PART-A:

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
Questions and Answer
Q.1 Define research? What are the characteristics of research????
A business research method defines research is any organized inquiry designed & carried out
to provide information for solving a problem.
Nature & Characteristics of research:1. Scientific Method- Research uses a method to find out facts or to provide solutions to
specific problems. The researcher needs to follow systematic procedure to conduct research.
There is a set of procedure that has been tested to conduct research.
2. Objective & Logical- The scientific research is objective and logical in nature. Research is
based on valid procedures and principles. There is a need to collect relevant, accurate and
objective data to investigate into the research problem.
3. Applied and basic research:- The research can be broadly classified into two broad
groups:
Applied Research
Basic Research
Applied research is designed to solve practicals problems of the modern world, rather than to
acquire knowledge for knowledges sake. The goal of applied research is to improve the
human condition.
4. Empirical nature of research -Empirical research is undertaken to study certain situations
or events based on experiments. Observation and surveys. In empirical research, the
researcher develops a hypothesis and then collects data to prove it or to disprove it.
5. Generalization - research findings can be applied to larger population. A researcher can
conduct a research on a sample of respondents that represents the universe. The sample
selection must be done systematically so that it properly represents the whole population or
the universe.

6. Controlled nature of basic research- In real life experience there are many factors that
affect an outcome. A single event is often the result of several factors. When similar event is
tested in research, due to the broader nature of factors, some factors are taken as controlled
factors while others are tested for possible effect.
7. Development of principles and theories - A systematic research helps to develop new
principles and theories. Such principles and theories can be useful to several organizations to
manage and with people and things in a better way. The general laws or theories developed
through research may enable us to make reliable predictions of events, which have not yet
occurred.
8. Multipurpose activity - research is a multipurpose activity. It helps to discover new facts
or verify old facts or verify old facts. It helps not only to predict future events, but also may
help to control such events. It establishes casual relationship between variables.
9. Manipulation of Concepts - The researcher tries to manipulate things or concepts. The
manipulation or purposeful control of things, or concepts is done with a definite purpose so as
to arrive at statements of generality. Define research as the manipulation of things, concepts
or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledges, whether
that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art.
10. Quantitative and Qualitative Research - Research undertaken to measure quantity or
amount is called as quantitative research. For instance, research undertaken to find out the
number of unemployed graduates or the number of unemployed in general. On the other
hand, research which is undertaken in general. On the other hand research which is
undertaken to find out the quality of a particular situation or phenomenon, is called as
qualitative research.
11. Research a process - Research is a systematic process. It involves a number of steps. The
main steps include:

. Formulating the research problem or situation.

. Development of a hypothesis.
. Preparing the research design.
. Determining sample design. collecting of data
. Analysis of data
. Testing of hypothesis
. Generalizations and interpretation
. Preparation of report or thesis
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Q.2. Explain need of the research in business of social science???

social Science refer to business, commerce, demography, psychology, sociology, etc. research
in social sciences deals with the peoples behavior in their different roles, such as consumers,
consultants, learners, leaders, teachers, trainers, employees, executives producers,
parents,artists,advisors, etc.
1. Modifies Social Behavior
Social Research studies behavior. Almost all our social problems could be attributed to
certain social behavior of the member of the society. Social research collects relevant data
on social behavior, analyses it and recommendations are listed. Based on the
recommendation of social researchers; step can be taken by the concerned authorities to
modify the societal behavior.
2. Development of Methodology
Development of methodology to deal with social issues is one of the contributions of social
research. Social research enables the organization to develop appropriate methodology to
study, analyses, and to take suitable action to overcome the problems.
3. Social Development
Social research contributes to societal development. Social development can be measured in
terms of literacy, life expectancy, and other social development indicators. Research can be
undertaken to improve social development standards of the society.
4. Social Welfare
Government Organization Can Be undertakes Social Research to enhance social welfare of
the society. Research can help to design suitable package of measures to reduce income
inequalities to reduce poverty and unemployment, to overcome the problems of social evils
such as drug addictions, abuse of alcohol, gambling, and so on.
5. Formulation of New Theories
Social research helps to formulate new theories. The existing theories can be reevaluated and
modified with the help of social research. For instance, social research has enabled to develop
several theories on leadership, motivation, job satisfaction, and group dynamic and so on.
These theories enable business and non business organization to design suitable packages for
uplifting the social behavior of their members.
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Social planning and control: Social research is a tool for social planning and control. Any
constructive action needs to be planned for effective implementation so as to achieve the
desired outcome. Also, the research may indicate suitable control measures to correct
deviations as and when deviations occur.
6. Economic Planning
Social research can be immense use in economic planning in a given society. Economic
planning requires basic data on the various aspects of our society and economy, resource
endowment and the tools, hopes and problems of the people etc. economic planning is
undertaken to achieve certain objectives such as.

