NT Course File 2012-2013

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NETWORK THEORY
Objective:
The overall objective of teaching this semester course on Network Theory is to given
the Under Graduate Engineer a through good knowledge of electrical engineering
through Network Theory circuits for second year second semester EEE Students. This
subject is Continuous to Electrical Circuits. At the end of the second year second
semester the student would develop an in depth knowledge of Three phase circuits (star
and delta connection for balanced and unbalanced loads), Transient operation of the
circuits for D.C and as well as A.C. Networks, Network Functions, Two port Network
Parameters(Z,Y,ABCD and h-parameters),Filter and Fourier series functions for A.C.
Circuits .Equipped with this knowledge the student would be able to analyze many
engineering problems by tracing the various elements in the set processes in terms of the
electrical equivalents.
The subject of Network Theory would constitute a basic building block for electrical
engineers , in the understanding of electric power and its Transient state and steady state
characteristics. Such understanding would also help the engineer to design his system
after analyzing the circuit under all conditions.
Before commencement of the subject the student should have a knowledge of :
Vector calculus
Complex arithmetic
Various functions like trigonometric and exponential etc.
Knowledge about solution of Differential equations in time domain and Laplace
transform methods.
Differentiation and Integration of different functions.
B.V.R.I.T. Course File -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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UNIT I THREE PHASE CIRCUITS

Objective:
The objective of this unit is to make the students familiar with the basic fundamentals of
electrical circuits and introduce him/her in the following topics:
Different circuit elements(R,L and C) and their characteristics.
Source Transformation of Electrical Circuit.
Voltage Current relationship for passive elements (for different input signalssquare, ramp, saw tooth, triangular)
Important points and definitions:
There are two types of network elements 1) Active elements 2) Passive elements
Inter connection of two or more circuit elements is called a network
If a network consists of a closed path in which current can flow it is called a
circuit
Active elements are those which supply energy.
Passive elements are those which consume energy.
In active elements there are two different types 1) Practical independent sources
2) Dependant sources.
There are three different passive elements.
o 1) Resistors
2) Inductor
3) Capacitor
Objective type questions:

1.
Give different types of active elements.
2.
Name different types of passive elements.
3.
Give the difference between ideal voltage source and practical voltage source. e
4.
Give the difference between ideal current source and practical current source.
5.
Give voltage current relationship for Resistor.
6.
Give voltage current relationship for Inductor.
7.
Give voltage current relationship for Capacitor.
8.
What are energy storage elements?
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9.
Give the relations for energy stored in an inductor and capacitor.
10.
An Ideal current source in parallel with a resistor is represented in terms of

voltage source as ____
11.
If n equal resistors are connected in series then equivalent resistance is

_____________
12.
If n equal resistors are connected in parallel then equivalent resistance is

_____________
13.
If n equal capacitors are connected in series then equivalent capacitance is

_____________
14.
If n equal capacitors are connected in parallel then equivalent capacitance is

_____________
15.
If n equal inductors are connected in series then equivalent inductance is

_____________
16.
If n equal inductors are connected in parallel then equivalent inductance is

_____________
Essay Type questions:

1.
Explain about different Active and Passive elements with their voltage current
relationships.
Problems :
1.
Reduce the network shown below to a single voltage source in series with a
resistor between terminals A & B.
10V
12V
R1
3A
1k
Is1
100mA
R1
2
1k
R1
1k
V2
10V
+
R1
1k
V2 2A
10V
Is1
100mA
5V
V2
10 V
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2.
Find the equivalent resistance between the terminals A & B in the following
network.
R1
1k
3
5
R1
1k
R1
1
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
The students are further advised to solve different problems in the Text Books mentioned.
Previous Examination Questions :
1.
Determine Currents and Voltages of the resistances in the following network using
source transformation.
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After completion of this unit the student should be able to know

