloying element which is essential for the formation
of cementite, pearlite, spheriodite, bainite, and iron-carbon martensite.
Compared to steels with similar microstructures, strength, hardness,
hardenability, and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature are increased
with increasing carbon content up to approximately .60%. Toughness
and ductility of pearlitic steels are decreased with increasing carbon
content.
CHROMIUM - Cr
is used in low alloy steels to increase 1) resistance to corrosion and
oxidation, 2) high temperature strength, 3) hardenability, and 4) abrasion
resistance in high carbon alloys. Straight chromium steels are susceptible
to temper embrittlement and can be brittle.
COPPER - Cu
is detrimental to hot workability and subsequent surface quality. It is used
in certain steels to improve resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
LEAD - Pb
improves machinability. It does not dissolve in steel but stays as globules.
Environmental concerns are resulting in a decreased usage of lead in
the steel industry.
MANGANESE - Mn
is important because it deoxidizes the melt and facilitates hot working of
the steel by reducing the susceptibility to hot shortness. It combines with
sulfur to form MnS stringers which increases machinability. Manganese
contributes to the effectiveness of normalizing for strengthening, to the
increasing the probability of retained austenite.
142
GLOSSARY continued
MOLYBDENUM - Mo
enability. It increases high temperature tensile and creep strengths.
Molybdenum hardened steels require higher tempering temperatures
for softening purposes.
NICKEL - Ni
is used in low alloy steels to reduce the sensitivity of the steel to variations in heat treatment and distortion and cracking on quenching. It also
improves low temperature toughness and hardenability.
NIOBIUM - Nb (Columbium - Cb)
lowers transition temperature and raises the strength of low carbon steel.
size and forms stable carbides, lowering the hardenability of the steel.
NITROGEN - N
increases the strength, hardness and machinability of steel, but it
decreases the ductility and toughness. In aluminum killed steels, nitrogen combines with the aluminum to provide grain size control, thereby
improving both toughness and strength. Nitrogen can reduce the effect
of boron on the hardenability of steels.
PHOSPHORUS - P
is generally restricted to below 0.04 weight percent to minimize its detrimental effect on ductility and toughness. Certain steels may contain
higher levels to enhance machinability, strength and/or atmospheric
corrosion resistance.
SILICON - Si
is one of the principal deoxidizers with the amount used dependent on the
deoxidization practice. It slightly increases the strength of ferrite without
a serious loss of ductility. In larger quantities, it aids the resistance to
scaling up to 500F in air and decreases magnetic hysteresis loss.
SULFUR - S
is detrimental to transverse strength and impact resistance. It affects
longitudinal properties to a lesser degree. Existing primarily in the form
machinability.
TITANIUM - Ti
is added to boron steels because it combines with oxygen and nitrogen,
thus increasing the effectiveness of boron. Titanium, as titanium nitride,
also provides grain size control at elevated temperatures in microalloy
steels. In excess, titanium is detrimental to machinability and internal
cleanness.
143
GLOSSARY continued
TELLURIUM - Te
ellipsoidal in shape following hot working, thereby improving transverse
properties.
VANADIUM - V
inhibits grain growth during heat treating while improving strength and
toughness of hardened and tempered steels. Additions up to .05%
increase hardenability whereas larger amounts tend to reduce hardenability because of carbide formation. Vanadium is also utilized in ferrite/
pearlite microalloy steels to increase hardness through carbonitride
precipitation strengthening of the matrix.
Standard Mill Terminology

