Stainlesssteelforgings 9016

STAINLESS
STEEL
FORGINGS
Contents
Introduction.................................................................5
Forging Terminology...................................................9
Design Considerations.............................................. 13
1
Easier to Hot WorkMore Difficult to Hot Work c
Temperature, F
Type 440C
Type 347 & 348
Type 321
Type 440B
Type 440A
Type 310
Type 310S
Type 329
Type 317
Type 316L
Type 316
Type 309S
Type 309
Type 303
Type 303 Se
Type 305
Type 302 & 304
Type 431
Type 414
Type 420F
Type 420
Type 416
Type 410
Type 446
Type 443
Type 430F
2
Tolerances................................................................17
Quality Descriptions and
Special Requirements...............................................21
Nondestructive
Product
Inspections................................................................23
Typical Properties of
Wrought Stainless Steel...........................................24
FORGING RANGES FOR STAINLESS STEELS

1400
16
00
1800
200
0
22
00
Type 430
Note: This chart does not take into consideration aspects of hot working such as heating and cooling
practices, scaling rate, grain size, billet size and equipment. It should not be used as a basis for
selecting materials without metallurgical advice.
C
F 32
1.8
Source: METAL PROGRESS, June 1974
Preface
Designers select stainless steels first on the basis of corrosion resistance,
then on the basis of strength and other mechanical properties. In the interest
of achieving optimum quality at the most economical cost, designers do not
overlook a third factor, manufacturing. Fabrication is important even in early
stages of design, and forging is one method of fabrication that designers
regularly consider.
The reason for this is that stainless steels have advantages that are difficult
to duplicate, and forging enhances these advantages, which include:
Corrosion and Heat Resistance

The principal advantage of stainless steels is resistance to corrosion by
moisture, atmospheric conditions, many acids, and other aggressive
environments at low or high temperature.
Strength
Parts made of stainless steel are often stronger and tougher than parts made
of mild steels or nonferrous metals.
Grain Structure
A unique feature of forgings is the continuous grain flow that follows the
contour of the part, as illustrated by the top drawing. In comparison is the
random grain structure of a cast part (center) and the straight-line orientation
of grain in a machined part (bottom). From this simple fact . stem many
secondary advantages inherent in forged stainless steels:
Strength where needed. Through grain refinement and flow, forging puts
the strength where it's needed most.
Lighter weight. Higher strength-to-weight ratio permits the use of thinner,
lighter weight sections without sacrificing safety.
Improved mechanical properties. Forging develops the full impact
resistance, fatigue resistance, ductility, creep-rupture life, and other
mechanical properties of stainless steels.
Repeatable dimensions. Tolerances of a few thousandths are routinely
maintained from part to part, simplifying final fixturing and machining
requirements.
Efficient metal utilization. Forging cuts waste because it reduces metal
removal.
Structural uniformity. Forgings are sound, nonporous, and uniform in
metallurgical structure.
Availability
Wide choice of stainless steel types. With few exceptions all stainless
steels can be forged, as suggested by the chart (opposite page) and by the
many applications illustrated in this booklet.
Wide range of sizes and shapes. Forgers make stainless steel parts from a
few ounces in weight to hundreds of pounds; smaller than one inch to parts
many feet long. Special operations such as extrusion, drawing, piercing, and
coining further enhance forging capabilities.
The three components shown here are for aircraft applications,

illustrating one often overlooked aspect of stainless steels: Because
of their high strength-to-weight ratios, stainless steels serve for lightweight design applications just as well as other light-weight
materials. For example, the long part, above, is a structural component for the cargo version of the Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet. It is forged
of Type S15500 precipitation hardening stainless steel, measures
about 23" long, and weighs 8 pounds. Below that is a 4.2-pound
bracket forged of Type 410 stainless steel. It is a motor mount
bracket for the 250-Series aircraft engines produced by Detroit
Diesel, Allison Division of General Motors Corporation. The bottom
photograph is a 7-pound component for the F-4 Phantom Jet produced by McDonnell Douglas Corporation. It is forged of Type
S13800 precipitation hardening stainless steel. Forging achieves
the best in strength-to-weight ratios in stainless steel parts.
Courtesy Consolidated Industries, Inc., Cheshire, Connecticut
This mechanical linkage part illustrates the extent to which forging

reduces machining. Not only is it a difficult shape to machine, but
machining would result in considerable (about 40%) metal scrap.
The part is Type S17400 precipitation hardening stainless steel that
combines high strength and hardness with excellent corrosion resistance.
Courtesy Cornell Forge Company, Chicago, Illinois
This bearing housing for a rocket aircraft was forged to minimize

machining and to provide optimum mechanical properties. Stainless steel was selected for its resistance to corrosion. The stainless
steel is Type 410, and the part was impression die forged on a
2500- pound hammer.
Courtesy Cornell Forge Company, Chicago, Illinois
The forging bar for this helicopter sling hook is first bent then
impression die forged on a 2,000-pound hammer. Grain flow is in
the shape of the hook for maximum strength, which is essential for a
part like this subjected to high stresses during maximum loading.

The stainless steel is Type S17400.
Courtesy Endicott Forging & Mfg. Co., Inc., Endicott, New York
By way of introduction . . . . .
What is stainless steel?
Stainless steel is not just one material but a family of many different, but
related corrosion resistant steel alloys containing about 10.5% chromium and
up. Other alloying elements beside chromium may be present in stainless
steel. These include nickel, manganese, molybdenum, and others.
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) designates 57 stainless steels as
standard compositions. All are listed in Table 1 on page 24. A more detailed
description of each type is contained in the AISI publication, Steel Products
1
ManualStainless and Heat Resisting Steels. Also, many special analysis
stainless steels are produced in the United States that do not have AISI
designation numbers. Many of these are identified in technical literature, such
2
as in the ASTM Data Series Booklet DS 45.
Corrosion resistance is the outstanding characteristic of stainless steels and
the principal reason for their use. These steels are not immune to attack in all
environments; however, their performance is outstanding when compared with
ordinary steel and other common metals. Table 2 on page 32 gives some
indication of the relative corrosion resistance of stainless steels to seven
typical environments.
How are stainless steels identified?
Those not familiar with stainless steels often ask this question, because
there are different terms used that tend to cause confusion. For example, the
terms austenitic, martensitic, ferritic, and precipitation hardening serve to
identify categories of stainless steels on the basis of their metallurgical
structure. Design and product engineers should recognize these terms and
understand what they mean, because the stainless steels so classified tend to
have similar characteristics with respect to corrosion resistance, hardenability,
and fabricability.
AISI stainless steels are identified by a system of numbers that are in either
200, 300, or 400 Series. The 200 Series stainless steels contain chromium,
nickel, and manganese; the 300 Series contain chromium and nickel; while
the 400 Series are straight-chromium stainless steels. This numbering system
is the one by which most people today identify stainless steels, such as Type
304 or Type 316, etc.
A new Unified Numbering System (UNS) has been developed that applies
to all commercial metals, including steels, nonferrous metals, and even to rare
3
earths. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and the American Society
4
for Testing and Materials (ASTM) developed the system, and AISI is
cooperating in the effort to have UNS apply to all steels. Accordingly, UNS
numbers appear with the AISI type numbers in Table 1. Note in this table that
five of the stainless steels are identified by UNS numbers only.
The operational environment inside a jet engine consists of three

basic ingredients . . . heat, pressure, and airflow. All three can only
be described as severe.
No wonder, then, that so many inside components for jet engines
are forgings, such as the fuel-nozzle support shown here.
This 4" high, 1 pound forging is mounted in the combustion
chamber, or burner, of huge turbofan jet engines used to power
one of the popular wide-body airliners. Jet fuel flows through the
support to a sophisticated nozzle, which sprays the fuel into the
burner, where it is ignited and converted into thrust energy.
Made of Type 347 stainless steel, this support takes shape in four
forging operations: upset, bent, blocked, and then finish-forged and
trimmed in a closed-impression die. As-forged weight is 2
pounds. After being machined at the nozzle tip and mounting
flange, the support is drilled from each end to form the fuel-flow
passage.
Note that the body, between tip and flange, remains in the asforged condition. The bottom part, below the bend, sits directly in
the engine airflow, which is compressed and heated to 8001100F. Type 347 stainless steel contains columbium and tantalum
and is recommended for parts exposed to temperatures between
800 and 1650F.
Courtesy Ontario Corporation, Muncie, Indiana, and The Forging
Industry Association
Pipeline fabricators use forged Weldolet fittings (top photograph)

in making branch connections to a main pipe run. For example, the
photograph (lower left) shows a typical fixture for attaching the
forged fittings to a pipe section. The fixture serves a dual purpose:
It holds the fittings in position for welding, and it clamps the pipe to
prevent deflection caused by the weld heat.
The other photograph shows an installation in a municipal sewage
treatment plant. The fittings are attached to the horizontal pipe tee
sections. Attached to each fitting will be a small-diameter pipe and
porous ceramic air diffuser. When operating, air will be forced out
through the diffusers to bubble up through the raw sewage in the
tank.
By forging the fitting, optimum mechanical properties are achieved
and minimum machining will be required for the intricate shape.
Stainless steel Types 304 or 316 provide strength and resistance to
corrosion.
Courtesy Bonney Forge Division
Gulf + Western Manufacturing Company
Why so many stainless steels?