Characteristics of all network elements.
Source transformations.
Network reduction techniques
Important topics that student have to put more stress : (in end examination point
of view)
Source transformation problems
Voltage Current relationship for passive elements
Text books for Unit 1 :
1.
Network Theory by Sudhakar & Schaum mohan
2.
Engineering Circuit. Analysis by Haith & Kymberly (Fundamentals)
3.
Electrical Technology (Vol-1) B.L. Theraja (Magnetic Ckts.)
4.
Network Theory Yoga Narasimham (Source transformation)
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UNIT II BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Objective: The objective of this unit is to make the students familiar with network
reduction Techniques of electrical circuits and introduce him/her in the following topics:
Kirchoffs laws applied to electrical ckts.
Network reduction techniques : Series, Parallel, Series Parallel, Star Delta
transformation
Star-delta Transformation
Nodal Analysis
Mesh Analysis
Important points and definitions :
There are two different laws that first expressed by Kirchhoff used in network
analysis 1) Kirchhoffs current law 2) Kirchhoffs voltage law
Current law states that the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a junction or a
point is zero. (it is based on law of conservation of charge).
Voltage law states that the algebraic sum of potential raises and potential drops
around a closed loop is zero
Two elements are said to be connected in series if the current passing through
them is same and voltage across each element is different (both are not same
elements).
Two elements are said to be connected in parallel if voltage across both the
elements are same and current passing through them is different (both are not
same elements).
Start to Delta and Delta to Star transformations are very important techniques
used in network reduction techniques.
If three resistors R1, R2, R3 are connected in Star then equivalent delta network is
given by
R 12 R 1 R 2
R1 R 2
R3
R1
R13
R1
1k
RR11
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
R12
R 12 R 31
R 12 R 23 R 31
R1
1k
R2
B.V.R.I.T. Course File ----------------------------------------------------------------------R3
R32
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R 23 R 2 R 3
R2 R3
R1
R2
R 12 R 23
R 12 R 23 R 31
R 31 R 3 R 1
R 3 R1
R2
R3
R 23 R 31
R 12 R 23 R 31
Mesh and Nodal analysis are two basic techniques used in finding solution of
electrical networks.
KVL is used to form mesh equations in mesh analysis.
KCL is used to form nodal equations in nodal analysis.
Essay Type questions and problems:

1. Explain about different Active and Passive elements with their voltage current
relationships.
2.
State and explain Kirchhoff laws.
3. State and explain star-delta Transformation

4. Explain about Nodal Analysis
5. Explain about Mesh Analysis
Previous Examination Questions:
1.
Use nodal analysis to find the power dissipated in the 6 ohm resistor in the
following circuit.
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Kirchhoff laws
Network reduction techniques
Series and Parallel connection
Star-Delta Transformation.
Nodal analysis
Mesh Analysis
Text Books for Unit 2 :
1.
2.
Engg. Ckt. Analysis by Haith & Kymberly
3.
Electrical Technology (Vol-1) B.L. Theraja
4.
Network Theory Yoga Narasimham
5.
Electrical Circuits Schuam series
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UNIT III SINGLE PHASE A.C CIRCUITS

Objective:
Introduce the student to alternating voltages and currents. In this unit the
student come across various definitions, calculations with alternating quantities. In this
unit the student is introduced with the following topics.
Fundamental concepts of alternating quantities (sinusoidal waveforms)
Analysis of R, L, C parameters applied with ac sinusoidal voltage (individually
and in combinations)
An alternating quantity is one the circuit direction of the which reverses at

regularly recurring intervals.
Usually an alternating voltage or current is a waveform of sinusoidal function

represented by equations
i I m Sin (t )
v Vm Sint
where v =
Vm =
instantenous value
maximum value
= angular frequency
Phase difference between voltage and current
One complete set of positive and negative values of alternating quantity is known
as cycle.
Time period : The time taken by an alternating quantity to complete one cycle is
called its time period (T).
The no. of cycles per second is called frequency (f).
By phase of an alternating quantity is meant the fraction of time period of that

alternating current which has elapsed since the current last passed through the
zero position of reference.
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A leading alternating quntity is one which reaches its maximum value earier as
compared to the other quantity.
A lagging alternating quantity is one which reaches its maximum value later than
the other quantity.
The r.m.s value of an alternating current is given by that steady (dc) current which
when flowing through a given circuit for a given time produces the same heat as
produced by the alternating current . When flowing through the same circuit of
the same time.
Average value of an alternating current is expressed by that steady current which

transfers across any circuit the same charge as it transferred by that alternating
current during the same time.
The r.m.s. value of a periodic wave of time period T is given by