ANNEALING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to a temperature, within or
above the critical range, and cooling at a controlled rate to a temperature
microstructure, usually one designed for best machinability, and/or to
remove stresses, induce softness, and alter ductility, toughness or other
mechanical properties.
BILLET
smaller than a bloom. Also a general term for wrought starting stock for
forgings or extrusions.
BLOOM
no more than twice the thickness and the cross-sectional area is usually
not less that 36 square inches.
CAPPED STEEL
A type of steel similar to rimmed steel, usually cast in a bottle top ingot,
in which the application of a mechanical or chemical cap renders the
rimming action incomplete by causing the top metal to solidify.
DI (Ideal Diameter)
The diameter of a round steel bar that will harden at the center to a given
percent of martensite when subjected to an ideal quench (i.e., Grossman
ELONGATION
In tensile testing, the increase in gage length, measured after the fracture
of a specimen within the gage length, usually expressed as a percentage
of the original gage length.
144
GLOSSARY continued
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY TEST (Jominy Test)
A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or
other ferrous alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard
specimen above the upper critical temperature, placing the hot specimen
after cooling to room temperature is completed, measuring the hardness
near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced intervals along its
length. The data are normally plotted as hardness versus distance from
the quenched end.
HARDNESS
Resistance of a metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation.
However, this may also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to
scratching, abrasion, or cutting.
IMPACT TEST
A test to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates
of loading, usually in bending, tension or torsion. The quantity measured
is the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen by a single blow, as in
the Charpy or Izod tests.
INGOT
A casting of a simple shape which can be used for hot working or
remelting.
KILLED STEEL
Steel treated with a strong deoxidizer to reduce oxygen to a level where
LAP
A surface imperfection which appears as a seam. It is caused by the
them into the surface but not welding them. Laps on tubes can form from
seams on piercing mill billets.
MACHINABILITY
This is a generic term for describing the ability of a material to be machined.
performance is affected by a myriad of variables relating to the machining
operation and the workpiece. An overall review is provided in the ASM
Metals Handbook: Machinability, Ninth Edition, Volume 16, 1989.
NORMALIZING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to temperature at least 100F
above the critical range and cooling in still air at room temperature. The
and gives uniformity in hardness and structure to the product.
145
GLOSSARY continued
PICKLING
An operation by which surface oxide (scale) is removed by chemical
action. Sulfuric acid is typically used for carbon and low-alloy steels.
After the acid bath, the steel is rinsed in water.
QUENCHING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to a predetermined temperature and cooling rapidly in air or liquid medium to produce a desired
crystalline structure.
REDUCTION OF AREA
The difference, expressed as a percentage of original area, between the
original cross-sectional area of a tensile test specimen and the minimum
cross-sectional area measured after complete separation.
RIMMED STEEL
A low carbon steel having enough iron oxide to give a continuous evovirtually free of voids.
SCAB
SEAM
A defect on the surface of a metal which appears as a crack. Experience
indicates that most seams are created during the cooling or reheating
of cast structures.
SEMI-KILLED STEEL
Incompletely deoxidized steel which contains enough dissolved oxygen
shrinkage.
SPHEROIDIZE ANNEAL
A special type of annealing that requires an extremely long cycle. This
treatment is used to produce globular carbides and maximum softness
for best machinability in some analyses, or to improve cold formability.
STRAND CASTING (Continuous Casting)
Operation in which a cast shape is continuously drawn through the botdimensions.
STRESS RELIEVE TEMPER
A thermal treatment to restore elastic properties and to minimize distortion on subsequent machining or hardening operations. This treatment
is usually applied to material that has been heat treated (quenched and
tempered). Normal practice would be to heat to a temperature 100F
lower than the tempering temperatures used to establish mechanical
properties and hardness. Ordinarily, no straightening is performed after
the stress relieve temper.
146
GLOSSARY continued
TEMPERING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to some predetermined
temperature under the critical range, holding at that temperature a
designated period of time and cooling in air or liquid. This treatment is
used to produce one or more of the following end results: A) to soften
material for subsequent machining or cold working, B) to improve
ductility and relieve stresses resulting from prior treatment or cold
working, and C) to produce the desired mechanical properties or
structure in the second step of a double treatment.
TENSILE STRENGTH
In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original crosssectional area.
YIELD POINT
able stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase
in stress. If there is a decrease in stress after yielding, a distinction
may be made between upper and lower yield points.
YIELD STRENGTH
proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of .2% is commonly
used.
Information adapted from ASM

