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density, lb/ft3
pipe roughness, ft
x=
+(1 )
(1)
(2)
l
s
Mixture properties
m= s+ (1 ) l
(3)
S i=
i
w
i = s, l, m
(4)
m=(1+2.5 ) l
0.01
m=(1+2.5 +10.05 2) l
0.01< 0.20
0.20< 1
(5)
Critical velocity
V =
( sl ) g d 50
6 l
l V d 50
l
Vt
2.80
+
=
1.2
V 3 (1+0.08 ) 1+3 10 4 3.2
V s=0.9V t +2.7
l =
( s l ) g l
2
1 /3
l V m D
l
9.35
f l = 1.142 log +
D l f l
)]
Shear velocity
[Eqn. 2.61 of Wilson]
(1)
(2)
(3)
Settling velocity
[Pg. 134 of Wilson (2nd Edition)]
[EQn. 4-51 of Abulnaga]
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
or
f l=
0.25
[ (
log
5.74
+ 0.9
3.7 D l
)]
V 50=V s
60 d 50
8
cosh
fl
D
f
1 d Pwl
i l= l V 2m
V
2 gD
gl L
m
( imi l )0=0.22(S mS l)
Vm
V 50
( )
d Pwm
f
=g l i m m m V 2m
dL
2 gD
(8)
(10)
(12)
(13
)
Definition
(9)
Fathom Output
dP gr=m g ( z oz i ) sin ( )
dPw =f
V
L
m m
D
2
(100)
(101)
V 2m
dP K =K m
2
(102)
i m=
(103)
dPw
1
L
g l
(104)
V
i mi l=0.22 m
V 50
( )
( Sm S l )cos ( )
2
1
L V
f l l m
l gL D
2
( )
il=
(105)
(106)
Calculate the critical velocity at 50% (mixture velocity at which 50% of the solids
are suspended) [Wilson, Eqn. 6.11
V 50=3.93 d
0.35
50
( S s1 )
0.45
l
w
()
0.25
( )
Fluid Head
f
V
i m= l V 2m+ 0.22(S mS l) m
2 gD
V 50
( )
i m=Sm 1+
fl
V 2m
2 gD
()
()
(for vertical pipes)
fx V 2
p+ gz+ =Constant( p0 + z 0 )
D 2
dp
f
dz
=g
V 2+
dx
2 gD
dx
i=
dp 1
f
dz
=
V 2+
dx ref g ref 2 gD
dx
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Assume a velocity
Calculate Rel, fl
Calculate il (Eqn. 17)
Calculate im (Eqn. 16)
Calculate dPfr (Eqn. 14)
()
w=0.9 v t + 2.7
( s f ) g
f2
1/ 3
Where vt is the terminal velocity of the d50 particle. This is calculated based
on the equations (and notes) presented starting on page 44 of Wilsons book
using the particle shape factor or Vo/Vs term entered in System Properties.
The V50 value is then calculated as described in equation 4 as you
referenced.
2. Vertical Pipe Model
The pressure gradient for vertical pipes calculated by Fathom 9 is not
consistent with the equations given in the theory section (Equations 2 and 3
in Vertical Pipe Theory for Slurry Flow). It appears that the Pressure gradient
calculated by Fathom 9 includes only the friction component and has the
units ft of water/ft of pipe length, i.e.,
i m=
fw 2
dp 1
=Sm
V
dz w g
2 gD m
In contrast, Equations 3 and 4 in the theory section include also the gravity
head. Please clarify which equation is used by Fathom 9.
In the theory presented in Wilson, the i term is always the frictional
gradient in terms of head, and does not include any effects of elevation
change (i.e. these correlations were developed for horizontal pipes).
However, when Wilson discusses vertical pipes, with an obvious elevation
difference, then the equations are in terms of dP which now does include
gravitational effects and are also in pressure.
The equations shown in Vertical Pipe Theory for Slurry Flow are in terms of
total pressure drop that includes both gravity and frictional loss. The I m
reported on the slurry tab is only the frictional part to be consistent with the
definition by Wilson. The dP reported will include both.
Note that internally in Fathom we do all calculations in terms of pressure so
any head gradients (like i) are determined from the actual dP values.
Attached is the Fathom 7.0 Slurry Module Users Guide. This is a little easier to
read than the help files. The derivations for sloped pipes start on page 31. For
vertical pipes, theta = 90 deg, second term in eq. 2.29 on page 33 drops out.
When rearranged, this is consistent with Willsons eq. 8.9. There are also
comments in Wilsons book which discuss particle size and their effect on wall
friction.
Dear Dylan,
Thank you for your support for answering our questions regarding the Fathom 9
Slurry Model.
After going through the material you have provided we are still unable to reconcile
our results. We are working with a simple slurry model and using the SSL module of
Fathom 9. A copy of the Fathom input file and an Excel spreadsheet detailing our
calculations are attached for your information. There are two main issues:
1. The critical velocity (V50) calculated using Equation 2.5 (1.71 ft/s) is not in
agreement with the result obtained from Fathom (4.99 ft/s)
2. The head gradient (im) for vertical pipes (0.165 ft/ft of pipe) is not matching the
Fathom result (0.241 ft/ft of pipe)
We will appreciate your support to help us resolve these questions.
Thank you,
Tahsin Dogan
APPENDIX A (WPT-RPT-175)
Critical velocity is defined as the point where a moving bed of particles begins to
deposit on the bottom of
a straight horizontal pipe during slurry-transport operations. The design objective is
to ensure that the slurry velocity is above this critical velocity so that the risk of
pipe plugging is not likely.
Section 3.1
1.85C
0.1536
c
0.3564
(1C c )
( ) (
D
d
0.378
l D gd ( S1)
l
0.098
0.3
V cr = gd (S1)
d
D
l
l
Cc
S
particle diameter, m
pipe diameter, m
carrier liquid density, kg/m3
carrier liquid viscosity, Pa s
coarse particle volume fraction (i.e., particles exceeding 74 m)
ratio of the solid density to carrier liquid density
hendered settling factor (0.95 recommended)
V cr =9
D l
l
0.11
( ) (
g l (S1)
l
0.37
e
( 17 1)
1+2.5 +10.05 2+1.3 (0.735)
m=2.0
Section A.7
DP=
fL
V 2
2D
0.193
f =10
with
He=
D2 o
2
yield stress