Vrms
1 T 2
v dt
T 0
The average value of a periodic wave of time period T is given by

Vavg
1/ 2
1
T/2
T/2
v dt (for symmetrical waveforms)

0
If ac voltage is applied to an pure resistor voltage across it and current passing

through it are in phase with each other.
If an ac voltage is applied to a pure inductor current passing through it lags by 900

with respect to voltage across it .
If an ac voltage is applied to a pure capacitor the current passing through it leads

the voltage across it by 900.
If an ac voltage is applied to an R-L circuit, current passing through the circuit

will lag the applied voltage by some angle greater than zero and less than 900
depending on the values of R and L.
If an ac voltage is applied to an R-C circuit, current passing through the circuit

leads the applied voltage by some angle.
In case of R-L-C circuit current either lags or leads depending on the effect of
inductance and capacitance.
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If inductive effect is more then current lags otherwise if capacitive effect is more
current leads.
Three types of powers are there in case of ac circuits. 1. Apparent power 2. Active
power 3. Reactive power.
The product of voltage and current in the circuit gives apparent power (VI)
The product of voltage and in phase component of current gives active power
(VI Cos )
The product of voltage and quadrature component of current gives reactive power
(VI Sin )
Complex power is given by S = VI*
To represent ac quantities we use j notation.
Short Answer questions:

1.
Define RMS value.
2.
Define average value.
3.
Give the RMS and average values, form factor and peak factor of sinusoidal ac
voltage, half wave and full wave sinusoidal waves.
4.
Define power factor.
5.
What is complex power?
6.
What is apparent power?
7.
What is reactive power?
8.
What is true power?
9.
Give the difference between impedance and resistance.
10.
The ratio V, I give _________ in case of ac circuits.
11.
What are Inductive and Capacitive reactances?
12.
Define admittance.
13.
Define susceptance.
Essay Type questions and problems :
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1.
An alternating current of frequency 60Hz has a maximum value of 120A.

Write down the equation for instantaneous value.
2.
Explain about phase and phase difference.
3.
Find RMS and Average values of the following waveform.
4.
For the following wave find effective value.
5.
A current of 5A flows through a non inductive resistance in series with

choking coil when supplied at 250V, 50Hz. If the voltage across the resistance
is 125V and across the coil 200V, calculate a) impedance b) the power
absorbed by the coil and the total power.
6.
In the following fig. If voltage meter reads 60V, find reading of ammeter.
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1.
Find form factor and peak factor of a sinusoidal alternating voltage of

maximum value Vm.
2.
A series RLC circuit with R=100 , L = 0.5H, C=40x10-6F has an applied

voltage of 100 0 with variable frequency. Calculate the resonance
frequency, current at resonance voltage across RLC. Also calculate the Qfactor, upper and lower cutoff frequencies.
3.
Determine the branch and total active and reactive powers in the parallel
circuit shown.
After completion of this unit the student should be able to know:

Concept of alternating voltages.
RMS values, Average values, Form factor, Peak factor
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
UNIT IV LOCUS DIAGRAMS & RESONANCE

Objective:
Introduce the student to Resonance and Locus Diagrams . In this unit the student come
across various definitions, calculations with alternating quantities. In this unit the student
is introduced with the following topics.
A very important condition of AC circuit : Resonance
Current locus diagrams for various AC circuits.
Locus diagram: It is the curve in the complex plane traced by a point as one of the
parameter of the circuit is varied.
There are different types of locus diagrams: 1. Impedance locus diagram 2.