and/or SAE publications.
147
GLOSSARY OF FORGING TERMS

AS FORGED
die block cavity without any additional or subsequent operations.
BACKWARD EXTRUSION
The forging or forming process where a metal contained within a die is
forced backward or in the opposite direction over a punch producing a
blind hole or cup shaped forging.
BLANK
Raw material or forging stock from which a forging is made.
BLOCKER FORGING
BOSS
A relatively short projection or protrusion on the surface of a forging,
often cylindrical in shape.
BURNING
Metal that has been overheated to an excessively high temperature resulting in permanent damage. Burning occurs by either incipient melting at
the grain boundaries or intergranular oxidation.
COLD FORGING
An impression or closed die forging process that is performed at or near
room temperature. This process often requires a lubricant to assist with
COINING
A post-forging process that is used to attain tighter tolerances or to
DIE BLOCK(S)
Metal block(s) that have been machined with the required forging impressions to produce the forged component.
DIE IMPRESSION
of the forged component.
DIE SINKING
The forming or machining operation that creates the depressed pattern
of a die block.
DRAFT
The taper on the sides of the die impression and the associated forging
that is required for removal of the component from the die block.
148
FORGING GLOSSARY continued

FILLET
The concave easing of an interior corner of the forging that is used to
reduce stress concentration within the component.
FIN
A thin projection formed on a forging when metal is forced under pressure
into hairline cracks or die interfaces.
FINISH ALL OVER (F.O.A.)
on all surfaces.
FLASH
The excess metal that extends out from the body of the forging to ensure
FORGING BILLET
A wrought metal multiple or mult used as forging stock.
FORGING STRESSES
Elastic residual stresses induced by part design, forging operations or
post-forging cooling. The stresses can be relieved by a subsequent heat
treatment such as annealing or normalizing.
FORWARD EXTRUSION
force applied.
HAMMER FORGING
A mechanical forging or forming process that shapes the metal by means
of a hammer ram striking forging stock that is placed on an anvil, repeated
strikes create the components desired shape. The action of the hammer
provides instantaneous localized compressive forces that deform the
metal. The process also is referred to as Drop Forging and is frequently
used during the forging of shafts.
HOT FORGING
perature and strain rate to simultaneously produce recrystallization and
metal deformation, thus avoiding strain hardening.
IMPRESSION DIE FORGING
A forging process that utilizes mating dies with shaped impressions to
form a component. The process also is referred to as Closed Die Forging.
MULT OR MULTIPLE
A single piece of raw material or forging stock used to produce a forging.
149

OPEN DIE FORGING
or dies with simple shapes such as V or O shapes. Shafts, Discs and
Saddle/Mandrel Rings are manufactured through this process.
PREHEATING
The heating of a metal to a relatively high temperature for a long period of
before hot working.
PUNCHOUT
The metal that is removed when punching a hole in a forging. This operation is often required during the Ring Rolling process.
RECRYSTALLIZATION
The process by which deformed grains are replaced by a new set of
undeformed grains that nucleate and grow until the original grains have
been entirely consumed.
RESIDUAL STRESS
Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal as the result of
non-uniform plastic deformation (i.e. forging). The deformation can be
caused by cold working or by drastic temperature gradients created by
accelerated cooling operations such as quenching.
RING ROLLING
A forging process that traditionally starts with a hole-punched work piece.
The process uses an inner mandrel roll and an outer drive roll. The inner
mandrel roll compresses toward the drive roll resulting in a thinner wall
and enlarged diameter forging.
SADDEN
Light reduction incurred at the initial forging operation to break up and
SCALE
Oxidation of metal due to heat, resulting in relatively heavy surface
layers of oxide.
SEAM (DEFECT)
(1) A crack located on the surface of the metal that has been closed
but not welded shut. They are generally formed by a preexisting defect
produced during casting or cold/hot working (i.e. laps). (2) A defect on
the surface of a metal which appears as a crack, usually resulting from
a discontinuity obtained during casting or teeming.
SHEAR
A type of cutting operation in which the metal is cut by means of a moving
150