Early uses of stainless steels were usually such applications as gun
barrels, cutlery, and nitric acid tanks. As industry began to exploit the full
potential of these corrosion and heat resistant steels, however, new
compositions were developed to accommodate requirements for greater
resistance to corrosion, greater strength levels, different fabricating
characteristics, resistance to elevated temperature, etc. For instance, Type
304 serves as a general-purpose stainless steel for a broad range of
applications from cookware to chemical plant equipment. There is Type 316
with greater resistance to pitting corrosion than Type 304, especially in marine
(salt water) environments. Type 305, on the other hand, has a lower
work-hardening rate for better cold-forming qualities than Type 304, while
Type 303 is more machinable than Type 304.
Selection of the proper grade of stainless steel from the many types
available requires an evaluation based upon four important criteria. Listed in
order of importance, they are:
5
1. Corrosion or Heat Resistances the primary reason for specifying

stainless steel. The specifier needs to know the nature of the environment
and the degree of corrosion or heat resistance required.
2. Mechanical Propertieswith particular emphasis on strength at room,
elevated, or low temperature. Generally speaking, the combination of
corrosion resistance and strength is the basis for selection.
3. Fabrication Operationsand how the product is to be made is a thirdlevel consideration. This includes forging, machining, forming, welding, etc.
4. Total CostTo put everything into proper perspective, a total value
analysis is appropriate that will consider not only material and production
costs, but the cost-saving benefits of a maintenance-free product having a
long life expectancy.
Selection procedures are thoroughly covered in technical publications and
in product literature available from companies represented on the Committee
of Stainless Steel Producers. Those companies are listed on the back cover
of this publication.
It cannot be over-emphasized that although resistance to corrosion or heat
is the most important factor in selecting a stainless steel, the other
considerations help to narrow the list of acceptable grades. Specifiers often
face the need to compromise among the four factors to obtain optimum
benefits.
With respect to forging, however, there is little need for compromise,
because virtually all stainless steels can be forged. For instance, if Type 304 is
selected on the basis of corrosion resistance, it is not necessary to consider
an alternate type to get better forgeability.
One of the largest forgings ever produced, this nuclear reactor

lower-core support weighs 110,000 pounds. It was open-die forged
from a Type 304 stainless steel ingot weighing 294,000 pounds.
The forging is 152" in diameter and 20" thick, and it replaces a
casting that measured about 155" in diameter and 37" high.
As a key part for a nuclear reactor core barrel, the lower-core
support is located in that portion of a pressurized water reactor that
houses the core internals. The internals position and support
nuclear fuel in the reactor.
Courtesy Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Fuel pressure and sump valve bracket for an aircraft turbine engine
is forged of Type 410 stainless steel for maximum strength, fatigue
resistance, and protection against corrosion. Type 410 is a martensitic stainless steel that can be hardened by heat treatment.
Courtesy McWilliams Forge Company, Rockaway, New Jersey
ACFX 86503 is a railroad tank car for general petroleum and chemical service, having a capacity for 16,162 gallons. Among the many
forged parts on this car, several are forged in stainless steel. One is
an intricate shape, a stem for a spring operated, pressure safety
valve, which is forged of Type S17400 precipitation hardening stainless steel. The stem is 22 316 " long and 2 5 8 " in diameter, and is
treated to a tensile strength of about 135,000 psi minimum and a
hardness of Rc 32/36.
Two components are large eye bolts for sealing the manway
hatch cover. The bolts are Type 304 or 316 stainless steel, depending on the end use. Stainless steel is used primarily for protection
against corrosion. Forgings are used in preference over castings to
minimize machining and to provide the best possible mechanical
properties.
Courtesy AMCAR Division of ACF Industries, Incorporated.
Forging terminology
Open Die Forging

One basic method for plastic (hot) deformation of metal is open die forging
(or flat die forging) in which the billet is hammered along its horizontal axis. A
rough shape is achieved by repeated hammer blows and manipulation of the
billet. Because metal flow is not confined by dies, the technique relies heavily
on operator skill and, accordingly, is also known as hand or smith forging.
Closed Die or Impression Die Forging
When metal flow in a forging operation is controlled in three dimensions by
a die or dies, it is classified as closed die or impression die forging.
Impression die forging accounts for most commercial forging production.
Upset Forging or Upsetting

When plastic deformation of the bar or billet is done along its longitudinal
axis, it is called upset forging. In its simplest form, the billet is compressed
between flat dies, with the material unrestrained and free to flow in two
directions. Upset forging, however, is usually accomplished with some control
over metal flow, such as in upsetting, which accounts for a substantial part of
forging production. It can be classified as impression die forging. In upsetting,
the metal is worked in such a manner that the cross-sectional area in all or
part of the stock is increased. There are various types of upsetting. In one
method, the top and bottom dies grip the bar or billet, and a heading die
moves against the end of the metal to upset or form a head in the shape of
the die cavity.
The maximum length of bar that can be upset in a single stroke is limited by
possible buckling of the unsupported portion. For stainless steel, the
unsupported portion should not exceed 2 times the diameter.
A gear-powered union is used instead of flanges or other bolted

connections in high-pressure piping systems, such as hydraulic
lines, to save weight, space, and installation time. For instance, a
gear-powered union for a 4" pipe size weighs only 22 pounds,
whereas its ASA bolted-flange counterpart weighs 300 pounds.
Forging the collar gives the best possible strength and reduces the
amount of machining needed to complete the part. Note that the
exterior of the collar is in the as-forged condition. The stainless
steel type depends on end-use conditions.
Courtesy McWilliams Forge Company, Rockaway, New Jersey and
Resistoflex Corporation
Two impressions on a 2,000-pound hammer shape a round "

diameter, Type 410 stainless steel bar into a 2-pound tank
periscope mounting bracket. Following anneal, the part is trimmed
and bent as shown, then hardened and tempered to a Brinell
hardness of 201/
235. Final inspection is by die penetrant. The completed part has
excellent resistance to fatigue failure.
Pipeline flanges, fittings, and special components for nuclear power

plants, refineries, chemical processing plants, and cryogenic applications are routinely forged of stainless steel Types 304, 304L, 316,
and 316L. Square forging billets are supplied in several sizes: 4",
11
6", and 8" included. Flanges are subjected to high stresses and
there- fore need the best possible strength.
Courtesy Alloy Flange and Fittings Division
10
Thickened sections can be upset anywhere along the length of a bar, not
just on its end. For gathering material in the middle of a bar, the heading die is
replaced with two sliding dies that move within the grip-die frames. The same
length-to-die limits apply, to avoid kinking the bar within the die cavity.
Roll Forging
When reduction in thickness is desired over a long bar, it can be gradually
moved in an axial direction between cylindrical rolls, which is called rolling.
Large-diameter rolls cause greater lateral spread and less elongation,
whereas small-diameter rolls cause greater elongation.
A variation of rolling, is roll forging in which shaped tools that impart a shape
to the work piece are affixed to the rolls.
Extrusion
In extrusion the bar or billet is placed in a die and compressed by the
movement of a ram until pressure inside the bar reaches the flow stress. At
this point, the workpiece is upset and fills the cavity. As the pressure is further
increased, material is forced through an orifice and forms the extruded
product.
Stainless steel extrusions are usually limited in size. The cross-sectional
shape must be contained within a circumscribed circle no larger than 5 3 8 " in
diameter.
These unique elliptical head forgings are for a new fuel-saving

nuclear reactor. Components have to meet strict standards for
soundness and cleanliness. Grainflow was carefully controlled to
achieve good strength. Stainless steel is used to prevent corrosion
and contamination of the liquids that come in contact with the metal
surfaces.
Courtesy Energy Products Group
This is a cylinder, asforged prior to machining, that is used to actuate

a jet engine after-burner closure. Forged from stainless steel alloy
Greek Ascoloy (AMS 5616), the forging billet was a 2" square bar.
The sequence of forging included blanking, impression die forging,
and piercing.
Courtesy Transue & Williams Steel Forging Corporation, Alliance,
Ohio
This seaming chuck for a can-making machine was forged of Type

440C stainless steel, which can be heat treated to the highest
hardness of any stainless steel. In the annealed condition, the yield
strength is 65,000 psi. The 2" round bar was upset, hot trimmed,
12
and annealed to a Brinell hardness of about 240 maximum. The

component weighs four pounds.
13
Piercing
Piercing is a method for producing hollow bar, and it is closely related to
extrusion.
Precision Forging
Precision forging is normally taken to mean close-to-final form or
close-tolerance forging. It is not a special technology of its own, but a
refinement of existing practices to a point where the forged part can be used
with little or no subsequent machining.
Trimming, Punching, Coining, and Ironing