To bring about regional development.

To make optimum use of available resources.
To Bring out Self- Reliance.
To generate Employment, etc.

7. Prediction of the Events in Society

Research can be undertaken to predict future events in the society and their impact. For
instance, research may be undertaken to find out the incidence of poverty and its impact on
the society. The findings of such research would not only indicate the causes of poverty and
its current and possible future impact on the society and on the nation. Such research may
make the concerned authorities to take appropriate measures to reduce the incidence of
poverty.
Q. 3. Discuss in detail different types of research.
The research activity can be classified into different categories. Some of the main types of
research are as follows:
1. Basic research
Basic research is also called as pure or fundamental research. It is undertaken to develop a
theory or a body of knowledge. The main goal of basic research is to expand mans
knowledge. In basic research, there is no commercial angle.
2. Applied research
Applied research is a scientific study designed to solve practical problems, rather than
merely acquiring knowledge. Applied research is used to find solutions to everyday
problems, and develop innovative technologies.
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3. Descriptive Research
Descriptive research or statistical research provides data about the population or universe
being studied. But it can only describe the who, what, when, where and how of a
situation. It does not describe what caused a particular situation. Therefore, descriptive
research is used when the objectives is to provide a systematic description that is as factual
and accurate as possible.
4. Analytical Research
Analytical research is undertaken to collect facts or data, or the facts or data may be
readily available. The researcher attempts to critically evaluate such facts and data so as to
arrive at conclusions. This type of research may establish the cause and effect relationship.
The researcher may provide necessary recommendations to improve or solve the problem
or to handle certain situation or event.
5. Empirical research
Empirical research can be defined as research based on experimentation or observation.
Empirical research is a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect
observation or experience or experiment. Such research is conducted to test a hypothesis.
6. Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many disciplines, especially in the
social sciences. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in depth understanding of
human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method
investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, and when. Hence,
smaller but focused samples are more often used than large samples.
7. Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are
analyzed using mathematically based method. The objective of quantitative research is to
develop and employ mathematical models, theories and / or hypotheses pertaining to
phenomena.
8. Other types of Research
Research can be classified into various other types such as:
Field research or laboratory research.
One time research or multi period research.
Conclusion oriented research or decision oriented research.
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 Historical research or current situation research.

Q.4. what is Research Methodology? What are the Requisites of good Scientific
Methods????
Methodology is the systematic analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It
comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a
branch of knowledge.
Features of Research Methodology
The main Features of Research Methodology are as Follows:

Identification of research problem.

Formulation of research Design.
Designing the sample.
Collection of data.
Processing of data.
Analysis and interpretation.
Drawing conclusions and providing recommendations.
Preparation of research report.

1. Purpose of Research Methodology: The main Purpose of research methodology is to

select the method to conduct the research. After selecting the research methodology, the
researcher proceeds to collect the data analyses it, and draws collusions and recommendation
order to solve the research problem. In the final analysis, the research methodology helps to
solve the research problem in a systematic manner.
2. Reliance on Empirical Evidence: Research Methodology involves a systematic process to
find out solution to the research problem. The research methodology involves collection of
data through survey, observation and accordingly conclusions are drawn. The conclusions are
based on empirical evidence and not on imagination or no ones own blind belief.
3. Commitment to objectivity: Research Methodology is objective in nature because it
makes use of scientific methods to collect and analyses data. Objectivity involves forming a
judgment based on accurate facts. The researcher examines the facts in a scientific manner.
Objectivity also ensures that the conclusions drawn do not vary from one person to another.
4. Ethical neutrality: Research Methodology is based on ethical neutrality. It aims at making
correct statements about facts. The researcher should not be biased and distort the facts.

5. Verifiability: Research methodology ensures that the conclusions drawn by the researcher
are verifiable. With the help of research methodology, the researcher is in a position to justify
the conclusions. When others verify the researchers conclusions under the same conditions,
then they are accepted as correct.
6. Development of principles and theories: Systematic Research methodology helps to
develop new principles and theories. The principles and theories can have universal
application. This means, the research findings can be used by several organizations to manage
and deal with people and things in a better way.
7. Multipurpose Activity: Research Methodology is a multipurpose activity. It helps to
discover new facts or verify old facts. It establishes casual relationship between two or more
variables. It also helps to develop new scientific tools, concepts and theories, which facilitate
reliable and valid study of human behavior and other aspects.
8. Use of Induction and Deduction Methods: Research Methodology makes use of
induction and deduction methods to arrive at logical conclusions.
Induction Methods follows the logical reasoning process is a process of
reasoning whereby, the researcher arrives at universal generalization from
particular facts. This method involves studying several individual cases are then
drawing a generalized conclusion.
Deduction method is a reasoning process of applying generally accepted
principles to specific individuals cases. It involves application of a general
phenomenon to an individual phenomenon. It establishes a logical relationship
between a major premise and a minor premise and thereby arrives at a conclusion.
9. Limitations or Constraints: The effectiveness of research in social sciences is affected
due to certain constraints. Some of the constraints are

