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Comparison ISO standards 1328-1:1995 and

1328-1:2013
Conference Paper April 2014

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The 11th International Scientific Conference COORDIANTE MEASURING TECHNIQUE CMT2014, Bielsko-Biaa, April 2nd-4th 2014

Comparison ISO standards 1328-1:1995 and

1328-1:2013
Mirosaw WOJTYA1*, Wadysaw JAKUBIEC1, Wojciech POWUCHA1
1 University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biaa,
* Corresponding Author / E-mail: mwojtyla@ath.bielsko.pl, TEL: +48-33-8279-321
KEYWORDS : ISO 1328-1, requirements, gears

Abstract:
One of the basic standards concerning gears is ISO 1328-1. The new edition includes number of changes, e.g.: provides flank
classification tolerances and recommends measuring requirements for unassembled gears, measurement data filtering, single flank
composite testing or evaluation of profile and helix deviations using the second order analysis method. The paper presents most
important changes included in the new edition. In particular the changes of terminology and definitions, which enable more precise
definition of the requirements, are described. The changes in evaluation of tolerance values are discussed and the differences arising
from that are pointed out. Attention is brought on more detailed presentation of the evaluation algorithms for considerations for
elemental measurements for profile and helix deviations. The lists of the minimum set of parameters that shall be checked for compliance
is cited.

1. Introduction

2. Changes of definitions

Manufacturing accuracy of cylindrical gears is the subject of 2

standards: ISO 1328-1 (2013 edition [1] replaced recently edition
form 1995 [2]) and ISO 1328-2 [3]. The first deal with tolerances and
deviations relevant to corresponding flanks of gear teeth i.e. such as
pitch deviations (single pitch deviation fpt, cumulative pitch deviation
Fpk and total cumulative pitch deviation Fp), profile deviations (total
profile deviation F, profile form deviation ff and profile slope
deviation fH), helix deviations (total helix deviation F, helix form
deviation ff and helix slope deviation fH) as well as tangential
composite deviations (total tangential composite deviation Fi and
tooth-to-tooth tangential composite deviation fi). A compliment for
this standard is technical report ISO/TR 10064-1 [4] including in
particular information on measurement techniques of the mentioned
deviations.
The second of the mentioned above standards corresponds to
radial composite deviations and runout, i.e. deviations such as radial
composite deviations (total radial composite deviation Fi and toothto-tooth radial composite deviation fi) as well as runout Fr. A
compliment for this standards is technical report ISO/TR 10064-2 [5],
in which additionally tooth thickness and backlash are discussed.
Other aspects of gears and gearing manufacturing accuracy are
subjects of technical reports ISO/TR 10064-3 [6] (gear blanks, shaft
centre distance and parallelism of axes) and ISO/TR 10064-4 [7]
(surface roughness and tooth contact pattern checking). Further
important information, including terminology, can be found in
standards ISO 701 [8] ISO 1122-1 [9] and ISO 21771 [10].
The paper discusses most important changes introduced in 2013
in ISO 1328-1.

The name and designation for single pitch deviation fpt is

changed the deviation is called now individual single pitch
deviation and is designated as fpi, while maximum absolute value of
all the individual single pitch deviations received the name single
pitch deviation and designation fp.
The name and designation of cumulative pitch deviation Fpk is
changed the deviation is called now individual cumulative pitch
deviation (individual index deviation) and has designation Fpi. Fpk
(and Fpz/8) occurs in the annex as sector pitch deviation. An
additional name for total cumulative pitch deviation (Fp) is
introduced, namely total index deviation. The new edition of the
standard includes also comprehensive annex providing the definition,
measurement practices, recommended tolerances, and guidance for
application of sector pitch deviation.
There have been significant changes in the way of defining
profile deviation. The term usable length is abandoned. The
definition of this term included statement that from one side usable
length is limited by the tooth tip, by the start of tip chamfer or tip
rounding (point A) and from the other side either by the beginning
of the root fillet or by the undercut (point F).
The new edition introduces new terms (for terms and definition
used in the standard explanatory drawings are added), especially
(Fig. 1.):
profile control diameter (start of profile evaluation diameter) dCf
specified (by gear designer) diameter beyond which the tooth
profile is required to conform to the specified design profile. If a
profile control diameter is not specified, the start of active profile
diameter, dNf, is used in place of the profile control diameter.
When a gear will mesh with more than one mating gear, the start