After the part has been forged, it may undergo additional operations under
the general heading of metalworking other than machining, which includes
trimming away the flash, punching out holes, and improving the surface finish
by coining or ironing. Coining and ironing are essentially sizing operations
performed in dies. Pressure is applied to obtain closer tolerances, smoother
surfaces, and to eliminate draft.
Flash
Flash is necessary metal in excess of that required to completely fill the
finishing impression of the dies. It extends out from the forging as a thin plate
at the line where dies meet, and it is subsequently trimmed.
Design considerations
Parting Line and Parting Plane
The parting line is the line along which forging dies come together. It may be
straight or irregular, depending on the complexity of the part being forged. The
parting plane (or forging plane) is a plane perpendicular to the direction of
forging pressure, which is not necessarily the same as the parting line.
The parting line affects die cost, grain flow, trimming procedure, material
utilization, and the position of locating surfaces for subsequent machining. As
a general rule, it is most desirable to position the parting line in one plane. The
illustrations show preferred and undesirable parting line locations.
Draft
Draft is the angle normally added to all surfaces perpendicular to the parting
line to allow easy removal of the forged part from the die. The most common
draft angles for stainless steels are 5 to 7 degrees.
For stainless steels, it is common to apply a smaller draft angle on the
outside surface than on the inside because the outside will shrink away from
the die during cooling. Deeper die cavities normally require greater drafts to
insure release of the part. Also, a part may have a natural draft that can be
utilized by changing the position of the part relative to its parting plane, as
illustrated.
This intricate shaped bearing component for a turbine engine was

formerly cast. Significant savings were achieved by making minor
changes in design so the part can be forged of Type 410 stainless
steel. The part was forged on a 5,000-pound hammer in three
impressions. The bar was 2" round, ultrasonic tested before forging. The component weighs about 7 pounds.
This separator bowl forged of Type 329 stainless steel measures

about 24" across the opening, and it weighs 536 pounds after
machining. Type 329 is an austenitic-ferritic stainless steel similar to
Type 316 in corrosion resistance except that it exhibits superior
resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.
Courtesy Wyman-Gordon Company, Worcester, Massachusetts
Type 316 stainless steel valve body weighs 2,500 pounds and was
forged on a 50,000 ton press. After initial machining, the 12" valve
is 24" high and 43" wide. Valve and pump components for hightemperature service, such as in nuclear power generation or
chemical processing, need the combined strength and corrosion
resistance of forged stainless steel.
Webs and Ribs

A web is a thin section of the forging that is parallel to the forging plane; a
rib is a thin section perpendicular to the forging plane. Both webs and ribs are
more difficult to forge than thicker sections because the metal in them cools
rapidly, building up resistance to deformation.
Significant weight savings can be realized by avoiding excess metal in webs
and ribs, although there are no hard and fast rules that apply to dimensions.
How thin a web can be depends on its smallest longitudinal dimension, and
whether the web is confined or unconfined. In an unconfined web, the metal is
free to flow in at least one direction during forging. In a confined web, metal
flow is impeded by ribs.
Rib height depends primarily on its thickness, and in general, it should not
exceed eight times the width.
Holes and Recesses

To conserve material and reduce final machining, recesses should be
forged into the part wherever possible. By forging recesses on opposite sides
of a forging, a hole can be created by a relatively economical punching
operation. Recess depths are usually limited to no more than their diameter for
flat bottoms, and to no more than 1.5 times diameter for round bottom
recesses.
Fillet and Corner Radii

One of the most important factors in the design of die forgings is having
sufficiently large fillet and corner radii to assure proper metal flow. Also, small
radii are more costly to machine into the die. By forging a part in a succession
of dies, it is possible to reduce the fillet radius by 50% in each impression. For
instance, a three-inch high rib would require a one-inch fillet for one
impression. However on the second impression, the fillet radius can be onehalf inch, and on the third impression one-quarter inch. A one-quarter inch
radius is considered the minimum fillet radius for stainless steels.
Corner radii should also be as large as possible to ease metal flow during
forging, and thus reduce die wear. But the minimums for corner radii are about
half those for fillet radii. For stainless steels, the minimum corner radius is oneeighth inch for the corners of bosses and other edges. For rib ends, a radius
that will make the end a full semicircle is preferred.
It is also important, for purposes of economy, to keep corner and fillet radii
as consistent as possible for any given part to minimize the need for a
multiplicity of tool changes while the die is being made.
Grain Flow
Grain flow direction is determined by the size and shape of the bar or billet
used for the forging. If, however, the part needs higher strength in one
direction than in another, this can be worked out with the forge shop.
It is always good practice to consult with a forge shop before reaching the
final stages of design. To a great extent, design depends on the forging
capabilities that are available, such as individual equipment types, press sizes,
and production capacities. Also, many forge shops have design services to
help with final drawings and specifications.
Forging has always been the principal method for making blades or
buckets for turbine engines. This blade of Type 410 stainless steel
is 62" long, about 8" wide (at the airfoil), and it weighs 158
pounds. Blades are subjected to extremes in temperatures and
pressures and so benefit greatly from forging.
Boat manufacturers have switched en masse from brass to

stainless steel for marine hardware, much of which is forged of either
Type 304 or 316 stainless steel. For salt water marine applications,
Type 316 is preferred. The fittings shown here are: 1) swivel/shackle,
2) shackle,
3) eye bolt, and 4) cable clamp.
Courtesy Merrill Brothers, Maspeth, New York
The Lockheed L-1011 wide-body jet has a completely self-contained, integrated pneumatic system composed of environmental
control equipment, engine starters, and auxiliary power unit. A key
component in this unit is a swing link, forged of a precipitation
hardening stainless steel Type S17400. In the heat treated condition, Type S17400 has a tensile strength of up to 200,000 psi and a
hardness of Rc 44.
Courtesy McWilliams Forge Company, Rockaway, New Jersey, and

Hamilton Standard Division of United Aircraft Corporation
Tolerances
The final dimensions in a series of forged parts will vary slightly from start to
finish, and from the dimensions on the drawings. These variations result from
several factors, such as die wear, differences in billet volume, and cooling
rates.
How closely the forger is asked to control these variations depends on
end-use requirements and economic considerations. For instance, it is
possible to hold fairly tight tolerances in precision or no-draft forging, but
costs will be higher with stainless steels. For one thing, stainless steels have a
very narrow range of temperatures at which they can be forged.
Consequently, they are within a forgeable range for a short period of time
as they cool from the upper to the lower temperature limits. (See chart on
page 2.)
The tolerances established for stainless steels by the forging industry are
adequate for most industrial applications.
Length and Width

The length and width (L-W) tolerance is 0.003 inch per inch, and it applies
to all dimensions of length, width and diameters. This tolerance includes
allowances for shrinkage, die sinking, and die polishing variations.
Die Wear Tolerances

This tolerance represents the extra material that must be added to the
surface of a forged part to accommodate wear of the die. It is applied in
addition to the length and width tolerances, and it applies to the dimensions of
forged surfaces only-not to center-to-center dimensions. Die wear tolerance
factors for stainless steels are:
300 Series-0.007"
400 Series-0.006"
1" = 25.4mm
To apply these tolerances on external dimensions of length, width, and
diameter, multiply the greatest external length of the part by the appropriate
factor (above), and add the result to the plus values of the L-W tolerances for
individual dimensions.
On internal dimensions of length, width, and diameter, again compute the
tolerance by multiplying the greatest external length by the appropriate factor,
but add the result to the minus values of L-W tolerances for individual
dimensions.
Die Closure
Die closure tolerances allow for variations from die wear and from
incomplete closing of the dies. They are applied to all dimensions
perpendicular to the parting plane. The following table shows die closure
tolerances for stainless steels.
By converting to a forging from a completely machined part, The

DeLaval Separator Company achieved a combined cost saving of
22% for producing stainless steel milk claw bodies.
The 2 pound milk claw bodies for automatic pipeline milking
machines were originally machined from 2 7 8 " diameter bar stock,
2 5 8 " long and weighing 4.83 pounds. During machining, about 2.83
pounds of metal chips were cut away and discarded. Seeking to
reduce production costs and metal scrap, DeLaval engineers redesigned the part to be forged.
Milk claw bodies are now forged from 2" diameter round bar (1),
3 716 " long and weighing 3.38 pounds. The forging (2) weighs 3.13
pounds and the machined body (3) weighs 2 pounds. The scrap by
this method is about 50% less than the previous method.
Also, by eliminating some machining operations and cutting down
on machining time, tool costs decreased and productivity increased
60%. The combined savings totaled 22%, with no sacrifice to quality.
The milk claw body is made of Type 303 stainless steel, which is
a free-machining grade.
Courtesy Cape Ann Tool Company, Pigeon Cove, Massachusetts,
and The Forginq Industry Association
A familiar sight to travelers in New York is the Sikorsky S-61L

helicopter, shown here landing at the Wall Street Heliport in New
York City. It carries 30 passengers at a cruising speed of 140 miles
per hour, and it is powered by two 1,500 horsepower turbine engines.
Directional control in a helicopter is achieved by the rotating rudder, barely visible at the tail. A key component in the control linkage
of the S-61L is a rod end, which is forged of a precipitation hardening
stainless steel, Type S15500.
A precipitation hardening stainless steel can be hardened by a
single low-temperature heat treatment (900-1150F) that virtually
eliminates scaling and distortion. Type S15500 has good
forgeability and good transverse mechanical properties.
Courtesy McWilliams Forge Company, Rockaway,
and Sikorsky Aircraft Division of
United Aircraft Corporation
New
Jersey,
Area at Trim
(square
Line
inches)
Under
10
Die Closure Tolerances