Admittance locus diagram 3. Current locus diagrams.
Resonance: the unity power factor condition of complex impedance circuit is

called resonance.
There are two types of resonance in electrical circuits: 1. Series resonance

2. Parallel resonance
In series resonance the impedance of the circuit is minimum and is equal to R.
The current in the circuit is maximum under series resonance conditions.
The frequency of resonance is given by :

f0
1
2 LC
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Band width: Band width of any system is the range of frequencies for which the
current or o/p voltage is 70.7% of its value at resonant frequency.
Band width of RLC series circuit is given by

BW
R
2L
It is also given by f2 f1
Where f2 = upper cutoff frequency
f1 = lower cutoff frequency
fr
f 2 f1
the ratio of voltage developed across L or C to the applied voltage is known as

Q-factor.
Q
I XC
I XL
(or)
V
V
fr
f 2 - f1

1.
Define Q-factor.
2.
Define bandwidth.
3.
Give the relation between resonant frequency and lower and upper cut off
frequencies.
4.
Give the relation between Q-factor, resonant frequency and bandwidth.
5.
What is meant by magnification factor.
6.
In a series RLC circuit operating below the resonant frequency the current
___________
7.
What is the phase angle of series RLC circuit at resonance.
8.
What is the total reactance of a series RLC circuit at resonance.
9.
A certain series resonant circuit has a bandwidth of 1000Hz. If the existing coil is
replaced by a coil with a lower Q, What happens to the bandwidth?
10.
In a parallel resonant circuit, why does the current lag behind the source voltage
at frequencies below resonance?
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Essay Type questions and problems:
1.
Derive the relationship between Q-factor, bandwidth and resonance frequency.
2.
Derive the relationship between resonance frequency, lower cutoff frequency

and upper cutoff frequency.
3.
Show that the dynamic impedance of a parallel resonance ckt. is L/CR.

1.
A series RLC circuit with R=100 , L = 0.5H, C=40x10-6F has an applied

voltage of 100 0 with variable frequency. Calculate the resonance
frequency, current at resonance voltage across RLC. Also calculate the Qfactor, upper and lower cutoff frequencies.
2.
With respect to series resonant circuit, prove the bandwidth is inversely

proportional to the Q-factor at resonance.
After completion of this unit the student should be able to know :

Series and parallel resonance
Locus diagrams for various series and parallel circuits.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
UNIT-V MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

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Objective :
The objective of this unit is to make the students familiar with magnetic circuits
,Faradays laws and introduce him/her in the following topics :
Faradays La ws of Electro magnetic Induction
Self and Mutual Inductances
Magnetic circuit analysis (series and parallel)
Magnetic circuit is defined as the path which is followed by Magnetic flux.
The different terms we come across in magnetic circuits are : Reluctance, MMF,
Permeance, Flux density, Magnetic field intensity, Self inductance, Mutual
inductance, dot convention, coefficient of coupling.
Relation between magnetism and electricity (electromagnetic induction).
Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction.
First law states that whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes an
emf is always induced in it.
Second law states that the magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of change
of flux linkages.
Objective type questions :

1.
Define dot convention.
2.
Define mutual inductance.
3.
Define Coefficient of coupling.
4.
Give the relationship between MMF, Flux and Reluctance.
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Essay Type questions :
1.
State and explain Faradays Laws
2.
Explain about dot convention.
3.
Derive a relation for coefficient of coupling in terms of self and mutual

inductances.
Problems:
1.
A ring has a mean diameter of 21cm and cross sectional area of 10cm 2. The ring is
made up of semi circular sections of cast iron and cast steel with each joint having
a reluctance equal to an air gap of 0.2mm. find the ampere turns required to
produce a flux of 8x10-4wb. The relative permeabilities of cast steel and cast iron
are 800 & 166 respectively. Neglect fringing and leakage effects.
2.
Two identical coupled coils have an equivalent inductance of 80mH when

connected series aiding and 35mH in series opposing. Find L1, L2, M and K.
The students are further advised to solve different problems in the Text Books mentioned.
1.
Distinguish between self and mutual inductances. A coil of inductance value

300mH is connected in series with another coil. The total inductance is 800mH.
When one of the coil is reversed the total inductance is 400mH. Find the
coefficient of Coupling between the coils.
2.
An iron ring has a mean length of 50cm has an air gap of 1mm and a winding of
200 turns. If Relative permeability is 400 when a current of 1A flows in the
winding determine the flux density. Neglect leakage and fringing.
3.
A cast steel electromagnet has an air gap of length 2mm and an iron path of length
30cm Find the MMF needed to produce a flux density of 0.8T in the gap. The
Relative Permeability of steel is 1000.
4.
Write the voltage equation for following circuit.
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Electromagnetic induction and Faradays laws
Mutual inductance
Series and Parallel Magnetic circuits.
Important topics that student have to put more stress : (in end examination point
of view)
Faradays Laws of Electro magnetic Induction
Mutual inductance problems
Magnetic circuits problems
Text books for Unit 1 :
1.
2.
Engg. Ckt. Analysis by Haith & Kymberly (Fundamentals)
3.
Electrical Technology (Vol-1) B.L. Theraja (Magnetic Ckts.)
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4.
Network Theory Yoga Narasimham (Source transformation)
UNIT VI NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Objective :
The objective of this unit is to make the student familiar with graph theory, various
network analysis techniques and duality of electrical networks. This unit introduces the
student with the following topics :
Introduction to network topology a technique used for analyzing and solving large
Loop analysis and nodal analysis methods.
Duality and dual networks.
Network topology or graph theory deals with graph of network and provides
information that helps in the formation of network equations.
Representation of network with each element replaced by line segment with all
the nodes are in the network is called a graph.
A tree is a connected sub graph of network which consists of all the nodes of
original graph with no closed path.
The branches of a tree are called twigs.
The removed branches from the graph to form a tree is called cotree. The
branches of co-tree are links.
An incidence matrix is one which gives the information about the interconnection
of various branches.
For a given tree of a graph, addition of each link between any two nodes forms a
loop called the fundamental loop or tie set.
A cut set is a minimum set of branches of a connected graph such that the removal
of these branches causes the graph to be cut into exactly two parts.
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A fundamental cut set is one which consists of only one tree branch and remaining
links.
Mesh and Nodal analysis are two basic techniques used in finding solution of
KVL is used to form mesh equations in mesh analysis.
KCL is used to form nodal equations in nodal analysis.
A network is said to be dual to other network if mesh equations of first network

are same as the nodal equations of the other network.

1.
A tree has ____________
2.
The no. of branches in a tree is __________ the no. of branches in a graph.
3.
The tie set schedule gives the relation between _______________
4.
Mesh analysis is based on ______________
5.
Nodal analysis is based on _________________
6.
What is the dual element for capacitor?
7.
What is the dual element for current source?
8.
What is the dual element for inductor?
9.
What is the dual element of resistor?
Essay type questions and problems:

1. For the electrical network shown obtain incidence matrix and tie set matrix by
selecting tree.
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2.
For the network graph shown obtain cut set matrix, by selecting a tree
3.
Using mesh analysis determine the voltage Vs which gives a voltage of 50V
across the 10 ohms resistor.
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4.
Use nodal analysis to find the power dissipated in the 6 ohm resistor in the
following circuit.
5.
Draw the dual network for the following network.
10V
12V
R1
3A
1k
Is1
100mA
R1
2
1k
R1
1k
V2
10V
+
R1
1k
V2 2A
10V
5V
V2
10 V
Is1
100mA
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Previous examination questions:
1.
For the network graph shown obtain cut set matrix, by selecting a tree
2.
Find the currents in all the branches of the network by using nodal analysis.
Text Books :
1.
Electrical Circuits Schaum series
2.
Electrical Technology B.L. Teraja
3.
Network Theory Sudhakar and Schaum Mohan
4.
Engg. Ckt. Analysis Hayth and Kymberly
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UNIT-VII NETWORK THEOREM (with D.C)

Objective :
The main objective of this unit is to introduce the student with some useful network
theorems for D.C Circuits . Some of the theorems some of the theorems are used to solve
and analyze various networks. In this unit the student is introduced with the following
topics:
Tellegens theorem
Thevinin and Nortons theorems
Superposition theorem
Reciprocity theorem
Maximum power transfer theorem
Milliman and compensation theorem.
Tellegens theorem : It states that in an arbitrary lumped network, the algebraic

sum of the powers in all branches at any instant is zero. All branch currents and
voltages in that network must satisfy kirchoffs laws.
(or)
In a given network, the algebraic sum of the powers delivered by all sources is
equal to the algebraic sum of the powers absorbed by all elements.
Tellegens theorem is valid for any lumped network which may be linear or non
linear, passive or active, time varying or time in variant.
Thevinin theorem is very useful when if we want to find out current in a particular
branch or voltage across a particular branch of a given network.
Thevinin theorem states that any linear active network with output terminals AB
can be replaced by a single voltage source V in series with a single Resistance
R. Where V is the open circuit voltage measured at the terminals AB. The
equivalent resistance R is the driving point impedance of the network at the
terminals AB when all internal sources are set equal to zero.
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Nortons theorem : It states that any linear active network with output terminals
AB can be replaced by a single current sources I in parallel with a single
Resistance R. Where equivalent current source I is the current through a short
circuit applied to the terminals of active network. The shunt Resistance R is the
driving point impedance of the network at the terminals AB.
Given a linear active network the Resistances R of the Thevinins and Norton
equivalent circuits are identical.
Super position theorem : It states that the response in any element of a linear
bilateral network containing two or more sources is the sum of the responses
obtained by each source acting separately and with all the other sources set equal
to zero.
Super position theorem is not valid for power calculations.
Reciprocity theorem: It states that in a linear bilateral, single source network the
ratio of excitation to response is constant when position of excitation and response
are interchanged.
Compensation Theorem: A network Resistance R which contains a current I has a

voltage drop given by IR. Then according to the compensation theorem this
Resistance may be replace by a compensation emf equal to IR. Similarly, if the
voltage across an element or branch of a network containing an Resistance R is V,
the element or branch may be replaced by a current source I = V/R. Currents and
voltages in all other parts of the network remain unchanged after the substitution
of the compensation source.
Maximum Power Transfer theorem : It states that if a source with internal

impedance Rg delivers maximum power to the load connected across its terminals
when RL = Rg if Rg is Resistance. The efficiency under maximum power transfer
conditions is 50%.
Millmans theorem : It states that in any network, if the voltage soruces V1, V2 . . .
Vn in series with internal resistances R1, R2 . . . Rn respectively are in parallel,
then these sources may be represented by a single voltage source V in series with
R.
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Where V '
V1G 1 V2 G 2 . . . Vn G n
G1 G 2 . . . G n
R'
1
G1 G 2 . . . G n
A similar theorem can be stated for n current sources having internal

conductances which can be replaced by a single current source I in parallel with
an equivalent conductance.
Where I'
I1 R 1 I 2 R 2 . . . I n R n
R1 R 2 ... R n
G'
1
R1 R 2 ... R n
Short Answer Questions :

1.
Super position theorem is valid only for ___________
2.
Super position theorem is not valid for ______________
3.
Thevinin equivalent source consists of _____________
4.
Norton equivalent source consists of _____________
5.
Reciprocity theorem is applicable to _______________
6.
Compensation theorem is applicable to ______________
7.
Maximum power is transferred when load impedance is ____________-
8.
Give Norton equivalent circuit for a thevinin equivalent circuit consisting of

voltage source of 10V and impedance of 5 ohms.
9.
Give thevinin equivalent circuit for a Norton equivalent circuit consists of

10A current source in parallel with 5 ohms resistor.
10.
Super position theorem is applied for power calculation (T/F).
Essay type questions and problems :

1.
State and explain super position theorem.
2.
State and explain Maximum power transfer theorem.
3.
State Reciprocity and compensation theorems.
4.
Find Norton equivalent circuit for the following network.
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5.
In the following circuit find the current in 2 ohm resistor by applying super
position theorem..
6.
In the network shown below replace the parallel combination of j10 and
3+j4 impedances with a compensation source
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Previous examination questions:
1.
Text books :
1.
Electrical Circuits Schaum series
2.
Network Theory Sudhakar and Schaum mohan
3.
Electrical Technology BL Teraja
4.
Engg. Ckt. Analysis Hayth & Kymberly
UNIT-VIII NETWORK THEOREM (with A.C)