SHEAR CRACKING
A diagonal, transgranular crack caused by shear stresses.
SHOT BLASTING
The cleaning of a metal surface through the combination of an air blast
and metal shot used as an abrasive.
SHRINKAGE
The contraction of metal that occurs during cooling after hot forging.
SLIVER (DEFECT)
A loose piece of metal or slender fragment that is forged into the surface
of a component during the forging operation.
SOAKING
Prolonged heating of a metal at a selected temperature in order to ensure
it has achieved a uniform temperature through the entire cross section.
STRAIN
The elastic or plastic deformation of steel caused by stress.
STRAIN HARDENING
An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at
temperatures lower than the recystallization range of the material.
STRESS
(1) The deforming load to which a metal is subjected. (2) The resistance
which the metal offers to deformation by a force.
TRIMMING
excess material from the forging.
TOLERANCE LIMIT
acteristic.
UPSET FORGING
A forging or forming process that occurs near the end of the bar. The
upset occurs between laterally moving dies which increases the diameter
of the worked piece by compressing its length.
WARM FORGING
The forging or forming process where metal deformation occurs below
the recrystallization temperature. For steels, this temperature can range
from 800 to 1800 degrees Fahrenheit.
WORK HARDENING
An increased resistance to deformation (i.e. increase in hardness)
produced by cold working.
151

WORKABILITY
The characteristic or group of characteristics that determine the ease of
forming a metal into a desired shape.
WROUGHT STEEL
Steel that has been produced by thermo-mechanical working or hot
deformation.
152
77
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77

Customers Turn to Timken

USA: +1 (866) 284-6536

Engineered Steel Solutions for:

Contact Timken to create solutions for you.

Practical Data for Metallurgists

In addition, we offer value-added solutions that help

Practical Data for Metallurgists

Practical Data for

STANDARD CARBON STEELS

FREE CUTTING RESULPHURIZED STEELS

FREE CUTTING REPHOSPHORIZED

of adverse effect on machinability.

HIGH MANGANESE CARBON STEEL

STANDARD ALLOY STEELS

STANDARD ALLOY STEELS continued

PS GRADES (Formerly EX Grades)

Si ! .15/.35, P ! .035 max, S ! .040 max

P ! .040 max, S ! .15/.35, Si ! 1.00 max

Note: PS Nos. 15, 24 and 30 are now standard grades.

STANDARD H STEELS continued

STANDARD CARBON AND

For electric furnace steels P & S !

RESTRICTED HARDENABILITY STEELS

! .35 max, Ni ! .25 max, Cr ! .20 max, Mo ! .06 max

FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS

FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS continued

FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS continued

FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS continued

Some MIL numbers cancelled. Replaced by AMS numbers.

Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS

Some MIL numbers cancelled. Replaced by AMS numbers.

Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated

SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS continued

P & S ! .025 max, Cu !

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS

P & S ! .025 max, Cu !

SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS continued

P & S ! .015 max

P & S ! .025 max, Cu !

SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS continued

P ! .035 max, S ! .040 max

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

At producers option, reported only when intentionally added.

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS

H ! Grades for high temperature service.

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS continued

Ti ! 4 " C min, .60 max

At producers option, reported only when intentionally added.

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

CHROMIUM STAINLESS STEELS

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

SELECTED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS

Cb ! .06/.10, N ! .03/.07, Al ! .04 max

SELECTED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS continued

Ti ! 4 " C min, .60 max

Ti ! 4 " C min, .70 max

P ! .015 max, S ! .005 max

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits