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F = xi + yj + zk
over the sphere V of radius a centred at the origin
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 :
Solution:
(a) Divergence integral
The divergence of F is
r F=
@
@
@
(x) +
(y) +
(z) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
@x
@y
@z
so
I1 =
ZZZ
V
ZZZ
r FdV =3
dV:
V
=
=
=
Hence
I1 = 3
1 3
r
3
sin d d
0
Z
Z 2
1 3
a
sin d
d
3
0
0
1 3
2
a [ cos ]0 [ ]0
3
1 3
a
2 2
3
1 3
a
3
4 = 4 a3
a2 = 0
then
rF = 2xi + 2yj + 2zk
1
and
jrF j =
q
2
2
2
(2x) + (2y) + (2z) = 2a:
rF
xi + yj + zk
=
:
jrF j
a
and
xi + yj + zk
a
F n = (xi + yj + zk)
x2 + y 2 + z 2
a
F njS =
Thus,
I2 =
ZZ
S
ZZ
F ndS = a
dS:
S
S2
(1)
S1
4 a2 :
S1
S1
dS
= a
1
2
a2 sin d d
1
2
sin d
= a2 [ cos ]02 [ ]0
= a2 1 2
= 2 a2 :
Hence
I2 = 2a
2 a2 = 4 a3 :
2
Hence
I1 = I2
and the Divergence theorem is veried in this example. Method 2 is the preferred
method, but:
Method 3: Returning to equation (1)
From Theorem 4.5, on S1
q
2 + F2 + F2
F;x
;y
;z
jrF j
2a
a
dxdy =
dxdy =
dxdy = dxdy
dS =
jF;z j
jF;z j
j2zj
z
a
= p
dxdy
a2 x2 y 2
so
ZZ
p
I2 = 2a
a2
A
x2
y2
dxdy
x2 + y 2
z = 0;
2a
a2
2 )1=2
d d
ia
2 1=2
0
ad
4 a3 :
and again
I1 = I2 :
Example 2: Verify Stokestheorem for the vector eld
F (r) = yi
xj
x2 + y 2 = 9;
z = 0:
y = 3 sin
so
dx =
where 0
3 sin d ;
dy = 3 cos d
2 : Let
I1
I
F (r) dr = ydx
(3 sin ) ( 3 sin d )
xdy
(3 cos ) (3 cos d )
18 :
i
j
@=@x @=@y
y
x
F =
=
=
0i 0j + ( 1
2k:
k
@=@z
0
1) k
Z Z
xi + yj + zk
:
3
Z Z
(r
F) ndS
xi + yj + zk
3
Z Z
2
zdS
3
S
( 2k)
dS
Method 1:
I2
=
=
=
Z Z
2
3
2
3
1
2
1
2
cos sin d
18
1
sin 2 d
2
36
18 :
32 sin d d
3 cos
18
zdS
2
1
2
1
cos 2
4
1
2
2
=
d d
2
0
So
I1 = I2
and Stokestheorem is veried.
Examination:
3 hour paper, two sections, Section A (TS), Section B (DH)
There are three question in each Section.
Answer 5 questions (from 6).
Please use separate booklets for each Section.
There are some formulae at the end of the paper (trig. identities, standard
derivatives and integrals).
Make sure you revise enough material to be able to answer 6 questions.
For Section B:
(1) There will be 1 ques. on Coordinate systems/Partial Dierentiation
1 ques. on 1st order pdes
5