eit-m

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL MACHINE
Single-phase induction motor

section one
december-27,2011

GROUP MEMBERS

ID No

I. Abdulmejid mustefa
ce/ur0265/02
II. Abel alemu
ce/ur0269/02
III. Abrham worku
ce/ur0286/02
IV. Adane siyamregn
ce/ur0290/02
V. Alula assefa
ce/ur0308/02
VI. Amanuel berhe
02
VII. Amanuel fissha
/02
VIII.

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SINGLE-PHASE
INDUCTION
MOTOR

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Introduction

 Types of single phase induction motor

Construction of single phase induction motor
Double revolving field theory

INTRODUCTION
Previously we were devoted to the operation of the two major classes of ac
machines (synchronous and induction) on three-phase power systems. Single-phase
motors, correctly sized and rated, can last a lifetime with little maintenance.
Transmission of electrical energy covered longer distances at lower loss with alternating
current. Most homes and small businesses do not have three-phase power available. For
such locations, all motors must run from single-phase power sources. Here we are going
to deal with the theory and operation of three major types of single-phase motors: the
universal motor, the single phase induction motor & synchronous motor.

Types of single phase motor

There are three types of single phase motor:a) Single-phase induction motor
b) Single-phase synchronous motor
c) Single phase series (universal) motor.

a) Single phase Induction Motor.

Another common single-phase motor is the single-phase version of the induction motor.
Since there is only one phase on the stator winding, the magnetic field in a single-phase
induction motor does not rotate & there is no relative motion between the stator field and the
bars of the rotor.

Therefore, there is no generation of:-

Induced voltage;
rotor current flow;

 Induced torque.
Once the rotor begins to turn, an induced torque will be produced. Because there
is no rotating stator magnetic field, a single-phase induction motor has no starting
torque. The stator flux of the machine first increases and then decreases, but it always
points in the same direction.

Fig. 1. Single-phase induction motor

b) Single-phase Synchronous Motor

A synchronous motor is one in which the rotor normally rotates at the same speed as
the revolving field in the machine. It is classified into two:-

I.
II.

Self-starting synchronous reluctance motor;

Hysteresis motor.

The stator is similar to that of an induction machine consisting of a cylindrical iron frame with
windings, usually three-phase, located in slots around the inner periphery. The difference is in
the rotor, which normally contains an insulated winding connected through slip rings or other
means to a source of DC. A synchronous motor with only a field winding carrying a direct
current would not be self-starting. At any speed other than synchronous speed, its rotor would
experience an oscillating torque of zero average value as the rotating magnetic field repeatedly
passes the slower moving rotor. Protection for synchronous motors is similar to that employed
with large induction motors. Temperature may be sensed in both the stator and field windings
and used to switch off the electric supply.

Fig 2. Single-phase Synchronous motor

c) Single-phase series (universal)

A universal motor is one that operates on either single-phase ac or dc power. You can get them
in larger sizes for special conditions. The stator and rotor windings in this motor are connected
in series with the power source. The simplest approach to the design of a motor that will operate
on a single-phase ac power source is to take a dc machine & run it from an ac supply. The
universal motor doesnt operate at a constant speed. The motor runs as fast as the load permits

(I.e. low speed with a heavy load & high speed with a light load.) Universal motors have the
highest horsepower-to-weight ratio of all types of electric motors.

Construction of single-phase Induction Motor

The stator frame consists of laminations of silicon steel, usually with a thickness of about 0.5
millimeter. The laminations are insulated from each other usually by a varnish layer. This breaks
up the conducting path in the steel & limits the losses (known as eddy current losses) in the steel.
Stator coils are made of copper; round conductors of many turns per coil are used for small
motors, & rectangular bars of fewer turns for larger machines. The magnetic part of the rotor is
also made of steel laminations, mainly to facilitate stamping conductor slots of the desired shape
& size. In most induction motors, rotor winding is of the squirrel-cage type where solid
conductors in the slots are shorted together at each end of the rotor iron by conducting end
rings. The stator is provided with a single-phase winding & a centrifugal switch is used in some
types of motors, in order to cutout a winding, used only for starting purpose.

Double revolving field theory

The double-revolving-field theory of single-phase induction motors basically states that,
A stationary pulsating magnetic field can be resolved into two rotating magnetic
fields, each of equal magnitude but rotating in opposite directions. The induction motor
responds to each magnetic field separately, and the net torque in the machine will be the sum
of the torques due to each of the two magnetic fields.
The flux density of the stationary magnetic field is given by,
Bs (t) = (Bmax cos wt)i
A clockwise-rotating magnetic field can be expressed as,
Bcw(t) = (1/2 Bmax cos wt)i - (1/2 Bmax sin wt)j
And a counter clockwise-rotating magnetic field can be expressed as,
Bccw(t) = (1/2 Bmax cos wt)i + (1/2 Bmax sin wt)j
Notice that the sum of the clockwise &counterclockwise magnetic fields is equal to the stationary
pulsating magnetic field Bs:
Bs(t)=Bcw(t)+Bccw(t)

Summary:

Starting by virtue of the Single-phase induction motors are not self-starting without an
auxiliary stator winding driven by an out of phase current of near 90o. Once started the
auxiliary winding is optional.

The auxiliary winding of a permanent-split capacitor motor has a capacitor in series

with it during starting and running.

A capacitor-start induction motor only has a capacitor in series with the auxiliary
winding during starting.

A capacitor-run motor typically has a large non-polarized electrolytic capacitor in series

with the auxiliary winding for starting, then a smaller non-electrolytic capacitor during
running.

The auxiliary winding of a resistance split-phase motor develops a phase difference

versus the main winding during difference in resistance.