The 11th International Scientific Conference COORDIANTE MEASURING TECHNIQUE CMT2014, Bielsko-Biaa, April 2nd-4th 2014

of active profile diameter should be considered for each of these

gears when selecting the profile control diameter,
tip form diameter, dFa unless otherwise specified, tip diameter
minus twice the tip corner radius or chamfer. This is the minimum
specified diameter for external gears or maximum specified
diameter for internal gears where the tip break (start of tip
chamfer or tip corner radius) can occur,
measured profile portion of the tooth flank along which the
probe is in contact during the profile measurement, which shall
include the profile control diameter and the tip form diameter.

2. Changes of tolerance values

The significant change is introducing new formulae for
calculating tolerances of particular characteristics. The comparison of
the formulae for the accuracy grade 5 is presented in the Table 1, and
for a few cases also in the form of charts (Fig. 2-5). The important
difference is also the fact that in previous edition the same tolerance
values were applied to ranges of parameters of gears (ranges of
module, pitch diameter, tooth width). According to the new edition,
the tolerances are calculated basing on particular values of gear
parameters and rounded accordingly to specified rules.
Table 1. Formulae for calculating the tolerances
Tolerance
symbol
fp, fpi

ISO 1328-1:1995

ISO 1328-1:2013

= 0,3( + 0,4) + 4

= 0,001 + 0,4 + 5

Fpk

= + 1,6( 1)

Fpz/8

pz =
8T

pT + pT
2

Fp

= 0,3 + 1,25 + 7

= 0,002 + 0,55 +
+0,7 + 12

= 3,2 + 0,22 + 0,7

2
2
T = HT
+ fT

= 0,1d + 0,63b + 4,2

2
2
T = HT
+ fT

= (4,3 + + )
where

Fig. 1. Diameters and roll path length for an external gear pair [1]

+4

The new standard clarifies the understanding of the concept

profile evaluation range and designation L. There are two terms:
profile evaluation range section of the measured profile starting
at the profile control diameter, dCf, and, unless otherwise
specified, ending at 95 % of the length to the tip form diameter,
dFa,
profile evaluation length, L roll path length of the profile
evaluation range in a transverse plane.
In the previous edition of the standard the definition of L was
more complicated: That part of the usable length to which the
tolerances of the specified accuracy grade shall apply. Unless
otherwise specified, its length is equal to 92% of the active length
LAE, extending from point E. For the remaining 8% of LAE, which is
the zone near the tip expressed by the difference between LAE and L ,
the following evaluation rules apply for the total profile deviation and
the profile form deviation: a) excess material (plus deviation) which
increase the amount of deviation shall be taken into account; b) for
minus deviations, the tolerance shall be three times the tolerance
specified for the evaluation range L.
In the new edition the term and definition of profile form filter
cutoff, is introduced wavelength where 50 % of the amplitude of
the involute profile measurement data is transmitted as a result of the
Gaussian low-pass filter, thereby including only longer wavelength
deviations.
New edition introduces index T for designating tolerance for
particular characteristics (deviations).

4
(0,001 +

+0,55 + 0,3 + 7)

T = T +

= 0.2 (

) for < 4

K =0.4 for 4
= +
ff

= 2,5
+ 0,17 + 0,5

fT = 0,55n + 5

fH

= 2 + 0,14 + 0,5

HT = 0,4n
+ 0,001 + 4

ff

= 0,07 + 0,45 + 3

fH

= 0,07 + 0,45 + 3

Fr

fT = 0,07
+ 0,45 + 4
HT = 0,05
+ 0,35 + 4
rT = 0,9

Fig. 2. Difference between value of tolerances F and FT

The 11th International Scientific Conference COORDIANTE MEASURING TECHNIQUE CMT2014, Bielsko-Biaa, April 2nd-4th 2014

Fig. 6. Profile deviations with modified pressure angle [1]

Fig. 3. Difference between value of tolerances F and FT

Fig. 7. Profile deviations with profile crowning modification [1]

Fig. 8. Profile deviations with profile modified with tip relief [1]

Fig. 4. Difference between value of tolerances Fp and FpT

Fig. 9. Profile deviations with profile modified with tip and root relief
[1]
Similarly for helix deviations, beside the case with unmodified
helix following helix deviations are considered: with helix angle
modification (Fig. 10), with helix crowning modification (Fig. 11),
with helix end relief (Fig. 12), with modified helix angle with end
relief (Fig. 13).

Fig. 5. Difference between value of tolerances fpt and fpT

3. Profile and helix deviations

Fig. 10. Helix deviations with helix angle modification [1]

In the range of interpretation of measurement results of profile

and helix deviations the new edition introduces significant changes.
Beside the profile deviations with unmodified involute the standard
specifies following profile deviations: with modified pressure angle
(Fig. 6), with profile crowning modification (Fig. 7), with profile
modified with tip relief (Fig. 8) and deviations with profile modified
with tip and root relief (Fig. 9).

Fig. 11. Helix deviations with helix crowning modification [1]

The 11th International Scientific Conference COORDIANTE MEASURING TECHNIQUE CMT2014, Bielsko-Biaa, April 2nd-4th 2014

Table 2. Parameters to be measured

Minimum acceptable parameters
Alternative parameter
Default parameter list
list

Flank
tolerance
class
10 to 11

Fp, fp, s, F, F

7 to 9
Fig. 12. Helix deviations with helix end relief [1]

1 to 6

Fp, fp, s, F, ff, fH, F,

ff, fH

s, cp, Fi, fi
s, cp, Fis, fis

4. Conclusions

Fig. 13. Helix deviations with modified helix angle with end relief [1]
Moreover, the new edition contains more details on considerations for
elemental measurements (datum axis, direction of measurement,
direction of tolerance, measurement diameter, data filtering, data
density, required measuring practices). Especially for zone-based
profile tolerance evaluation the detailed algorithms are given for the
determination of the profile slope and form deviation by means of
regression calculation (Fig. 14).

The new edition of ISO 1328 introduces changes in the range of

calculating of the tolerance values. Moreover, it gives many
significant details on considerations for elemental measurements such
as datum axis, direction of measurement, direction of tolerance,
measurement diameter, data filtering, data density, required
measuring practices.

REFERENCES
1. ISO 1328-1:1995 Cylindrical gears. ISO system of accuracy.
Part 1: Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant to
corresponding flanks of gear teeth
2. ISO 1328-1:2013 Cylindrical gears. ISO system of flank
tolerance classification. Part 1: Definitions and allowable values
of deviations relevant to flanks of gear teeth
3. ISO 1328-2:1997 Cylindrical gears. ISO system of accuracy. Part
2: Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant to
radial composite deviations and runout information
4. ISO/TR 10064-1:1992/Cor 1:2006 Cylindrical gears. Code of
inspection practice. Part 1: Inspection of corresponding flanks of
gear teeth

Fig. 14. Graphical explanation of the analysis algorithm for the zonebased profile tolerance evaluation [1]
Similar algorithm is given for the zone-based helix tolerance
evaluation (Fig. 15)

5. ISO/TR 10064-2:1996/Cor 2:2006 Cylindrical gears. Code of

inspection practice. Part 2: Inspection related to radial composite
deviations, runout, tooth thickness and backlash
6. ISO/TR 10064-3:1996/Cor 1:2006 Cylindrical gears. Code of
inspection practice. Part 3: Recommendations relative to gear
blanks, shaft centre distance and parallelism of axes
7. ISO/TR 10064-4:1998/Cor 1:2006 Cylindrical gears. Code of
inspection practice. Part 4: Recommendations relative to surface
roughness and tooth contact pattern checking
8. ISO 701:1998 International gear notation. Symbols for
geometrical data
9. ISO 1122-1:1998/Cor 1:1999 Vocabulary of gear terms. Part 1:
Definitions related to geometry
10. ISO 21771:2007 Gears. Cylindrical involute gears and gear pair.
Concepts and geometry

Fig. 15. Graphical explanation of the analysis algorithm for the zonebased helix tolerance evaluation [1]

3. Guidelines for verification

The new edition introduces guidelines on minimum set of
parameters to be measured (Table 2). Among the parameters there are
two not considered in the standard, i.e. s tooth thickness and cp
contact pattern.

11. ISO/TR 10064-5:2005/Cor 1:2006 Code of inspection practice.

Part 5: Recommendations relative to evaluation of gear
measuring instruments
12. ISO/TR 10064-6:2009 Code of inspection practice. Part 6: Bevel
gear measurement methods