10-30
300 Series
Stainless Steels (inch)
1
16
400 Series
Stainless Steels (inch)
1
32
1
16
32
3050
1
8
3
32
50100
5
100500
3
16
1
4
5
16
1
8
3
16
1
4
5
16
Match
This tolerance allows for the lateral misalignment of a point on one die in
relation to a corresponding point on the other die. It is measured parallel to the
parting line.
Match tolerances are applied independently of all other tolerances, and
should be measured on areas of the part that are unaffected by die wear.
Match tolerances vary with the total weight of the forged part after trimming,
but are constant for all of the stainless steels. Typical values are given in the
table. They represent the displacement of a point in one die half from a
corresponding point in the other die half.
Match Tolerances
2-5
5-25
25-50
50-100
100-200
200-500
500-1000
over 1000
Over
1000
32
To apply these tolerances: On parts with no projections beyond six inches

from the parting line, add the appropriate value from the table to the plus
tolerances of all dimensions perpendicular to the parting plane. On parts with
projections greater than six inches from the parting line, apply the above
tolerance and length tolerance of 0.003 inch per inch. This extra tolerance
applies only to extensions beyond six inches.
Weight of part
after trimming (pounds)
5001000
Displacement
(inch)
Radius
These tolerances are specified as variations from the nominal radius shown
on the drawing. They are relatively independent of metal used, and standard
production tolerance is of the nominal radius.
If corner radii are affected by later removal of draft by trimming, broaching, or
punching, however, the minus part of the radius tolerance does not apply.
Straightness
These tolerances allow for the deviation of flat surfaces and centerlines from
a straight line, and are applied in addition to all other tolerances. Because they
are largely a function of cooling variations, straightness tolerances are highly
dependent on part shapeparticularly for parts made of stainless steels. No
industry standards exist, and straightness tolerances should be worked out
with the forge shop.
Cut-away view shows internal components of a wedge gate valve

used widely in petroleum and chemical processing. Down through
the center of the valve extends the stem, which, when the wheel is
turned, operates the valve disc. At one end of the threaded stem is
a Tee-head, which connects to the wedge disc. The tee-head is
forged integral with the stem for increased strength at the highly
stressed point where the stem meets the tee. Upset forging
eliminates machining on these parts, which are made of stainless
steel Types 304 or 316. Wedge discs for gate valves are also
economically forged.
Stem courtesy Commercial Stamping & Forging Inc., Chicago, Illinois
Valve courtesy Crane Co.
Disc courtesy Endicott Forging & Mfg. Co., Inc., Endicott, New York
Sometimes materials handling slings are subjected to elevated

temperatures and corrosive environments, in which case the sling
components must be of a corrosion and heat resistant material. This
hook, made from a 1" round bar that was first bent and then
impression die forged, is stainless steel Type 347. After forging
and annealing, the hook was die penetrant tested and a small
hole was drilled on the shoulder. Weight of the finished component
is 1 pounds.
Courtesy CM Chain Division, Columbus Mckinnon
Corporation and Endicott Forging & Mfg. Co.,
Inc., Endicott, New York
20
Flash Extension
These tolerances specify the allowable amount of flash extending from the
body of the forged part. Flash tolerances vary with the weight of the forged
part after trimming, but are relatively constant for all stainless steels. Typical
values are contained in this table.
Flash Extension Tolerances
Weight of part after trimming (pounds)

Flash extension
range (inch)
0under 10
1
25-50
0- 3 32
0- 1
50-100
0-
100-200
0- 14
200-500
0-
10-25
500-1000
over 1000
8
3
16
5
16
3
0- 8
0- 1
2
Quality descriptions
and special requirements
Stainless steels are available which are capable of meeting certain special
quality tests or special requirements.
The production of such steels normally requires exacting steelmaking
practices, extensive testing prior to shipment, or both. The selection of heats
or portions of heats as well as additional discard may be necessary.
The processing method used to meet those tests and requirements may
vary among the producers.
Magnetic Particle Inspection Quality

This quality designation, sometimes described as Aircraft Quality, applies
to steels for highly stressed parts of aircraft and for other similar or
corresponding purposes requiring steel of a special quality.
A typical procedure for the magnetic particle method of inspection is
described in ASTM E 45, Recommended Practice for Determining Inclusion
Content of Steel. It consists of suitably magnetizing the steel and applying a
prepared magnetic powder which adheres to it along lines of flux leakage. On
properly magnetized steel, flux leakage develops along surface or subsurface
nonuniformities.
This method of inspection is applicable to most types of stainless steels in
the 40d Series. It is not appropriate for use with the free-machining types
since they contain nonmetallic sulfide or selenide inclusions in large numbers.
Steels in the 200 and 300 Series do not respond to magnetic particle
inspection because they are essentially nonmagnetic.
The magnetic particle test was developed for, and is used primarily on, fully
machined or ground surfaces or finished parts.
Turbine Quality
Turbine quality is the term sometimes applied to Type 403, since this grade
has been employed in the manufacture of blading for steam turbines, for
compressor blading in gas turbines, as well as for other applications not

related to turbines where parts are subject to high static or dynamic stresses.
The by-pass valve body is for a pneumatic flow transmitter. Made of

Type 316 for corrosive service, the part was forged on a 2750pound hammer. Three impressions were required to form a 2 3 8 "
round bar
into this unusual shape.
Courtesy Endicott Forging & Mfg. Co., Inc., Endicott, New York, and
Taylor Instrument Process Control Division
Sybron Corporation
Steam pumps are subjected to vibration, temperature,

moisture, and the erosive effects of steam. Consequently, parts such as this valve are made of stainless
steel. This 2 pound valve of Type 410 stainless was
forged from a 2" round bar in three impressions.
Strength and reduced machining requirements were
principal considerations for forging.
Courtesy Endicott Forging & Mfg. Co., Inc., Endicott,
New York,
and Worthington Pump, Inc.
22
Mirror-Finish Quality
This quality designation applies to stock for cutlery that must be capable of
being polished to an extremely high mirror finish as a final operation. A sample
of steel is either machined or forged to a flat, and then machined or ground
and polished to simulate actual expected conditions of manufacture used in
the finished part.
Ultrasonic Quality
Stainless steel plates, bars, billets, blooms, slabs, and forgings can be
ultrasonically tested for quality when size, shape, and grain size permit
adequate transmission and reception of sound waves.
Nondestructive product
inspections
Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing
Ultrasonic testing of stainless steel plates, bars, billets, blooms, slabs, and
forgings is applicable in a wide range of sizes. Ultrasonic testing, as used
herein, is confined to the pulse echo reflection method employing either the
direct contact or the immersion inspection technique.
The accuracy of ultrasonic testing depends to a large extent on the surface
condition of the piece to be inspected, particularly when the direct contact
method is used. In general, surfaces should be clean and free from rough or
loose scale.
The surface is considered satisfactory if adequate transmission of the sound
waves can be maintained during inspection. No further criteria of surface
smoothness are required. In order to achieve proper transmission of the sound
energy in some instances special cleaning, grinding or other operation is
required. In order to perform satisfactory inspection, it should be recognized
that such special operations may be required.
Internal conditions, such as grain size, segregation or structure may impose
restrictions which limit or prevent ultrasonic inspection.
Reference standards are established as benchmarks by which ultrasonic
indications from discontinuities are evaluated to determine their acceptability.
The exact dividing line between acceptance and rejection in terms of the
reference standards is customarily given in the documents pertaining to the
specific order. There are several generally used standards for evaluation of
discrete indications. The standard selected depends upon the particular
application and the dictates of the specific order. It is suggested that the
stainless steel producer be consulted for detailed information.
Liquid Penetrant Nondestructive Inspection

Liquid penetrant inspection is sometimes used as an aid to visual
examination in detecting surface discontinuities on critical products. In this
technique a liquid penetrantwhich is either fluorescent or colored by a dyeis
applied to the surface, and enters any discontinuities by capillary action. After
sufficient time has been allowed, excess penetrant is removed from the
surface. A developer is then applied to draw penetrant from the discontinuities
to the surface, where it becomes visible either because of its intense color or
its fluorescence under ultraviolet light.
Penetrant inspection can be very sensitive and thus readily detect

discontinuities which might be overlooked in visual inspection. However, the
penetrant cannot enter discontinuities not open to the surface, so the
technique cannot be used to detect subsurface defects. Penetrant inspection
can be used only to locate discontinuities, and cannot be used to determine
depth. The inspection technique is not suited to surfaces so rough that excess
penetrant cannot be completely removed, or to inspection of products such as
hot-rolled bars that are expected to contain some surface discontinuities.
Table 1
Typical Properties of Wrought Stainless Steel

Mechanical Properties of Annealed Material at
Room Temperature
AI
SI
Ty
(UN
S)
Aust
201
Typical Composition, %
(a)(if not designated
Max.
otherwise)
16-18 Cr, 3.5-5.5 Ni,
(c)
0.15 C, 5.5-7.5 Mn, 1.0 Si,
0-060 P, 0.030 S, 0.25 N
S20100)
202
17-19 Cr, 4-6 Ni,

0.15 C, 7.5-10.0 Mn, 1.0
Si,
0.060 P, 0.030 S, 0.25 N
Tensi
F
Stren
o(
gth,
1000
b
Psi
Sheets 115
Strips
Tubing
55
115
Sheets Strips
Tubing
(520200)
Yield
(0.2%
Offset),
1000
Psi
Har
dnes
s
Rb
Te
mture,
F
Tensi
Stren
gth,
1000
Psi
55
90
55
90
55
90
105
16-18 Cr, 6-8

