Professional Documents
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Flexible
Rigid
Composite
The primary difference between flexible and rigid is in how loads are distributed to
subgrade.
Comparis
on Type
Propertie
s
Flexible
Advantag
es
Disadvant
ages
Rigid
Applicatio
ns
Traffic lanes.
Auxiliary lanes.
Parking areas.
Frontage roads.
Shoulders.
Stiffer (little
bending)
Distributes loads
over larger area of
subgrade.
Can be recycled,
but less common.
Lives 20-40 years.
Subbase is elective.
Good durability.
Long service life.
Minor variations in
subgrade strength
have a little effect.
No deterioration.
(resistance to
moisture damage)
Harder and more
expensive to repair.
May polish over
time.
Needs even
subgrade supports.
More expensive to
construct.(not
always)
High volume traffic
lanes.
Freeway to freeway
connections.
Exit ramps with
heavy traffic.
Such as
Pavement layers :
Surface courses :
Safety.
Traffic loads.
Environmental factors. (such as: temperature , moisture)
Other considerations.(noise, smoothness, economics, traffic disruptions)
Control of swelling.
Expansion and shrinkage (decreasing) of subgrade.
Distress :
Drainage.
Control pumping.
Control frost action.
Control shrink and swell of subgrade.
Distress :
Stabilization.
Fatigue cracking.
Asphalt pavement with high enough strength will not exhibit structural failure.
Surface distresses can be removed/repaired relatively easily.
Layer name
base
intermediate/b
inder
surface
Resistance to
Fatigue.
Moisture damage.
Rutting
Benefit
To be durable.
Durability and
stability.
Distresses
Subgrade duties:
Stabilization.
Control drainage.
Control pumping.
Flexible
Rutting..
Cracking.
(torminal,
longitudinal,
fatigue)
IRI. (international
roughness index)
Rigid
Punchout.
IRI.
Faulting.
Transverse
cracking.
CH 2
Soil objective:
Soil definition:
All earth materials that blankets the rock crust of the earth.
Products of disintegration of the rocks of earth crust.
Sedimentary
Organic
Inorganic
Soils lack of homogeneity due to the random process of their formation at different
locations over the surface of earth.
Grain size
Permeabilit
y
Cohesion
Plasticity
Shrinkage
&
Expansion
Other
properties
Silt
0.08 mm 0.002 mm
Clay
0.002 mm
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low, Medium
Medium
High
High
High
Identified visually.
Give stability.
High
compressible
and elastic
due to high %
of flakes.
Considera
ble
strength
when dry.
Uniform size.
Low density.
Predominantly silt.
Due to heterogeneous character the properties of any given soil depends on:
Soil Properties:
Moisture content.
Specific gravity.
Unit weight.
Shear resistance.
Permeability: property of soil mass that permits water to flow through it under the
action of gravity or some other applied forces.
Capillarity: property that permits water to be drawn from a free water surface
through the action of surface tension and independent of the forces of gravity.
Shrinkage: reduction of volume of soil mass that accompanies a reduction in
moisture content when saturated or partially saturated.
Swelling: expansion in volume of a soil mass that accompanies an increase in
moisture content.
Compressibility: property of soil that permits it to consolidate under the action of
applied compressive load.
Elasticity: property of soil that permits it to return to it's original dimensions after
the removal of an applied load.
Mr(Resilient Modulus) represent the elasticity of soil.
Soil classification objective:
Predict the subgrade performance of a given soil on the basis of a few simple
tests performed on the soil in a disturbed condition.
Two methods:
AASHTO.
USCS (unified soil classification system)
Processing:
Excavation.
Transportation.
Crushing.
Sizing.
Stockpiling.
Properties:
Gradation.(high strength, high economy) using sieve analysis.
Hardness. Using los angeles abrasion.
Larger max size
Increase strength.
Improve skid resistance.
Increase volume and surface
area of aggregate.(Decrease
AC content)
Improves rut resistance.
Increase segregation.
Reasons of blending:
Open graded
Size
Well graded
or dense
Different sizes
2 sizes
Density
Max density
One size
(medium,
small, too
small)
Less than gap
graded
Interlock
Permeability
Very good
Very low
medium
medium
low
high
Uniformly
graded
One size (big,
medium)
Less than or
equal open
graded
low
high
S.E: used to estimate the relative proportions of fine aggregate and clay-like or
plastic fines and dust.
Clean.
Tough.
Durable.
Free from flat and elongated particles.
Dust.
Clay lumbs.
Other objectionable materials.
Hydrophobic aggregate
Water hating.
Limestone and dolomite.
Positive surface charge.
No strength reduction.
Hydrauphilic aggregate
Water loving.
Gravel and silicate.
Negative surface charge.
Reduce strength.
Rounded.
Sub-rounded.
Flat.
Elongated.
Aggregate angularity:
Sub-angular.
Angular.
Aggregate texture:
Very rough.
Rough.
Smooth.
Polished.