Social Sciences deal with human beings- their behavior and social life. The human

behavior and social life. The human behavior cannot be predicted with accuracy.
The research methodology in social sciences is affected by the problems of bias of
researcher and the respondents. Some researcher may draw biased conclusion
depending upon their likes, dislikes, feelings and emotions. The respondents may also
bias give biased responses.

There are also problems relating o samples. The selected sample may be small in size
therefore; the data collected from the sample respondents may be inadequate to solve
the research problem.

Q.5 Explain the steps or process in scientific research???

Scientific research is a systematic process undertaken to study the research problem and to
arrive at conclusions.
The scientific research process consists of a sequence of steps that have to be followed while
undertaking a research project:
1. Identifying and selection of research problem: problems should be formulated properly
so that it can be solved easily, for good problems formulation there are some essentials:

Researchable
Interesting
Purposeful
Understandable
Manageable
Ethical

2. Review on literature: the researcher should undertake extensive literature survey relating
problem. He may consider various publications, such as journals, books, research reports.
3. Formulation of hypothesis: if researcher is studying the declining sales trend, may
hypothesize that sales are declining because: product price is too high, middlemen are not
getting adequate margin, or the product is becoming obsolete. If the test of first hypothesis
leads to its acceptance. if it is rejected then reason would be product price is too high.
4. Research design: research design includes the following aspects:

A clear statement of the research problem.

The sources of data collection.
The time period of research study
The techniques of data analysis
The universe research.
The sample size of respondents, if any.
The aims and objectives of the research.

5. Designing the questionnaire: for designing questionnaire , the following points should be
kept in mind :
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 What types of information is required?

What type of technique will be used for conducting the research that is, whether
telephone interview, personal or mail?
There should be proper wording and proper sequence of questions.
6. Sampling design: a sample represents those individuals chosen from the population of
interest as subjects in an experiment or to be respondents to a survey.
7. Collection of data: problem solving is essentially a process of collecting information. The
data can be from various sources- primary and secondary. While collecting data care should
be taken of:
Information is up to date and free from bias.
It is objective and relevant to the needs of problem.
It is complete in all aspects.
8. Processing data: processing of data involves:

Editing
Coding
Classification
Tabulation

9. Data analysis: the purpose of analyzing the data is to establish a relation between the
information and problem. Analysis reviews the data in the light of hypothesis or research
problem.
10. Hypothesis testing: various tests are taken such as chi-square, f-test, the testing of
hypothesis will result in either accepting it or rejecting it.
11. Preparation of research report: the research report is divided into 3parts:
Preliminary contents-which include title of the report, letter of authorization, letter of
transmittal, and table of contents.
Main body- includes introduction, methodology, findings, limitations, conclusions and
recommendations.
Concluding part which includes appendix and bibliography.
12. Follow-up of report: the researcher should be submitting the report to concerned
authorities.

Q.6. write a note on review literature.

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Review of literature is an important stage in research stage in research activity. Review of

literature refers to extensive review of literature relating to research problem which the
researcher intends to take. It can be conducted throughout the research activity. It starts with
the identification and selection of the research problem. it ends with the writing of research
report.
At different stages of the research project, the review of literature serves specific purposes:
Pre- research stage
In process of research stage
Post-research stage

Steps in review of literature:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Identify and select the research problem

Determine the sources of literature relevant to research problem
Understanding the problem
Note and record information.
Analyze the information.

Purpose of review of literature:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

To get background knowledge of the research topic.

To formulate research hypotheses.
To prepare research design to undertake the research problem.
To compile bibliography.
To understand the structure of research report.

Q.7. What is Research Design and explain its Essentials?

Meaning and Definitions
A Research deign is defined as a logical and systematic plan prepared for directing a
research study. It specifies the objectives of the study; the methodologies and techniques to
be adopted for achieving the objectives.
ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN
To make research design more effective, the researcher must consider certain guidelines or
essentials:
1. Focus on Objectives

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The research design must focus on the research objectives. The research objectives must be
very clear to the researcher as well as to the research staff. The research objectives differ
depending upon the type of research.
2. Flexibility
The research design must be flexible depending upon the situation. Research design indicates
a particular time frame to complete the research work.
3. Pilot Study
It is always advisable to conduct a pilot study for finalizing the research design. Pilot study is
a research activity undertaken on a small segment of the research universe.

Sources of data.

Area of data collection.

Techniques of data collection, etc

4. Acceptance
The research design must be acceptable to the persons concerned. For instance:

In the case of academic research, the research design must be acceptable to the research
guide, as he needs to approve the research design before the research activity starts.

5. Suitability
The research design must be suitable to achieve research objectives. Depending upon the
funds and other resources, the research may take suitable action.

The availability of funds.

The availability of time.

The availability of manpower.

The methods of data collection and analysis, etc.

6. Simplicity

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The research design should be simple and easy to understand. The language used in the
research design must be clear and simple. Wherever required, research design must be
supported by footnotes. Technical jargons must be avoided.
7. Cost-Effective
The research design should be cost-effective. The benefits on account of sound decisionmaking must be more than the cost incurred on research activity.
8. Ease in Implementation
The research design should facilitate proper implementation of the research activity. As far as
possible, the research design should avoid complicated procedures and techniques which are
difficult to adopt/follow.
9. Training to the Research staff
Training helps to improve: knowledge, attitude, skills and social behavior. The research staff
not only requires knowledge and skills to conduct proper research but also the right attitude
towards the research work, and good social behavior when they interact with team mates and
with the respondents.
10. Selection of Right Techniques/method:
Here are various methods of collecting data such as:

Survey / interview ,Observation

Experimentation

Q.8. Explain different types of Research design???

The types of research design can be broadly divided into two groups:
I. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
It is conducted to explore information about the nature or causes of research problem. It is
conducted when the causes of the research problem are not known to the researcher.
Exploratory Research can be conducted for the following purpose:

To define the problem more clearly.

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To develop hypothesis.

To identify alternate courses of action.

To isolate key variables and to develop relationships among the variables for further
examination.

To establish priorities for further research.

FEATURES OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

Unstructured
It is conduct when a researcher does not know much about the problem and needs
additional information. The researcher may collect the data from any sources primary or
secondary sources.
Flexible
Exploratory research is systematic but it is very flexible. It allows researcher to
investigate the problem from whatever sources he/she desires.
Informal
Exploratory research is aimed at gaining additional information about a topic and
generating possible hypotheses. Therefore, it is described as informal.

USES OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

Background Information
When little information is known form the existing data, the researcher may conduct research
to gain background information this will help the research to probe the problem properly.
Development of Hypothesis
Exploratory research may be required to develop suitable hypotheses relating to the research
problem. A hypothesis is a proposition, which can be put to test to determine its validity.
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Research Priorities
Exploratory research may be conducted to establish priorities for research work. For example
an exploratory review of customer complaints may indicate the product(s) that require urgent
attention on the part of management to take appropriate action.
METHODS OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
Secondary Data Analysis The researcher may analyses the relevant secondary data for
gaining information to solve a particular problem.
Experience Surveys The surveys may be conducted to get responses from those who
experienced problem or difficulties. For instance, experience surveys may be conducted on
the students who have faced difficulties or problems during the examination.
Case Analysis The researcher may analyses former situations similar to the present one, so as
to arrive at suitable solution to solve the present problem.
Focus Groups Small groups of people discuss a problem-its causes and its effects. The focus
group discussion is monitored by a moderator.
Projective Techniques The projective techniques help to gain insights into problems or
situations. The researcher may explore information from a group of participants.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
It is conducted to obtain descriptive information about certain aspects of problem. For
instance, a researcher may like to know detailed information about students appearing for
M.com Part II of University of Mumbai in respect of age, income, gender, occupation, etc.

CAUSAL (DIAGNOSTIC) RESEARCH

Causal Research investigates cause/effect relationship between two or more variables.
1. To understand the cause-effect relationship between two or more variables.
2. To focus on those variables or elements having greater positive effect.
3. To eliminate certain variables or elements having negative effect.
4. To develop action plans.
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Q.9 What is sampling? Explain essentials of good sampling?

Meaning of Sampling Design:
Sampling design is a plan designed to select the appropriate sample in order to collect the
right data so as to achieve research objectives.
A sample is a part of the universe that can be used as respondents to a survey or for the
purpose of experimentation, in order to collect relevant information to solve a particular
problem.
Essentials of good sampling
In sampling, a part of the universe is selected for obtaining information. Therefore, sampling
offers several advantages to the researcher, as follows:
1. Time Saving
Sampling helps to save time in respect of collection and analysis of data. the researcher can
get quick research results, and accordingly can take timely action.
2. Overcomes Complexities
Sampling helps to reduce complexities in research work. If a limited sample is used, then
fewer respondents are required to collect data.
3. Motivation to Research Staff
Limited sample size brings relief to the research staff. They get motivated to collect the right
information. This is because; they get sufficient time for collection and analysis of data.