Objective:
The main objective of this unit is to introduce the student with some useful network
theorems for A.C circuits. Some of the theorems some of the theorems are used to solve
and analyze various networks. In this unit the student is introduced with the following
topics:
Tellegens theorem
Thevinins and Nortons theorems
Superposition theorem
Reciprocity theorem
Maximum power transfer theorem
Millimans and compensation theorem.
Tellegens theorem : It states that in an arbitrary lumped network, the algebraic

sum of the powers in all branches at any instant is zero. All branch currents and
voltages in that network must satisfy kirchoffs laws.
(or)
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In a given network, the algebraic sum of the powers delivered by all sources is
equal to the algebraic sum of the powers absorbed by all elements.
Tellegens theorem is valid for any lumped network which may be linear or non
linear, passive or active, time varying or time in variant.
Thevinin theorem is very useful when if we want to find out current in a particular
branch or voltage across a particular branch of a given network.
Thevinin theorem states that any linear active network with output terminals AB
can be replaced by a single voltage source V in series with a single impedance
Z. Where V is the open circuit voltage measured at the terminals AB. The
equivalent impedance Z is the driving point impedance of the network at the
terminals AB when all internal sources are set equal to zero.
Nortons theorem : It states that any linear active network with output terminals
AB can be replaced by a single current sources I in parallel with a single
impedance Z. Where equivalent current source I is the current through a short
circuit applied to the terminals of active network.. The shunt impedance Z is the
driving point impedance of the network at the terminals AB.
Given a linear active network the impedances Z of the Thevinin and Norton
equivalent circuits are identical.
Super position theorem : It states that the response in any element of a linear
bilateral network containing two or more sources is the sum of the responses
obtained by each source acting separately and with all the other sources set equal
to zero.
Super position theorem is not valid for power calculations.
Reciprocity theorem : It states that in a linear bilateral, single source network the
ratio of excitation to response is constant when position of excitation and response
are interchanged.
Compensation Theorem : A network impedance Z which contains a current I has a

voltage drop given by IZ. Then according to the compensation theorem this
impedance may be replace by a compensation emf where magnitude and phase of
this source are equal to IZ. Similarly, if the voltage across an element or branch of
a network containing an impedance Z is V, the element or branch may be replaced
30
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
by a current source I = V/Z. Currents and voltages in all other parts of the network
remain unchanged after the substitution of the compensation source.
Maximum Power Transfer theorem : It states that if a source with internal

impedance Zg delivers maximum power to the load connected across its terminals
when ZL = Zg* if Zg is complex impedance. If load is a pure resistance then
R L Zg
The efficiency under maximum power transfer conditions is 50%.
Millmans theorem : It states that in any network, if the voltage soruces V1, V2 . . .
Vn in series with internal resistances R1, R2 . . . Rn respectively are in parallel,
then these sources may be represented by a single voltage source V in series with
R.
Where V '
V1 Y1 V2 Y2 . . . Vn Yn
Y1 Y2 . . . Yn
Z'
1
Y1 Y2 . . . Yn
A similar theorem can be stated for n current sources having internal

conductances which can be replaced by a single current source I in parallel with
an equivalent conductance.
Where I '
I1 Z 1 I 2 Z 2 . . . I n Z n
Z1 Z 2 . . . Z n
Y'
1
Z1 Z 2 . . . Z n
Short Answer Questions :