Ni,
301
0.15 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0

Si,
(530100) 0.045 P, 0.030 S
302
17-19 Cr, 8-10 Ni,

0.15 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0
Si,
(530200) 0.045 P, 0.030 S
120
Plate
s
Shee
ts
Strips
Tubin
g
105
110
110
105
Bars
Plates
Sheets
Strips
Tubing
Wire
85
90
90
90
85
90
Bars
Plates
90
90
69
58
55
40
40
40
40
60
50 50
Izod
impact
Stren
gth,
Ft-Lb
110 - 120
38 - 70
110 - 120
42 - 120
Rb
Rb
Rb
+ 70
300
+ 70
100
300
423
1
0145
200
220
55
Plates
Redu
cA
r
%
Rb
55
105
0.12-0.25 C, 14-15.5
Mn,
(S20500) 1.0 Si, 0.060 P, 0.030 S,
1-1.75 Mo, 0.32-0.40 N
Elonga
tion in
2 In.,
%
Rb
55
105
205
Yield
Stren
gth,
1000
Psi
55
115
55
16.5-18 Cr, 1-1.75 Ni,
Elong
tion
2inIn.,
%
55
90
55
90
55
90
Nominal Properties of Annealed Material

at Low Temperature
Rb 98
Bhn 165
Rb 85
Rb 85
Rb 95
35
35
40
40
35
35
60
60
50
50
50
60
Bhn 150
Rb 80
Rb 85
Rb 85
Rb 85
Rb 83
40
40
50
50
Rb 85
Rb 85
5
9
5
15
5
1
7
55
38
15
5
+ 70
+ 32
40
80
320
105
155
180
195
275
4
4
0
3
4
8
5
7
5
+ 70
+ 32
40
80
320
423
94
122
145
161
219
250
37
40
48
50
68
125
60
53
42
40
30
7
6
0
4
6
3
6
5
7
68
78
65
Charpy
2
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
110
110
110
110
110
76
60
73
57
17-19 Cr, 8-10 Ni,
90
70
46
70
41
55
302B
0.15 C, 2.0 Mn, 2.0-3.0

Si,
(530215) 0.045 P, 0.030 S
Sheets
Strips
Tubing
95
95
85
40
40
35
17-19 Cr, 8-10 Ni,
55
85
55
85
50
95
Rb
Rb
Rb
303
0.15 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,

0.20 P, 0.15S min, 0.60
(S30300) Mo
(optional)
303Se
(S30323)
Bars
Tubing
Wire
90
80
90
35
38
35
50
53
50
Bhn 160
Rb 76
17-19 Cr, 8-10 Ni,

0.15 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,
1.20P,0.060S,0.15Semin
FBars
85
Not applicable. Silicon added to

type 302 for oxidation
resistance
+ 70
+ 70
+ 32
40
80
320
452
100
67
40
114
67
61
40
145
65
45
40
162
62
40
40
235
60
35
37
35
60
Bhn 149
37
267
52
30
8
5
90
18-20 Cr, 8-10.50 Ni,
0.08 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0
304
Si,
125
100
106
0.045 P, 0.030 S
Plates
Sheets
Strips
Tubing
Wire
82
84
84
85
90
35
42
42
35
35
60
55
55
50
60
Bhn 149
Rb 80
Rb 80
Rb 80
Rb 83
Plates
79
33
60
Bhn 143
Sheets
Strips
Tubing
81
81
78
39
39
34
55
55
55
Rb 79
Rb 79
Rb 75
Wire
73
31
70
RB 70
+ 70
+ 32
40
80
320
423
(S30400)
18-20 Cr, 8.12
Ni,
304L
0.03 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0

Si,
(S30403) 0.045 P, 0.030 S
S30430
17-19 Cr, 8-10 Ni, 0.08

C,
2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.045 P,
0.030 S, 3-4 Cu
304N
18-20 Cr, 8-10.5 Ni, 0.08

C,
2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.045 P,
0.030 S, 0.10-0.16 N
(530451)
Bars
Sheets
90
90
42
48
Plates
Sheets
85
85
35
38
Strips
Tubing
Wire
85
80
85
38
36
74
Bars
Plate
sSheet
s
Strips
Tubin
g
Wire
85
85
85
85
85
95**
30
30
35
35
35
60**
55
50
(530500)
0.12 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0

Si,
0.045 P, 0.030 S
308
19-21 Cr, 10-12 Ni,

0.08 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0
Si,
(S30800) 0.045 P, 0.030 S
65
55
47
39
40
40
7
1
6
8
6
4
6
3
5
5
0
110
110
110
110
110
110
C harpy
2
4
0
+ 70
110
+ 70
Rb 80
Rb
Rb 80
56
77 60
55
35
34
34
34
39
50
Bhn 180
Rb 85
55
80 50
50
17-19 Cr, 10.50-13 Ni,

305
95
130
155
170
221
243
Rb
5 Rb 80 Bhn 150
5 Rb 80 Rb 80
0 Rb 80
5
0
5
0
5
0
110
(a) Single values are maximums, except as noted; (b) Forms listed are only those for which mechanical properties are given. Most types are available in many forms; (c) Austenitic, hardenable by cold
working; not hardenable by heat treatment. Ferritic, not hardenable by heat treatment or cold working. Martensitic, hardenable by heat treatment; (d) Followed by rapid cooling. H is hardening
temperature; T is tempering; (e) Stabilizing temperature, 1550 to 1650 F; (f) Retarded cool; (g) Full anneal, followed by slow cooling; (h) Low anneal; (i) Tempering within the range of 800 to 1100 F is
not recommended because of resulting low and erratic impact properties and reduced corrosion resistance. Time at temperature and temperatures may vary depending on part size; (j) Retarded
cool and anneal.
Mechanical Properties at Elevated Temperatures
Creep
Strength
Load for 1% Elongation in 10,000 Hr, 1000 Psi
Scaling
Temperature
Max
M
a
Con
x
Inter
tinu
ous
mitt
Serv
Thermal
Treatment
Initial
Forgi
ng
Temp
era-
Anne
aling
Tempe
ra-
AISI
StressRelief
Annealin
g
Temperat
Melti
ng
Rang
100
0 F
110
0 F
120
0 F
130
0 F
150
0 F
155
0
1
4
5
0
21002250
18502050
201
(520100)
155
0
1
4
5
0
21002250
18502050
202
(520200)
2250
1950
205
(S20500)
19
20
16.
5
12.5
12.5
11.
5
7.5
6.5
4.5
4.3
4.5
3.5
1,8
1.5
0.7
165
0
1
5
0
0
21002300
18502050
400-750
165
0
1
5
0
0
21002300
18502050
400-750
1
6
0
0
20502250
175
0
165
0
140
0
22502590
25502590
301
High work hardening rate; lownickel equivalent of type 301.
General purpose low-nickel

equivalent of type 302.
Lower work-hardening rate than

Type
202. Used for spinning and
special drawing operations.
High work hardening rate; used for
structural applications where
high
strength plus high ductility is
required in railroad cars, trailer
bodies, aircraft
General purpose austenitic
stainless
302
steel for trim, food handling

equipment, aircraft cowling,
antennas,
springs, architectural, cookware.
(S30200)
21002350
18502050
18502050
400-750
25002550
25502590
More resistant to scale than type

302. 302B Used for furnace parts, still
liners,
heating elements.
(530215)
Free-machining modification of
type
303
302 for heavier cuts. Used for
screw machine products, shafts,
valves.
type
302, for lighter cuts and where
303Se
hot
working or cold heading may be
involved.
(S30323)
304
20
12
7.5
1.5
165
0
155
0
21002300
18502050
400-750
25502650
Low-carbon modification of type

302 for restriction of carbide
precipitation
during welding. Used for chemical
and food processing equipment,
recording
Extra-low-carbon modification of
type 304L 304 for further restriction of
carbide
precipitation during welding.
(530403)
21002300
18502050
25502650
Has lower work-hardening rate

than S30430
Type 305; is used
for severe coldheading applications.
21002300
18502050
25502650
304N
effect
Higher nitrogen than Type 304 to

increase strength with minimum
on ductility and corrosion
resistance.
19
12.5
4.5
165
0
21002300
18502050
25502650
305
Low work hardening rate; used for

spin forming and severe drawing
operations. Used for nuclear energy
applications.
170
0
* Composition for Type 310 tubing varies slightly from

For standard compositions, refer to ASTM A213.
1
5
5
0
AISI values.
21002300
18502050
25502590
Higher alloy steel having higher

cor308
(530800)
** Soft temper.
rosion and heat resistance.

Primarily
for welding filler
metals to used
compensate for alloy loss in welding.
Table 1 continued
Typical Properties of Wrought Stainless Steel (Continued)

Mechanical Properties of Annealed
Material at Room
Temperature
AISI
Type
Typical Composition, % (a)
(UNS) Max. (if not designated
otherwise)
22-24 Cr, 12-15 Ni,
0.20 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,
309
0.045 P, 0.030 S
(S30900)
(S30908)
22-24 Cr, 12-15 Ni,

0.08 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,
0.045 P, 0.030 S
310
24-26 Cr,19-22 Ni,

0.25 C, 2,0 Mn, 1.5 Si,
0.045 P, 0.030 S
3095
(531000)
310S
(531008)
24-26 Cr, 19-22 Ni,

0.08 C, 2.0 Mn,1.5 Si,
0-045 P, 0.30 S
23-26 Cr, 19-22 Ni,

0.25 C. 2.0 Mn, 1.5-3.0 Si,
0-045 P, 0.030 S
314
(S31400)
16-18 Cr, 10-14 Ni,

0.08 C, 2.0 Mn,1.0 Si,
0.045 P, 0.030 S, 2.0-3.0 Mo
316
(S31600)
16-18 Cr, 10-14 Ni,

0,03 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,
0.045 P, 0.030 S, 2.0-3.0 Mo
316L
(S31603)
16-18 Cr, 10-14 Ni, 0.08 C,

2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.20 P,
0.10 S min, 1.75-2.50 Mo
316E
(S31620)
16-18 Cr, 10-14 Ni, 0.08 C,

2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.045 P,
0.030 S, 2-3 Mo, 0.10-0.16 N
316N
(531651)
18-20 Cr, 11-15 Ni.

0.08 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,
0.045 P, 0.030 S, 3.0-4,0 Mo
317
(531700)
18-20 Cr, 11-15 Ni, 0.03 C,

2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.045 P,
0.030 S, 3-4 Mo
317L
(531703)
17-19 Cr, 9-12 Ni,

0.08 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,
0.045 P, 0.030 S (Ti, 5C
min)
321
(S32100)
25-30 Cr, 3-6 Ni, 0.10 C ,
2.0 M n, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P,
0.030 S, 1-2 Mo
329
(S32900)
F
o
r
Ten
sile
Stren
gth,
Yield
Strength
(0.2%
Offset),
Nominal Properties of Annealed

Material at Low
Temperature
Elo
ng
ation
T
e
m
p
Ten
sile
Stren
gth,
ld
Stren
gth,
Elo
ng
ation
Re
du
ctio
n
Izod
Impa
ct
Stre
ngth,
1
1
0
8
6
8
5
9
5
1
0
0
3
7
3
2
3
9
4
0
7
Yie
Ba
rs
Pla
tes
Sh
eet
s
Str
95
95
90
90
90
105*
*
40
40
45
45
45
70**
45
45
45
45
45
3
5
*
Rb 83
Bhn 170
Rb 85
Ba
rs
Pla
tes
Sh
eet
s
Str
ips
95
95
95
95
95
105*
*
45
45
45
45
45
75**
50
50
45
45
45
3
0
*
*
Rb 89
Ba
rs
Pla
tes
Sh
Ba
rs
Pla
tes
Sh
eet
s
10
0
10
0
10
80
82
84
84
85
80
50
50
50
45
45
40
Bhn 180
30
36
42
42
35
30
60
55
50
50
50
60
Rb
78
Bhn
149
Rb
79
Rb
Pla
tes
Sh
eet
s
81
81
81
80
34
42
42
35
55
50
50
55
Bhn
146
Rb
79
Rb
gar
s
Sh
eet
s
82
85
35
38
51
60
Bhn85
143
Rb
gar
s
Sh
eet
s
Ba
rs
Pla
tes
Sh
eet
90
90
42
48
55
48
Bhn85
180
Rb
85
85
90
90
85
40
40
40
40
35
50
50
45
45
40
Bhn
160
Bhn
160
Rb 85
Rb 85
Pla
tes
Sh
eet
s
85
86
86
35
38
50
55
55
55
Rb 85
80
Rb
Ba
rs
Pla
tes
Sh
eet
s
85
85
90
90
85
95
**
35
30
35
35
35
65**
55
55
45
45
50
4
0
Bhn 150
70
Bhn 160
32
Rb 80
40
Rb 80
25
25
Bhn
Bhn 230
230
B
ar
s
S
tri
10
5
10
5
80
80
70
Rb 85
Rb
Rb 85
98**
70
Bhn 170
32 RI 85
40
Rb 85
80
Rb 85
320
5
5
6
4
5
7
5
5
5
7
0
7
5
7
5
7
5
6
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
7
6
7
5
7
5
7
3
7
6
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
Not applicable.
High siliconresistance
added to type
carburization
310
Ban for
180Rb 85
+
70
+
32
40
80
320
8
5
9
0
1
0
4
1
1
8
3
7
3
9
4
1
4
4
7
5
6
5
6
0
5
9
5
7
5
9
Same as type 316
8
9
9
9
1
1
7
3
7
3
8
4
4
4
6
2
5
8
5
8
5
7
6
7
3
7
0
6
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
Ch
a
r
p
y
85
42
45
Ba
90
38
45
Rb
rs
Ch
Rb 80
80
Pla
80
38
40
a
tes
80
38
40
r
(N08330)
Sh
p
eet
y
not recommended because of resulting low and erratic impact properties and reduced corrosion resistance. Time at temperature and temperatures may vary depending on part size; (j) Retarded cool
and anneal.
330
17-20 Cr, 34-37 Ni, 0.08 C,

2.0 Mn, 0.75-1.50 Si,
0.040 P, 0.030 S

Creep
Strength
Scaling
Temperature
Thermal
Treatment
100
0 F
1100
F
120
0 F
130
0 F
M
a
Max
Inter
Initial
Stress-
150
0 F
Used for its high temperature
strength
16.
5
1
2
.
5
10
195
0
185
0
20502250
19002050
25502650
309
(530900)
3095
(530908)
33
20
23
13
15
7.5
10
2.5
205
0
190
0
20002250
19002050
19002100
2100
400-750
310
3105
(531008)

310, for welded construction.
314
More resistant to scale than type
310. (531400)
316
25
1
1
.
4
1
1
.
6
7.5
2.4
165
0
155
0
21002300

309, for welded construction.
Higher elevated temperature
strength and scale resistance
than type 309.
Used
for
heat
exchangers,
furnace
parts,
combustion
chambers, welding filler metals.
25502650
and scale resistance in aircraft

heaters, heatannealing
treating
equipment,
covers, furnace parts.
18502050
400-750
25002550
(S31600)
316L
Higher corrosion resistance than

types 302 and 304, high creep
strength. Used
for chemical and pulp handling
equipment, photographic and food
equipment.
Extra-low-carbon modification of
type 316, for welded construction
where intergranular carbide precipitation
must
2200
2000
25002550
316E
21002300
18502050
25002550
316N
effect on
Higher phosphorus and sulfur than

Type 316 to improve machining
and
nonseizing characteristics; is suit
able
for automatic screw machining.
Higher nitrogen than Type 316 to increase strength with minimum
ductility and corrosion resistance.
(531651)
23
16.8
11.2
6.9
2.0
1
7
0
0
1
6
0
0
21002300
2250
18502050
25002550
317
Higher corrosion and creep

resistance than type 316.
(531700)
19002000
25002550
Extra low-carbon modification of

Type 317L 317
far
restriction
of
carbide
precipitation during welding.
(531703)
18
17
1.5
1
6
5
0
1
5
5
0
21002300
2000
17502050
17501800
400750(e)
H1350
25502600
321
Stabilized for weldments subject tc

severe corrosive conditions and
for
service from 800 to 1600 F. Used
for aircraft exhaust manifolds, boiler
shells,
process
equipment,
expansion joints.
329
Austenitic/ferritic with general corrosion resistance similar to Type

316
but with better resistance to
stress- corrosion cracking; capable
of age hardening.
(532900)
21002150
19502150
25502600
330
(N08330)

AISI values.
** Soft temper.
Has good resistance to

carburization
thermal
shock.and to heat and
Table 1 continued

Mechanical Properties of Annealed
Material at Room
Temperature
AISI
Type
(UNS)
347
(S34700)
348
(S34800)
384
Composition, % (a)
Max. (if Typical
not designated otherwise)
17-19 Cr, 9-13 Ni,
0.08 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,
0.045 P, 0.030 S (Cb+Ta,
10C min)
17-19 Cr, 9-13 Ni, 0.08 C,
2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.045 P,
0.030 S (Cb+Ta, 10C min
but 0.10 Ta max), 0.20 Co
F
o
r
Ten
sile
Stren
gth,
Ba
rs
Pla
St
Tubi
Wi
re
Yield
Strength
(0.2%
Offset),
Elo
ng
ation
H
a
r
Nominal Properties of Annealed

Material at Low
Temperature
T
e
m
p
90
90
95
9
8
10
0*
*
35
35
40
40
35
70**
50
50
45
45
45
4
0
*
*
Bhn
160
Bhn
Rb
Rb
Rb
95**
+
70
+
4
2
3
35
55
Rb
Bhn
150
Bhn
150
Rb
80
+
70
15-17 Cr, 17-19 Ni,

0.08 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,
0045 P, 0.030 S
Wi
11.5-14.5 Cr, 0.08 C, 1.0 Mn,

1.0 Si, 0.040 P, 0.030 S,
0.1-0.3 AI
B
ar
Pla
She
Tubi
Wi
re
7
650
6
65
9
0
40
40
40
40
75*
*
30
30
25
25
1
5
10.5-11.75 Cr, 0.08 C, 1.0 Mn,

1.0 Si, 0.045 P, 0.045 S,
(Ti 6C, but with 0.75 max)
Ba
rs
Pla
tes
Sh
65
65
65
65
35
35
35
35
25
25
25
25
Rb
75
Rb
75
Rb
14-16 Cr, 0.12 C,

1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,
0.040 P, 0.030 S
B
ar
s
Pl
B
ar
Pla
Sh
eet
Tubi
Wi
re
71
70
45
40
30
30
7
5
7
75
75
7
7
0
45
40
50
50
40
40
30
30
25
25
25
35
Bhn
156
Bhn
163
Bhn
155
Bhn
160
Rb
85
Rb
B
a
r
s
80
95
**
55
85**
25
1
0
*
*
Bhn
170
Rb
92**
Sh
eet
s
Wi
re
77
77
7
9
53
53
60
23
23
33
Rb
83
Rb
90
Sh
eet
77
77
53
53
23
23
Rb
83
Rb
20
Rb
90
Ten
sile
Stren
gth,
Yie
ld
Stren
gth,
9
3
1
130
200
228
3
8
4
4
4
5
5
Elo
ng
ation
Re
du
ctio
n
5
5
6
57
43
39
6
9
7
70
65
53
Izod
Impa
ct
Stre
ngth,
110
110
117
110
95
60
(S38400)
Ferritic (c)
405
(S40500)
409
(S40900)
429
(S42900)
16-18 Cr, 0.12 C, 1.0 Mn,

1.0 Si, 0.040 P, 0.030 S
430
(S43000)
430F
16-18 Cr, 0.12 C, 1.25 Mn,

1.0 Si, 0.060 P, 0.15 S min,
(543020)
0.60 Mo (optional)
430FSe
16-18 Cr, 0.12 C, 1.25 Mn,

1.0 Si, 0.060 P, 0.060 S,
0.15 Se min
(S43023)
+
70
+
32
40
+
70
100
300
Approximately same as type

410 in annealed condition
20 -
37
37
3
6
2
73
72
7
2
4
35
20
10
8
2
65
69
7
6
90
3
8
4
4
1
8
550
4
1
5 - 15
W
16-18 Cr, 0.12 C,
1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P,
0.030 S, 0.75-1.25 Mo
434
(543400)
436
(543600)
16-18 Cr, 0.12 C,

1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P,
0.030 S, 0.75-1.25 Mo
(Cb + Ta 5C min., 0.70 max.)
18-23 Cr, 0.20 C, 10 Mn,

1.0 Si, 0.040 P, 0.030 S
442
(544200)
B
ar
s
8
0
45
+
7
0
B
8
50
25
Rb
ar
86
850
55
25
Rb
Pla
84
80
50
20
tes
446
+
2 - 10
Rb
80
50
20
Sh
7
83
80
50
25
eet
0
Wi
9
80**
1
Rb
(S44600)
re
5
5
92**
Martensitic
B
7
40
35
Rb
ar
5
82
(c)
She
7
45
25
Rb
11.5-13.0 Cr, 0.15 C, 1.0 Mn,
St
7
45
25
Rb
Same as type
403
0.5 Si, 0.040 P, 0.030 S
Tubi
7
40
35
Rb
Wi
9
80**
1
Rb
(540300)
re
5
5
92**
cool and anneal.
23-27 Cr, 0.20 C, 1.5 Mn,
1.0 Si, 0.040 P, 0.030 S,
0.25 N

Creep
Strength
Scaling
Temperature
Thermal
Treatment
100
0 F
1100
F
120
0 F
1300
F
Ma
x
Ma
x
Initial
Stress-
150
0 F
347
32
23
16
10
165
0
1
5
5
0
21002300
18502050
400-750(e)
25502600
Similar to type 321.
(5347
00)
Similar to type 321. Used for
nuclear
energy applications due to low
reten- tivity.
348
(S34800)
21002250
19002100
25502650
Used for severe cold-heading or

cold384
(S38400)
8.4
1
4
0
0
1450
19502050
Low
anneal
13501500
27002790
forming. Lower cold-work

hardening
than type 304.
For
bolts, rate
rivets,
screws, and instrument parts.
Nonhardenable grade for
assemblies
where air-hardening types (410
or403) are objectionable.
405
(S40500)
1625
26002750
General-purpose construction
stainless primarily intended for
automotive exhaust systems, structural
409
and
8.5
4.7
2.6
19002050
1.4
1
5
5
0
1650
19002050
14501550
Low
anneal
14001500
26502750
26002750
other applications
Improved weldability as.
compared to
type 430.. For use m nitric acid
429
and (542900)
nitrogen-bxation
General purpose nonhardenable
chromium type. Used for decorative
trim, nitric acid tanks, annealing
baskets.
430
type 430F
ma8.5
4.6
1.9
1.3
150
0
1
6
0
0
19502100
Low
anneal
12501400
26002750
type
19002050
14501550
19002050
14501550
26002750
26002750
chine parts.
430FSe
(S43023)
430, for heavier cuts and screw
434
436
hot
working or cold heading may
be involved.
Modification of type 430 designed
for use as automotive trim to resist
atmospheric
corrosion
in
the
presence
of
winter
roadconditioning and dust- laying
Similar to type 434 for general

corrosion- and heat-resistant
applications.
(543600)
8.5
6.4
11
2.9
4.5
1.6
1.4
0.6
1.4
0.6
0.4
1
8
0
0
195
0
130
0

1900
16002100
1300
2
0
5
0
19502050
14501600
1
4
5
0
20002200(f)
AISI values.
26002750
26002750
Hardening
and
Tempering,
Temperatu
15001650(8)
12001400(h)
** Soft temper.
H17001850(d) T
4001400(1)
442
446
High chromium steel.

Usedprincipally for parts which
must resist high temperaturesin service, without
scaling furnace parts, nozzles,
combustion
High resistance to corrosion and
scaling at high temperatures
especially for intermittent service. Often used m
sulfur-bearing atmosphere.
27002790
403
(540300)
Turbine quality grade for steam

turbine blading and other highly
stressed parts.
Table 1 continued

Mechanical Properties of Annealed Material at
Room Temperature
AISI
Type
(UNS)
otherwise)
410
Composition, % (a)
Max. (iI Typical
not designated
11.5-13.5 Cr, 0.15 C, 1.0 Mn,

1.0 Si, 0.040 P, 0.030 S
(S41000)
For
m
(b
Bar
Plat
She
ets
Tub
Wir
e
Bar
sPlat
She
Stri
Wir
e
Tensi
le
Stren
gth,
7
7
7
0
7
7
5
11
5
11
12
12
13
5*
Bar
sTub
Wir
e
Yield
Strength
(0.2%
Offset),
40
35
45
45
40
40
Elong
ation
m
35
30
25
25
30
30
Hardness
Rb
82
Bhn
150
Rb
80
Rb
Bhn
235
Bhn
235
Rb
98
90
90
105
105
115**
20
20
15
15
10*
*
7
5
7
7
5
40
40
40
30
30
20
Bar
s
Wir
e
9
5
9
5
50
50
Bar
s
9
5
55
80
Bar
s
14
5
125
Bar
s
12
5
95
115**
20
1
Bhn
260
Rc
29**
Bar
s
Wir
10
5
10
60
60
20
18
Rb
95
Rb
95
Bar
s
Wir
e
10
7
10
7
62
62
18
16
Rb
96
Rb
96
Bar
s
Wir
11
0
11
65
65
14
13
Rb
97
Rb
97
12.25-13.25 Cr, 7.5-8.5 Ni,

0.05 C,
0.10 Mn, 0.10 Si, 0.010 P,
0.008 S,
Bar
s
Plat
es
16
0*
**
16
120
120
17
17
S1550
0
14-15.5 Cr, 3.5-5.5 Ni, 0.07 C,

1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P. 0.030
S,
2.5-4.5 Cu, (Cb+Ta 0.15-0.45)
Bar
s
Plat
es
16
0*
**
16
0
145
145
145
145
S1740
0
15.5-17.5 Cr, 3-5 Ni, 0.07 C,

1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P. 0.030
S,
3-5 Cu, (Cb+Ta 0.15-0.45)
Bar
s
Plat
es
She
16
0*
**
16
0
145
145
145
16-18 Cr, 6.5-7.75 Ni, 0.09 C,

1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P, 0.040
S,
0.75-1.50 Al
Bar
Plat
s
es
She
ets
13
13
0*
0
13
0
40
40
40
414
11.5-13.5 Cr, 1.25-2.50 Ni,

0.15 C, 1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,
0.040 P, 0.030S
(S41400)
416
(54160
0)
416Se
12-14 Cr, 0.15 C, 1.25 Mn,

1.0 Si, 0.060 P, 0.15 S min,
0.60 Mo (optional)
12-14 Cr, 0.15 C, 1.25 Mn,
1.0 Si, 0.060 P, 0.060 S,
0.15 Se min
(54200
0)
420F
(S420
20)
422
(54220
0)
431
(S43100)
440A
12-14 Cr, 0.15 C min,

1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P,
0 .030 S
12-14 Cr, over 0.15 C,
1.25 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.060 P,
0.15 S Min,
0.60 Mo max (optional)
11-13 Cr, 0.50-1.0 Ni,
0.20-0.25 C, 1.0 Mn, 0.75 Si,
0.025 P, 0.025 S, 0.75-125
0.15-0.30 Mo,
V, 0.75-1.25 W
15-17 Cr, 1.25-2.50 Ni,
0.20 C, 1.0 1.0 Si,
0.040 Mn,
P, 0.030 S
16-18 Cr, 0.60-0.75 C,

1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P,
0.030 S, 0.75 Mo
(S44002)
440B
(S440
03)
440C
16-18 Cr, 0.75-0.95 C,

1.0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P,
0-030 S, 0.75 Mo
16-18 Cr, 0.95-1.20 C,
1,0 Mn, 1.0 Si, 0.040 P,
0.030 S, 0.75 Mo
(544004)
Precipitation Hardening
S1380
0
S1770
0
T
e
m
p
+
7
0
+
3
2
+
70
Rb
82
Rb
82
Rb
82
+
70
100
300
25
20
Rb
92
Rb
92
+
70
+
32
22
15
Bhn
220
Rb
99
(S416
23)
420
Nominal Properties of Annealed Material

at Low Temperature
18
Bhn 320
Tensile
Strength
, 1000
Psi
110
115
1
2
158
Yield
Strength
, 1000
Psi
87
89
90
94
148
Elong
ation in
2 In.,
21
24
2
3
10
Red
uction
in
Are
68
69
64
60
11
Izo
d
Impa
ct
Stren
85
40
25
25
5
40 -
20 64
50
3
10
10
8
7
+
70
+
32
40
80
50
50
30
17
Rc 33
Rc 33
15
15
15
15
Rc 35
Rc 35
Rc 35
Rc 35
15
15
5
Rc 35
Rc 35
Rc 35
Rb 90
Rb 90
Rb 85
10
10
35
Char
60
py
Ch
arp
y
Char
30
py
Char
py
30
Char
Char
py
py
30
Char
py
30
Char
py
(a) Single values are maximums, except as noted; (b) Forms listed are only those for which mechanical properties are given. Most types are available in many forms; (c) Austenitic, hardenable by
cold working; not hardenable by heat treatment. Ferritic, not hardenable by heat treatment or cold working. Martensitic, hardenable by heat treatment; (d) Followed by rapid cooling. H is hardening
cool and anneal.
31

Creep
Strength
100
0 F
1100
F
120
0 F
130
0 F
150
0 F
11.5
4.3
1.5
Thermal
Treatment
Scaling
Temperature
Ma.
MeCon
Inte
Initial
130
0
1450
20002200(f)
Stress-
15001650(g)
12001400(h)
H17001850(d) T
4001400(i)
AISI
27002790
General purpose heat treatable

type, for machine parts, pump
shafts.
410
(541000)
130
0
1450
21002200
12001300(h)
H18001900(d) T
4001300(i)
Higher hardenability steel for

springs,
parts. tempered rules, machine
414
(541400)
416
11
4.6
1.2
125
0
1
4
0
0
21002300(f)
15001650(g)
12001400(h)
H17001850(d) T
4001400(i)
type 410, for heavier cuts.
(541600)
27002790
Free-machining modification of type

416Se
(S41623)
9.2
4.2
120
0
1400
20002200(j)
15501650(g)
13501450(h)
20502250
15501650(f)
2100
13501450
H18001900(d) T
300-700
26502750
Higher carbon modification of

type
410 often used for cutlery,
surgicalwearinstruments, valves and
other
resisting parts.
420
(542000)
H18001900(d) T
300-700
H1900
26502750
26752700
type 420.
420F
(542020)
High strength and toughness at

service temperatures up to 1200F,
such as and
far steam turbine
blades
fasteners.
422
(542200)
6.8
3.5
150
0
1600
21002250(j)
140
0
1500
19002200(i)
11501225(h)
H18001900(d) T
4001200(i)
15501650(g)
13501450(h)
H18501950(d) T
300-800
25002750
15501650(g)
13501450(h)
H18501950(d) T
300-800
25002750
15501650(g)
13501450(h)
H18501950(d) T
300-800
25002750
140
0
1500
19002150(j)
140
0
1500
19002100(i)
2150
H950-1150
25602625
2150
H900-1150
25602625
2150
H900-1150
25602625
2150
H900-1050
25602625

30
AISI values.
** Soft temper.

hot working or cold heading
be may
involved.
Special-purpose hardenable steel

used where particularly high
mechanical
properties are requiredaircraft
fittings, heater bars, paper
machinery,
431
than
Hardenable to higher hardness

type 420 with good corrosion
440A
resistance. Used for cutlery, bearings,

surgical tools.
(S44002)
Cutlery grade; for finest types of
stain- 4408 less cutlery, valve parts, and
other
wear resisting and high hardness
Yields highest hardnesses of
able stainless steels
440C
farballs, bearings,
bearings,
races.
(544004)
Martensitic precipitation hardening
(maraging) stainless that can
513800
be
hardened by a single lowtemperature
heat treatment.
harden
Martensitic precipitation hardening

(maraging) stainless
with
515500
strength, hardness, and

corrosion
resistance.
517400
harden-
high
Similar to 515500 but with

slightly higher chromium content.
517700
Semi-austenitic precipitation
ing stainless. Can
be cold drawn
and then hardened by a lowtemperature heat treatment,
*** Mechanical properties of the precipitation

hardening stainless steels are for a solution
treated condition.
Table 2
Relative Corrosion Resistance of AISI Stainless Steels

TYPE
Number
201
202
205
301
302
302B
303
303 Se
304
304L
304N
305
308
309
309S
310
310S
314
316
316F
316L
316N
317
317L
321
329
330
347
348
384
403
405
409
410
414
416
416 Se
420
420F
422
429
430
430F
430F Se
431
434
436
440A
440B
440C
442
446
UNS
Number
Fresh
Water
(S20100)
(S20200)
(S20500)
(S30100)
(S30200)
(S302
15)
(S303
00)
(S30400)
(S30403)
(S30430)
(S30451)
(S30500)
(S30800)
(S30900)
(S30908)
(S31000)
(S31008)
(S31400)
(S31600)
(S31620)
(S31603)
(S31651)
(S31700)
(S31703)
(S32100)
(S32900)
(N08330)
(S34700)
(S34800)
(S38400)
(S40300)
(S40500)
(S40900)
(S41000)
(S41400)
(S41600)
(S41623)
(S42000)
(S42020)
(S42200)
(S42900)
(S43000)
(S43020)
(S43023)
(S43100)
(S43400)
(S43600)
(S44002)
(S44003)
(S44004)
(S44200)
(S44600)
(S13800)
(S15500)
(S17400)
(S17700)
x
x
x
x
x
x
Salt
Water
Atmospheric
Mild Atmospheric and

Indust
rial
x
x
x
x
x
x
Mar
ine
x
x
x
x
x
x
Mild
Chemical
Oxidiz
ing
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Reducing
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
*The X notations indicate that a specific stainless steel type may be considered
as resistant to the corrosive environment categories.
This list is suggested as a guideline only and does not suggest or imply a warranty
on the part of the American Iron and Steel Institute, the Commit-
32
tee of Stainless Steel Producers, or any of the member companies represented on the Committee. When selecting a stainless steel for any
corrosive environment, it is always best to consult with a corrosion engineer and, if possible, conduct tests in the environment involved under
actual operating conditions.
References
1. American Iron and Steel Institute, Steel Products
Manual-Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels,
Washington, D.C., 1974
2. American Society for Testing and Materials, Compilation of
Trade Names, Specifications, and Producers of Stainless
Alloys and Superalloys, Data Series DS 45, Philadelphia,
Pa., 1969
3. Society of Automotive Engineers, New York, N.Y.
4. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
5. Climax Molybdenum Company, A Guide to Corrosion
Resistance, New York, N.Y.
6. Forging Industry Association, Forging Industry
Handbook, Cleveland, Ohio, 1966

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STAINLESS

Easier to Hot WorkMore Difficult to Hot Work c

FORGING RANGES FOR STAINLESS STEELS

Corrosion and Heat Resistance

The three components shown here are for aircraft applications,

This mechanical linkage part illustrates the extent to which forging

This bearing housing for a rocket aircraft was forged to minimize

part like this subjected to high stresses during maximum loading.

The operational environment inside a jet engine consists of three

Pipeline fabricators use forged Weldolet fittings (top photograph)

Why so many stainless steels?

1. Corrosion or Heat Resistances the primary reason for specifying

One of the largest forgings ever produced, this nuclear reactor

Open Die Forging

Upset Forging or Upsetting

A gear-powered union is used instead of flanges or other bolted

Two impressions on a 2,000-pound hammer shape a round "

Pipeline flanges, fittings, and special components for nuclear power

These unique elliptical head forgings are for a new fuel-saving

This is a cylinder, asforged prior to machining, that is used to actuate

This seaming chuck for a can-making machine was forged of Type

and annealed to a Brinell hardness of about 240 maximum. The

Trimming, Punching, Coining, and Ironing

This intricate shaped bearing component for a turbine engine was

This separator bowl forged of Type 329 stainless steel measures

Webs and Ribs

Holes and Recesses

Fillet and Corner Radii

Boat manufacturers have switched en masse from brass to

Courtesy McWilliams Forge Company, Rockaway, New Jersey, and

Length and Width

Die Wear Tolerances

By converting to a forging from a completely machined part, The

A familiar sight to travelers in New York is the Sikorsky S-61L

Die Closure Tolerances

To apply these tolerances: On parts with no projections beyond six inches

Cut-away view shows internal components of a wedge gate valve

Sometimes materials handling slings are subjected to elevated

Flash Extension Tolerances

Weight of part after trimming (pounds)

Magnetic Particle Inspection Quality

compressor blading in gas turbines, as well as for other applications not

The by-pass valve body is for a pneumatic flow transmitter. Made of

Steam pumps are subjected to vibration, temperature,

Liquid Penetrant Nondestructive Inspection

Penetrant inspection can be very sensitive and thus readily detect

Typical Properties of Wrought Stainless Steel

17-19 Cr, 4-6 Ni,

16-18 Cr, 6-8

0.15 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0

17-19 Cr, 8-10 Ni,

16.5-18 Cr, 1-1.75 Ni,

Nominal Properties of Annealed Material

17-19 Cr, 8-10 Ni,

0.15 C, 2.0 Mn, 2.0-3.0

17-19 Cr, 8-10 Ni,

0.15 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0 Si,

17-19 Cr, 8-10 Ni,

Not applicable. Silicon added to

0.03 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0

17-19 Cr, 8-10 Ni, 0.08

18-20 Cr, 8-10.5 Ni, 0.08

0.12 C, 2.0 Mn, 1.0