4. Detailed Information
Due to sampling, the researcher can collect detailed information from the sample
respondents. For instance, in the case of commercial research relating to the study of
consumer behavior, the researcher can obtain detailed information in respect of:

What the consumers buy?

When they buy?

Where they buy?

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How often they buy?

What are the buying motives?

5. Offers Convenience to the Researcher

Sampling offers, convenience to the researcher to collect the data. In case of convenience
sampling, the researcher may conveniently select the respondents, and accordingly collect the
data.
6. Economical
Sampling generates economy in conducting research. For any research, availability of funds
is a constraint. A smaller sample requires less funds not only for data collection but also for
processing and interpretation of data..
7. Suitability
The sampling technique is suitable in the case of commercial and academic research.
8. Optimum Use of Resources
Depending upon the resources, the researcher selects the appropriate sample size. Therefore,
proper sample size will help to make best use of physical, human and financial resources.
9. Performance Improvement
Sampling can help to improve the performance of the organization. Due to sampling, the
researcher can undertake quality research work.

10. Quality of Research Work

The quality of research work may be improved due to sampling. The field staff will get
sufficient time to collect the data from sample respondents. They need not rush through the
collection of data.
Q.10. Explain different method or techniques of sampling?
The methods of sampling can be broadly divided into two groups:
PROBABILITY METHOD

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Probability sampling is also known random sampling. Probability means possible

chance. Therefore, each element of the population has known chance or opportunity of being
selected or included in the sample
1. Simple random sampling
This is the most popular method which is normally followed to collect research data. This
technique provides every element or unit an equal chance of being selected in the sample.
a) Lottery method
Where each element is gives a number and then the numbers are mixed or placed in a
box or run. By draw of lots, the sample is selected.
b) Random tables
The elements or units are given numbers, and the numbers are placed in rows. The
sample is selected from the rows at random.
2. Systematic sampling
In this case, a sampling fraction is calculated based on the total population under study. After
the sampling fraction is calculated, a certain number is selected at random and the process
continues to select the sample size.
Formula: skip interval = population size
Sample size
3. Cluster sampling
Under this method, instead of selecting individual units, the researcher divides the population
into clusters or groups and accordingly sample is selected.
4. Stratified sampling
The population is divided into various strata or segments based on income, occupation, age,
religion, gender, etc. After dividing the population into different segments, certain number of
sample members is selected from each stratum or segment.
NON-PROBABILITY METHODS
1. Convenience sampling
The sample is selected as per the convenience of the researcher. Under this method, every
element of the population does not get a chance of being selected.

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2. Accidental Sampling
The researcher may select the sample by chance without following a systematic procedure.
Every element of the universe does not get a chance of being selected.
3. Judgment sampling
The sample is selected based on the judgment of the of the researcher or some other person
assisting or advising the researcher..
4. Quota Sampling
Under this method, the researcher allocates certain quota to certain groups under study. The
quotas may differ from each area depending upon certain factors like age, occupation,
income, etc
OTHER NON-PROBABILITY METHOD
1. Sequential Sampling Method
sequential sampling is a non- probability sampling technique wherein the researcher picks a
single or a group of subjects in a given time interval, conducts his study, analyzes the results
then picks another group of subjects if needed and so on.
2. Snowball Sampling/Chain Referral Sampling
Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling technique that is used by researchers to
identify potential subjects in studies where subjects are hard to locate.

Q.11. What is secondary data and explain its limitation??

The secondary data is readily available data from published or printed sources. The secondary
data is generally used in the case of academic research and to a certain extent in the case of
social research.
Limitations of Secondary Data Collection Method
There are certain limitations of secondary data collection methods such as follows:
1. Problem Accuracy

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The quality of secondary data is affected due to the problem of accuracy. One cannot be
certain of the genuineness of data.
2. Problem of Reliability
The secondary data lacks reliability. The reliability of the source that provided the published
data may not be genuine. At times, some sources provide unreliable and biased data.
3. Problem of Adequacy
The secondary data may be insufficient to solve the current research problem. The secondary
data may not provide complete data to solve research problem.
4. Lack of In-depth Information
The secondary data not only may lack adequacy, but it may not provide in-depth information
to solve the research problem.
5. Problem in Quality decision Making
The secondary data may affect the quality of decision- making. This is because; the data may
be inaccurate, insufficient and unreliable.
6. Problem of specific data
The secondary data may be more general in nature rather than specific. The researcher needs
specific data to solve specific problems.
7. Unsuitability
The secondary data may not be suitable in certain cases. Secondary data may be of less use in
the case of commercial research.
8. Problem of Biased Information
There is possibility of bias in secondary data. The researcher has no control over the quality
of the secondary data. Therefore, one should not blindly depend on secondary data.
Q.12. Explain different methods of collecting primary data??
The primary data collection methods include:
SURVEY/ INTERVIEW METHOD

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The survey can be census survey or sample survey. In case of census survey, the entire
universe is contacted to collect the data. In sample survey method, only a part of the universe
is selected to collect the data. But the sample should be so selected that it represents the
universe.
Under the survey method, the data is collection though interviews. The interviews can be:
personal interview, telephone interview or mail survey.
Personal Interview
It is a face to face interaction between the interviewer and the respondent. The interviewer
may ask the questions, and the respondent accordingly responds. There are various types of
personal interviews:

Formal and informal

In formal interview certain formalities are followed such as prior appointment of the
interviewee. In informal interview, the interviewer may not follow formalities in data

collection.
Structured and unstructured
In structured interview, the interviewer asks certain questions designed well in advance.

In unstructured interview, no specific questionnaire is followed.

Individual and group
In individual interview, only one person is interviewed at a time, and in a group interview,

a group of respondents may be asked questions at the same time and at the same place.
General or Specific Interview
In general interview, the questions asked may be general in nature.

Directive and non-directive interview

In directive interview, the interviewer gives directions to the interviewee to respond to
certain questions. In non-directive interview, the respondents are given freedom to
respond to certain topic without much questioning on the part of the interviewer.
a) Telephone Interview
It is a method of conducting interview by telephoning the respondents. A series of
questions are asked on phone and the answers are recorded. It is a very popular
method extensively used in western countries.
b) Mail Survey
It is another method of data collection. A questionnaire is prepared containing a list
of questions to solicit information from selected respondents. This questionnaire is
send through post or advertised in a newspaper or magazine, explaining the purpose
of the questionnaire and a request to complete and return it to the researcher. A reply
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paid envelope may also be given to the respondent wherever possible to encourage
the respondents to promptly send the answers.
ADVANTAGES OF SURVEY/ INTERVIEW METHOD
The advantages of survey/interview method are as follows:
1. Reliability
The primary data collected through survey/ interview method provides fist hand information
to the researcher. Therefore, this type of data is more accurate and reliable.
2. Detailed information
Survey or interview method can provide detailed information. The researcher can obtain indepth information by asking relevant questions.
3. Helps in Hypothesis Formulation
The use of documentary sources helps in formulation of research hypothesis .when an
investigator has more than one hypothesis in hand; primary data supports the selection of
correct hypothesis.
4. Flexibility
The survey/interview method permits flexibility in collecting the data. The interviewer can
restructure or modify the questions depending upon the situation..
5. Personal Touch
Personal interview provides personal touch in collecting the data. The personal touch can
enable the interviewer to obtain frank responses.
Disadvantage of Survey/ Interview Method
The disadvantages of survey method are as follows:
1. Time Consuming
The survey method is time consuming, as lot of time is required to interview the respondents
and collect the data.
2. Expensive

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The survey method is expensive as there is a need to appoint field staff. Salary and perks to
be paid to the staff. However, in the case of secondary data, there is no need for field staff.
3. Paper work
There is lot of paper work involved, because the interview requires questionnaires to be filled
in. also there is good deal of paper work in respect of processing of data.
4. Respondent bias
The respondents may not give proper responses. They may withhold certain data or may
provide fake responses in respect of certain sensitive aspects such as salary/income,
investments, payment of taxes.
5. Interviewer bias
There is a possibility of interviewer bias. The interviewer may fill the questionnaire on his
own, or he may edit the questionnaire as he likes.
6. Sampling Problems
It is difficult to select a paper sample, especially when the universe is large, and covers a
large area.

OBSERVATION METHOD
The researcher obtains information of the subjects (persons) under study with the help of
observation rather than by way of interviewing.
Advantages

There is no respondent bias. The respondents are not interviewed. They are only

observed, and they may not be aware that they are observed.
First hand information about peoples/ customers reactions.
The information collected is reliable and accurate, because the info is collected at the
point of action or reaction.

Disadvantages
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Time consuming, as lot of time is required for observing the actions/ reactions of the

people under study.

It is expensive method, as competent and trained staff is required to record the
observations of the subjects under study.

EXPERIMENTATION METHOD
The experimentation method is mostly used in the case of scientific research study. With the
help of experimentation, the researcher may like to study the cause-effect relationship
between two or more variables. The experimentation method can be also used in development
of new products.
Advantages

It provides first hand information.

It provides reliable and relevant information.
The researcher may be in a position to develop new techniques/ methods.

Disadvantages

It may be very expensive as lot of money may be required for experimentation.

At times, lot of time and effort is required on the part of the researcher.
The delay in results may generate frustration on the part of the researcher

PART B:
Introduction to Cyber Crime
The first recorded cyber crime took place in the year 1820! That is not surprising considering
the fact that the abacus, which is thought to be the earliest form of a computer, has been
around since 3500 B.C. in India, Japan and China. The era of modern computers, however,
began with the analytical engine of Charles Babbage.
In 1820, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a textile manufacturer in France, produced the loom. This
device allowed the repetition of a series of steps in the weaving of special fabrics. This
resulted in a fear amongst Jacquard's employees that their traditional employment and
livelihood were being threatened. They committed acts of sabotage to discourage Jacquard
from further use of the new technology. This is the first recorded cyber crime!

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Today computers have come a long way, with neural networks and nano-computing
promising to turn every atom in a glass of water into a computer capable of performing a
Billion operations per second. Cyber crime is an evil having its origin in the growing
dependence on computers in modern life. In a day and age when everything from microwave
ovens and refrigerators to nuclear power plants is being run on computers, cyber crime has
assumed rather sinister implications. Major cyber crimes in the recent past include the
Citibank rip off. US $ 10 million were fraudulently transferred out of the bank and into a
bank account in Switzerland. A Russian hacker group led by Vladimir Kevin, a renowned
hacker, perpetrated the attack. The group compromised the bank's security systems. Vladimir
was allegedly using his office computer at AO Saturn, a computer firm in St. Petersburg,
Russia, to break into Citibank computers. He was finally arrested on Heathrow airport on his
way to Switzerland

Defining Cyber Crime

At the onset, let us satisfactorily define "cyber-crime" and differentiate it from "conventional
Crime". 166 Computer crime can involve criminal activities that are traditional in nature,
such as theft, fraud, forgery, defamation and mischief, all of which are subject to the Indian
Penal Code. The abuse of computers has also given birth to a gamut of new age crimes that
are addressed by the Information Technology Act, 2000.
Defining cyber crimes, as "acts that are punishable by the Information Technology Act"
would be unsuitable as the Indian Penal Code also covers many cyber crimes, such as email
spoofing and cyber defamation, sending threatening emails etc. A simple yet sturdy definition
of cyber crime would be "unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or a target or
both".

CHAPTER -2
Research methodology

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Methodology is the systematic analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It

comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a
branch of knowledge.
A methodology does not set out to provide solutions. Therefore, it is not the same thing
method. Instead, it offers the theoretical base for understanding which method, set of methods
or so called best practices can be applied to specific case. For example, it may indicate the
method that can be used to collect data to solve the problem of declining sales.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary provides two definitions on research methodology as follows:
1) The analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a
discipline.
2) The systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a
discipline.
Features of Research Methodology
The main Features of Research Methodology are as Follows:

Identification of research problem.

Formulation of research Design.
Designing the sample.
Collection of data.
Processing of data.
Analysis and interpretation.
Drawing conclusions and providing recommendations.
Preparation of research report.

Types of Research
Basic Research
basic research is also called as pure or fundamental research. it is undertaken to
develop a theory or a body of knowledge.
Applied Research

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Applied research is a scientific study designed to solve practical problems, rather than
merely acquiring knowledge.
Descriptive Research
Descriptive Research provides data about the population or universe being studies.
Analytical Research
Analytical Research is undertaken to collect facts or data, or the facts or data may be
readily available.
Empirical Research
Empirical Research is a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect
observation or experience or experiment.
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research is a method of inquiry employed in many disciplines, especially
in the social sciences.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research is Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are
analyzed using mathematically based method.
I have selected empirical research & analytical method for my research study.

OBJECTIVE
Every research has some objective. My research has following objective.

To study of the Merits and demerits of Cyber Crime.

To understand the scope of Cyber Crime.
To know about their opinion about quality aspect of the system they have chosen.
To know about the awareness about the Cyber Crime in India.

HYPOTHESIS
My research has following hypothesis
There is not much awareness about the Cyber Crime in India.
There can be more improvement in the process of Cyber Crime in India.

DATA SOURCE
The process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established
systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and
evaluate outcomes.
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1) Primary data
Primary data are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time and thus
happen to be original in character and known as Primary data.
2) Secondary data
Secondary data are those which have been collected by someone else and which have
already been passed through the statistical process are known as Secondary data.
3) Sample size
To collected relevant information to solve a particular problem. I asked question to 30
people in my vicinity.
Primary data is collected by issuing or giving questionnaires to the people.
Secondary data is collected from research methodology text books, internet.

LIMITATION

Limiting the time of the study.

Some People showed no interest in giving information.
Limiting the Sample of the study.
Limiting the number of variables related to the alternative solution.
Difficulties in contributing the questionnaire.
Samples readiness in participating.
Many of the people were not fully aware of the importance aspect of Cyber Crime

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
There is a real argument about awareness the Cyber Crime regarding the effectiveness of
prevention of Cyber Crime, and I have identified 10 peer-reviewed journal articles for this
review. Five articles support the argument that Prevention of Cyber Crime. There has been
tremendous growth in use of Internet Technology give rise to Cyber Crime. Cyber Crime is
technology based crime committed by technocrats.
Articles Regarding Cyber Crime In India.
1. RBI to conduct cybercrime audit on banks to check loopholes.
A month after the biggest financial data leak from Indian banks, regulator Reserve Bank
of India is looking to take matters in its own hands and scrutinize security of banks, two
people with direct knowledge of the matter said. The RBI is looking to rope in outside

27

help that would try and exploit holes in the information technology (IT) systems of the
bank to fortify them against similar breaches of security in the future.
It (the exercise) wont be investigations per say, but I would say it will be like an audit,
a person in the know told ET. RBI would check cyber security of the banks from the
inside as well as outside, he said.
ET in its edition on October 20 had reported that security codes of about 3.2 million debit
cards were found to be at risk from fraudsters who had stolen vital data for six weeks
through July and August. While the RBI had come down hard on banks and directed them
to submit a report on the security breach at their ATMs, the audit would directly deal with
the loopholes in IT systems of banks. RBI has already put a team in place that would be
headed by Nandkumar Sarvade, a retired IPS officer and an expert in bank fraud and
terrorism cases. The RBI is also looking to hire techies in the coming months whose job
brief will include checking IT systems of the banks. The RBI is also planning to involve
outside help, mainly certified cyber security companies. The RBI has already
communicated to some banks about its latest plan. At least two bankers that ET spoke to
confirmed they have been apprised of this upcoming audit.
2. Cybercrime in India up 300% in 3 years: Study
The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team has also reported a surge in the number
of incidents handled by it with close to 50,000 security incidents in 2015, noted the study
titled 'Protecting interconnected systems in the cyber era,'. The study highlighted that
Operational systems are increasingly subject to cyber-attacks, as many are built around
legacy technologies with weaker protocols that are inherently more vulnerable. It pointed
out that continued and regular sharing of cyber security intelligence and insights is
essential for improving the resiliency of these systems and processes from emerging
cyber risks. "Cyber-attacks around the world are occurring at a greater frequency and
intensity. Not only individuals but also businesses and governments are being targeted.
The profile and motivation of cyber attackers are fast changing," highlighted the study.
The National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) has been
identified as the nodal agency under the National Technical Research Organization for the
protection of critical information infrastructure.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Website
http://www.usma.edu/cfe/literature/scott_12.pdf
http://www.ifets.info/journals/11_1/23.pdf

https://www.scribd.com/document/4581565/A-COMPARATIVE-ANALYSIS-OFEDUCATIONAL-PREFERENCES-AMONG-YOUTH-REGULAR-Vs-DISTANTMODE

http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/122076-Merits-And-Demerits-OfDistance-Education.aspx

Books
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 Research Methodology text of M.com.

QUESTIONNAIRE
Please fill in the following information:
Name:
Gender:

Male

Female

Qualification: Undergraduate
Education: Regular study

Sr.

Others
Graduate

Statement

Strongly Disagree
Disagree

Regular

study

is

Others

Correspondence study

No
1

Postgraduate

better

Neutral

Strongly

Agree

Agree

than

correspondence study.
2

In regular study is a Systematic study.

Regular

study

learning

generates

confidence.
4

Regular study enhance skills Chances to

get good job through campus interview

30

Regular study more effective as compare

to correspondence study.

Correspondence degree certificate is valid

for government job.

Correspondence degree has value.

Correspondence study is equal to regular

study.

Correspondence study is best option.

10

In correspondence study you lack a

seriousness that is present in a regular
study.

11

In correspondence study you can pursue a

job along with studies.

12

In regular study Proper learning takes

place; qualitative learning.

13

Correspondence study Convenient to

elder learners-no age bar.

14

Correspondence study cultivates self

discipline.

15

Correspondence study mode saves time

16

In correspondence study Even after gap

of some years in studies, one can continue
the studies.

17

Compare to regular
study, less fees in correspondence study.

18

Absence of regular coaching makes the

study more difficult.

19

In correspondance study No proper

exposure to practical work and studies.

20

In regular study no flexibility of time.

31