1.
Super position theorem is valid only for ___________
2.
Super position theorem is not valid for ______________
3.
Thevinins equivalent source consists of _____________
4.
Norton equivalent source consists of _____________
5.
Reciprocity theorem is applicable to _______________
6.
Compensation theorem is applicable to ______________
7.
Maximum power is transferred when load impedance is ____________-
8.
Give Norton equivalent circuit for a thevinin equivalent circuit consisting of

voltage source of 10V and impedance of 5 ohms.
9.
Super position theorem is applied for power calculation (T/F).
31
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Essay type questions and problems :
1. State and explain super position theorem.
2. State and explain Maximum power transfer theorem.
3. State Reciprocity and compensation theorems.
4. Find thevinin equivalent circuit for the following network between terminals
AB.
5. In the network shown below replace the parallel combination of j10 and
3+j4 impedances with a compensation source
6. In the following network the load connected across terminals AB consists of a

variable resistance RL and a variable capacitive reactance XC. Determine the
values of RL and XC which results the maximum power transfer. Also find
max. power.
32
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Previous examination questions :

1. Find the thevinin equivalent circuit at terminals AB for the network shown below.
2.
Apply Nortons theorem and find current in ZL = 8+j6 impedance.
33
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
3.
Text books :
3. Electrical Circuits Schaum series
4. Network Theory Sudhakar and Schaum mohan
5. Electrical Technology BL Teraja
6. Engg. Ckt. Analysis Hayth & Kymberly
******
34

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery

B.V.R.I.T. Course File -----------------------------------------------------------------------

UNIT I THREE PHASE CIRCUITS

Objective type questions:

Give different types of active elements.

Name different types of passive elements.

Give voltage current relationship for Resistor.

Give voltage current relationship for Inductor.

Give voltage current relationship for Capacitor.

What are energy storage elements?

B.V.R.I.T. Course File -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Give the relations for energy stored in an inductor and capacitor.

An Ideal current source in parallel with a resistor is represented in terms of

If n equal resistors are connected in series then equivalent resistance is

If n equal resistors are connected in parallel then equivalent resistance is

If n equal capacitors are connected in series then equivalent capacitance is

If n equal capacitors are connected in parallel then equivalent capacitance is

If n equal inductors are connected in series then equivalent inductance is

If n equal inductors are connected in parallel then equivalent inductance is

Essay Type questions:

B.V.R.I.T. Course File -----------------------------------------------------------------------

B.V.R.I.T. Course File -----------------------------------------------------------------------

After completion of this unit the student should be able to know

Network Theory by Sudhakar & Schaum mohan

Engineering Circuit. Analysis by Haith & Kymberly (Fundamentals)

Electrical Technology (Vol-1) B.L. Theraja (Magnetic Ckts.)

Network Theory Yoga Narasimham (Source transformation)

B.V.R.I.T. Course File -----------------------------------------------------------------------

UNIT II BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

KVL is used to form mesh equations in mesh analysis.

KCL is used to form nodal equations in nodal analysis.

Essay Type questions and problems:

State and explain Kirchhoff laws.

3. State and explain star-delta Transformation

B.V.R.I.T. Course File -----------------------------------------------------------------------

After completion of this unit the student should be able to know

Network Theory by Sudhakar & Schaum mohan

Engg. Ckt. Analysis by Haith & Kymberly

Electrical Technology (Vol-1) B.L. Theraja

Network Theory Yoga Narasimham

Electrical Circuits Schuam series

B.V.R.I.T. Course File -----------------------------------------------------------------------

UNIT III SINGLE PHASE A.C CIRCUITS

An alternating quantity is one the circuit direction of the which reverses at

Usually an alternating voltage or current is a waveform of sinusoidal function

Phase difference between voltage and current

The no. of cycles per second is called frequency (f).

By phase of an alternating quantity is meant the fraction of time period of that

B.V.R.I.T. Course File -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Average value of an alternating current is expressed by that steady current which

The r.m.s. value of a periodic wave of time period T is given by

The average value of a periodic wave of time period T is given by

v dt (for symmetrical waveforms)

If ac voltage is applied to an pure resistor voltage across it and current passing

If an ac voltage is applied to a pure inductor current passing through it lags by 900

If an ac voltage is applied to a pure capacitor the current passing through it leads

If an ac voltage is applied to an R-L circuit, current passing through the circuit

If an ac voltage is applied to an R-C circuit, current passing through the circuit

B.V.R.I.T. Course File -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Complex power is given by S = VI*

To represent ac quantities we use j notation.

Short Answer questions: