Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Analyte
Specimen SI Units
Conventional Units
WB
70180 s
70180 s
Activated protein C
resistance (factor V
Leiden)
Not applicable
Ratio >2.1
ADAMTS13 activity
P
0.67
ADAMTS13 inhibitor
activity
ADAMTS13 antibody
67%
Not applicable
0.4 U
Not applicable
18 U
Alpha2 antiplasmin
0.871.55
87155%
PTT-LA (lupus
anticoagulant screen)
Negative
Negative
Platelet neutralization
procedure
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
IgG
015 arbitrary
units
015 GPL
IgM
015 arbitrary
units
015 MPL
Antigenic
220390 mg/L
2239 mg/dL
Functional
0.71.30 U/L
70130 %
Unfractionated heparin
0.30.7 kIU/L
0.30.7 IU/mL
Low-molecular-weight
heparin
0.51.0 kIU/L
0.51.0 IU/mL
Danaparoid (Orgaran)
0.50.8 kIU/L
0.50.8 IU/mL
Antiphospholipid antibody
panel
Anticardiolipin antibody
Antithrombin III
Autohemolysis test
WB
0.0040.045
0.44.50%
WB
0.0030.007
0.30.7%
<7.1 min
<7.1 min
Bone marrow:
Clot retraction
WB
0.501.00/2 h
50100%/2 h
Cryofibrinogen
Negative
Negative
D-dimer
220740 ng/mL
FEU
Relative counts:
Neutrophils
0.400.70
4070%
Bands
0.00.05
05%
Lymphocytes
0.200.50
2050%
Monocytes
0.040.08
48%
Eosinophils
0.00.6
06%
Basophils
0.00.02
02%
Absolute counts:
Neutrophils
1.426.34x109/L 14206340/mm3
Bands
00.45x109/L
Lymphocytes
0.714.53x109/L 7104530/mm3
Monocytes
0.140.72x109/L 140720/mm3
Eosinophils
00.54x109/L
0540/mm3
Basophils WB
00.18x109/L
0180/mm3
Erythrocyte count
0450/mm3
WB
Adult males
4.305.60x1012/L 4.305.60x106/mm3
Adult females
4.005.20x1012/L 4.005.20x106/mm3
WB
Normal survival
120 days
120 days
2535 days
2535 days
Females
020 mm/h
020 mm/h
Males
015 mm/h
015 mm/h
Erythrocyte sedimentation WB
rate
720014400 s
120240 min
0.501.50
50150%
Factor V
0.501.50
50150%
Factor VII
0.501.50
50150%
Factor VIII
0.501.50
50150%
Factor IX
0.501.50
50150%
Factor X
0.501.50
50150%
Factor XI
0.501.50
50150%
Factor XII
0.501.50
50150 %
Not applicable
Present
<0.5 Bethesda
Units
Fibrin(ogen) degradation
products
01 mg/L
Fibrinogen
2.334.96 g/L
233496 mg/dL
Glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase
(erythrocyte)
WB
<2400 s
<40 min
WB
Negative
Negative
Hematocrit
WB
Adult males
0.3880.464
38.846.4
Adult females
0.3540.444
35.444.4
650 mg/L
0.65.0 mg/dL
Adult males
133162 g/L
13.316.2 g/dL
Adult females
120158 g/L
12.015.8 g/dL
Hemoglobin A
0.950.98
9598%
Hemoglobin A2
0.0150.031
1.53.1%
Hemoglobin F
00.02
02.0%
Absent
Absent
Negative
Negative
0.0110.061
1.16.1%
JF
Not applicable
No crystals seen
JF
Not applicable
0.21.6
kat/L
13100
01
g/mL
Hemoglobin
Plasma
Whole blood:
WB
Hemoglobin
electrophoresis
Heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia
antibody
WB
Leukocytes
Alkaline phosphatase
(LAP)
WB
/L
Count (WBC)
WB
3.549.06x109/L 3.549.06x103/mm3
Mean corpuscular
hemoglobin (MCH)
WB
Mean corpuscular
WB
hemoglobin concentration
(MCHC)
323359 g/L
32.335.9 g/dL
Mean corpuscular
hemoglobin of
reticulocytes (CH)
2436 pg
2436 pg
WB
7993.3 fL
WB
9.0012.95 fL
9.0012.95
Osmotic fragility of
erythrocytes
WB
Direct
0.00350.0045
0.350.45%
Indirect
0.00300.0065
0.300.65%
26.339.4 s
26.339.4 s
Antigen
84140 mg/L
8.414.0 mg/dL
Functional
0.701.30
70130%
Partial thromboplastin
time, activated
Plasminogen
7993.3
m3
Plasminogen activator
inhibitor 1
443 ng/mL
Platelet aggregation
PRP
Not applicable
Platelet count
WB
165415x109/L
165415x103/mm3
WB
6.411 fL
443
g/L
6.411.0
Prekallikrein assay
Prekallikrein screen
Protein C
0.501.5
50150%
No deficiency detected
Total antigen
0.701.40
70140%
Functional
0.701.30
70130%
Total antigen
0.701.40
70140%
Functional
0.651.40
65140%
Free antigen P
0.701.40
70140%
Protein S
m3
Prothrombin gene
mutation G20210A
WB
Not applicable
Not present
Prothrombin time
12.715.4 s
12.715.4 s
Protoporphyrin, free
erythrocyte
WB
0.280.64
mol/L of red
blood cells
1636
<0.145
<14.5%
Reptilase time
1623.6 s
1623.6 s
Reticulocyte count
WB
Adult males
Adult females
Reticulocyte hemoglobin
content
WB
>26 pg/cell
>26 pg/cell
Ristocetin cofactor
(functional von
Willebrand factor)
Blood group O
0.75 mean of
normal
Blood group A
1.05 mean of
normal
Blood group B
1.15 mean of
normal
Blood group AB P
1.25 mean of
normal
<0.2 release
<20% release
WB
Negative
Negative
Sucrose hemolysis
WB
<0.1
<10% hemolysis
Thrombin time
15.318.5 s
15.318.5 s
Total eosinophils
WB
150300x106/L
150300/mm3
Transferrin receptor
S, P
Viscosity
Plasma
1.72.1
1.72.1
Serum
1.41.8
1.41.8
0.75 mean of
normal
Blood group A
1.05 mean of
normal
Blood group B
1.15 mean of
normal
Blood group AB P
1.25 mean of
normal
Normal
distribution
Normal distribution
Abbreviations:JF, joint fluid; P, plasma; PRP, platelet-rich plasma; S, serum; WB, whole
blood.
Table 2 Clinical Chemistry and Immunology
Analyte
Specimen* SI Units
Conventional Units
Acetoacetate
0.53.0 mg/dL
49294
mol/L
Adrenocorticotropin
(ACTH)
1.316.7 pmol/L
6.076.0 pg/mL
Alanine aminotransferase
(ALT, SGPT)
Albumin
4050 g/L
4.05.0 mg/dL
Aldolase
26138 nkat/L
1.58.1 U/L
<443 pmol/L
<16 ng/dL
Upright, normal
S, P
111858 pmol/L
431 ng/dL
741 U/L
0.120.70
kat/L
Aldosterone (adult)
08.5 ng/mL
08.5
Alpha1 antitrypsin
Ammonia, as NH3
1.02.0 g/L
1135
Amylase (method
dependent)
Androstendione (adult)
Males
g/L
100200 mg/dL
mol/L
1960
g/dL
2096 U/L
0.341.6
kat/L
0.813.1 nmol/L
2389 ng/dL
Premenopausal
0.917.5 nmol/L
26214 ng/dL
Postmenopausal
0.462.9 nmol/L
1382 ng/dL
Females
Angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE)
967 U/L
Anion gap
716 mmol/L
716 mmol/L
Apolipoprotein A-1
0.941.78 g/L
94178 mg/dL
1.011.99 g/L
101199 mg/dL
0.551.40 g/L
55140 mg/dL
0.551.25 g/L
55125 mg/dL
2230 mmol/L
2230 meq/L
[HCO3]
4.36.0 kPa
3245 mmHg
PCO2
7.357.45
7.357.45
pH
9.613.8 kPa
72104 mmHg
0.151.1
Male
kat/L
Female
Apolipoprotein B
Male
Female
Arterial blood gases
WB
P O2
Aspartate aminotransferase S
(AST, SGOT)
Autoantibodies
1238 U/L
0.200.65
kat/L
29 AU/mL
29 AU/mL
Anti-centromere antibody
IgG
<25 IU/L
<25 IU/L
Negative
Anti-double-strand (native)
DNA
Anti-glomerular basement
membrane antibodies
Negative
>19 AU/mL
19 AU/mL
<1.0 U
<1.0 U
>29 AU/mL
>29 AU/mL
<20 Units
Not applicable
<1:20
Not applicable
>19 AU/mL
>19 AU/mL
>19 AU/mL
>19 AU/mL
Negative at 1:40
autoantibodies
Not applicable
None detected
Serine proteinase 3
antibodies
Not applicable
<1.0 U
Not applicable
<1.0 U
Not applicable
<1.0 U
Not applicable
<1.0 U
Not applicable
<1.0 U
Not applicable
Negative
Not applicable
<40 IU/mL
<40 KIU/L
<35 IU/mL
Myeloperoxidase antibodies
Antinuclear antibody
Anti-parietal cell antibody
Anti-RNP antibody
Anti-Scl 70 antibody
Anti-Smith antibody
Antismooth muscle
antibody
<35 KIU/L
Anti-SSA antibody
Anti-SSB antibody
Anti-thyroglobulin antibody
Anti-thyroid peroxidase
antibody
B-type natriuretic peptide
(BNP)
Not applicable
None detected
3.319.4 mg/L
0.331.94 mg/dL
5.726.3 mg/L
0.572.63 mg/dL
0.261.65
0.261.65
1.12.4 mg/L
1.12.4 mg/L
Free kappa
Free lambda
K/L ratio
Beta-2-microglobulin
Bilirubin
0.31.3 mg/dL
5.122
mol/L
Total
Direct
Indirect
0.10.4 mg/dL
1.76.8
mol/L
0.20.9 mg/dL
3.415.2
mol/L
C peptide
0.271.19 nmol/L
0.83.5 ng/mL
C1-esterase-inhibitor
protein
210390 mg/L
2139 mg/dL
CA 125
<35 kU/L
<35 U/mL
CA 19-9
<37 kU/L
<37 U/mL
CA 15-3
<33 kU/L
<33 U/mL
CA 27-29
040 kU/L
040 U/mL
Calcitonin
07.5 ng/L
07.5 pg/mL
05.1 ng/L
05.1 pg/mL
Male
Female
Calcium
2.22.6 mmol/L
8.710.2 mg/dL
Calcium, ionized
WB
1.121.32 mmol/L
4.55.3 mg/dL
P (sea
level)
2230 mmol/L
2230 meq/L
Carboxyhemoglobin
(carbon monoxide content)
WB
0.00.015
01.5%
0.040.09
49%
>0.50
>50%
Nonsmokers
Smokers
Loss of consciousness and
death
Carcinoembryonic antigen
(CEA)
0.03.0 ng/mL
0.03.0
g/L
0.05.0 ng/mL
Nonsmokers
0.05.0
g/L
Smokers
Ceruloplasmin
250630 mg/L
2563 mg/dL
Chloride
102109 mmol/L
102109 meq/L
Cholinesterase
512 kU/L
512 U/mL
Chromogranin A
g/L
0.831.77 g/L
83177 mg/dL
0.160.47 g/L
1647 mg/dL
C4
Complement total
Cortisol
138690 nmol/L
138414 nmol/L
12 noon8 P.M.
0276 nmol/L
8 P.M.8 A.M.
525
g/dL
515
g/dL
010
g/dL
C-reactive protein
<10 mg/L
<10 mg/L
Cardiac risk
Cardiac risk
39238 U/L
0.664.0
kat/L
Females
51294 U/L
Males
Creatine kinase-MB
0.87 5.0
kat/L
0.05.5
g/L
0.05.5 ng/mL
Mass
04.0%
00.04
0.50.9 mg/dL
4480
mol/L
Female
0.61.2 mg/dL
53>106
Male
mol/L
Cryoglobulins
Not applicable
None detected
Cystatin C
0.51.0 mg/L
0.51.0 mg/L
Dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA) (adult)
6.243.4 nmol/L
1801250 ng/dL
4.534.0 nmol/L
130980 ng/dL
1006190
10619
Male
Female
Dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA) sulfate
S
g/L
g/dL
Male (adult)
1205350
g/L
12535
g/dL
3002600
g/L
30260
g/dL
Female (adult,
premenopausal)
Female (adult,
postmenopausal)
11-Deoxycortisol
(adult)(compound S)
0.344.56 nmol/L
12158 ng/dL
Dihydrotestosterone
S, P
1.032.92 nmol/L
3085 ng/dL
0.140.76 nmol/L
422 ng/dL
Male
Female
Dopamine
0130 pmol/L
020 pg/mL
Epinephrine
<273 pmol/L
<50 pg/mL
<328 pmol/L
<60 pg/mL
Sitting
<491pmol/L
<90 pg/mL
427 U/L
427 U/L
Estradiol
S, P
74532 pmol/L
<20145 pg/mL
Female
4111626 pmol/L
112443 pg/mL
Menstruating:
74885 pmol/L
<20241 pg/mL
Follicular phase
217 pmol/L
<59 pg/mL
Midcycle peak
74 pmol/L
<20 pg/mL
<555 pmol/L
<150 pg/mL
Female
<740 pmol/L
<200 pg/mL
Menstruating:
11118 pmol/L
332 pg/mL
Follicular phase
33133 pmol/L
936 pg/mL
Luteal phase
Postmenopausal
Male
Estrone
S, P
Luteal phase
Postmenopausal
Male
Fatty acids, free
(nonesterified)
Ferritin
0.10.6 mmol/L
10150 ng/mL
10150
g/L
Female
29248 ng/mL
29 248
Male
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
2.816.8 mg/dL
S, P
g/L
3.020.0 IU/L
3.020.0 mIU/mL
9.026.0 IU/L
9.026.0 mIU/mL
1.012.0 IU/L
1.012.0 mIU/mL
18.0153.0 IU/L
18.0153.0 mIU/mL
1.012.0 IU/L
1.012.0 mIU/mL
<285 umol/L
<285 umol/L
Female
Menstruating
Follicular phase
Ovulatory phase
Luteal phase
Postmenopausal
Male
Fructosamine
Gamma glutamyltransferase S
958 U/L
0.150.99
kat/L
Gastrin
<100 ng/L
<100 pg/mL
Glucagon
40130 ng/L
40130 pg/mL
Glucose
WB
3.65.3 mmol/L
6595 mg/dL
Glucose (fasting)
4.25.6 mmol/L
75100 mg/dL
Normal
5.66.9 mmol/L
100125 mg/dL
Diabetes mellitus
05 ng/mL
05
Hemoglobin Alc
WB
Pre-diabetes
g/L
4.05.6%
0.057-0.064 HgB
fraction
5.76.4%
Diabetes mellitus
A hemoglobin A1c level
of >0.065 Hgb fraction
as suggested by the
American Diabetes
Association
Hemoglobin A1c with
estimated average glucose
(eAg)
WB
eAg mmoL/L =
1.59xHbA1c 2.59
eAg (mg/dL) =
28.7xHbA1c 46.7
4.410.8
4.410.8
High-density lipoprotein
(HDL) (see Table 5)
Homocysteine
Human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG)
P
S
mol/L
mol/L
<5 IU/L
<5 mIU/ml
9130 IU/L
9130 mIU/mL
752600 IU/L
752600 mIU/mL
85020,800 IU/L
85020,800 mIU/mL
4000100,200 IU/L
4000100,200 mIU/mL
11,500289,000 IU/L
11,500289,000
mIU/mL
Nonpregnant female
12 weeks postconception
23 weeks postconception
34 weeks postconception
45 weeks postconception
18,300137,000 IU/L
510 weeks postconception
1014 weeks post
conception
140053,000 IU/L
18,300137,000
mIU/mL
94060,000 IU/L
140053,000 mIU/mL
Second trimester
94060,000 mIU/mL
Third trimester
>-Hydroxybutyrate
0.61.8 mg/dL
60170
17-Hydroxyprogesterone
(adult)
mol/L
<4.17 nmol/L
<139 ng/dL
Male
0.452.1 nmol/L
1570 ng/dL
Female
1.058.7 nmol/L
35290 ng/dL
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
Immunofixation
Not applicable
No bands detected
Immunoglobulin,
quantitation (adult)
0.703.50 g/L
70350 mg/dL
0140 mg/L
014 mg/dL
187 KIU/L
187 IU/mL
7.017.0 g/L
7001700 mg/dL
2.717.4 g/L
2701740 mg/dL
0.36.3 g/L
30630 mg/dL
0.133.2 g/L
13320 mg/dL
0.116.2 g/L
11620 mg/dL
0.503.0 g/L
50300 mg/dL
S, P
14.35143.5 pmol/L
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgG1
IgG2
IgG3
IgG4
IgM
Insulin
220
Iron
S
725
Iron-binding capacity
mol/L
41141
g/dL
S
4573
Iron-binding capacity
saturation
U/mL
mol/L
251406
g/dL
0.160.35
1635%
<85 KU/L
<85 U/mL
JF
Not applicable
No crystals seen
JF
Not applicable
Ketone (acetone)
Negative
Negative
Lactate
P, arterial
0.51.6 mmol/L
4.514.4 mg/dL
P, venous
0.52.2 mmol/L
4.519.8 mg/dL
Lactate dehydrogenase
115221 U/L
2.03.8
Lipase
kat/L
343 U/L
0.510.73
kat/L
0300 mg/L
030 mg/dL
S, P
2.015.0 U/L
2.015.0 mIU/mL
Female
22.0105.0 U/L
22.0105.0 mIU/mL
Menstruating
0.619.0 U/L
0.619.0 mIU/mL
Follicular phase
16.064.0 U/L
16.064.0 mIU/mL
Ovulatory phase
2.012.0 U/L
2.012.0 mIU/mL
1.52.3 mg/dL
Low-density lipoprotein
(LDL) (see Table 5)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Luteal phase
Postmenopausal
Male
Magnesium
0.620.95 mmol/L
Metanephrine
<0.5 nmol/L
<100 pg/mL
Methemoglobin
WB
Myoglobin
0.00.01
01%
20>71
g/L
20>71
g/L
25>58
g/L
25>58
g/L
Male
Female
Norepinephrine
6502423 pmol/L
110410 pg/mL
7094019 pmol/L
120680 pg/mL
Sitting
7394137 pmol/L
125700 pg/mL
Male
BCE = bone collagen
equivalent
NT-Pro BNP
S, P
5> Nucleotidase
Osmolality
Osteocalcin
kat/L
275295 mOsmol/kg
serum water
1150 ng/mL
1150
Oxygen content
WB
275295 mOsmol/kg
serum water
g/L
1721
1721 vol%
1016
1016 vol%
Fraction:
Percent:
0.941.0
94100%
0.600.85
6085%
851 ng/L
851 pg/mL
WB
Arterial
Venous, arm
Parathyroid hormone
(intact)
Phosphatase, alkaline
3396 U/L
0.561.63
kat/L
Phosphorus, inorganic
0.811.4 mmol/L
2.54.3 mg/dL
Potassium
3.55.0 mmol/L
3.55.0 meq/L
Prealbumin
170340 mg/L
1734 mg/dL
Procalcitonin
<0.1 ng/mL
<0.1
Progesterone
S, P
g/L
<3.18 nmol/L
<1.0 ng/mL
Female: Follicular
9.5463.6 nmol/L
320 ng/mL
Midluteal
<3.18 nmol/L
<1.0 ng/mL
53360 mIU/L
2.517 ng/mL
40530 mIU/L
1.925 ng/mL
Male
Prolactin
Male
Female
Prostate-specific antigen
(PSA)
Prostate-specific antigen,
free
0.04.0 ng/mL
0.04.0
g/L
Protein fractions:
3555 g/L
Albumin
2035 g/L
Globulin
24 g/L
Alpha1
59 g/L
Alpha2
611 g/L
Beta
717 g/L
Gamma
0.71.7 g/dL (1323%)
Protein, total
Pyruvate
6786 g/L
6.78.6 g/dL
0.351.14 mg/dL
40130
mol/L
Rheumatoid factor
<15 kIU/L
<15 IU/mL
Serotonin
WB
0.281.14 umol/L
50200 ng/mL
Serum protein
electrophoresis
Not applicable
Normal pattern
Sex hormonebinding
globulin (adult)
1180 nmol/L
1180 nmol/L
30135 nmol/L
30135 nmol/L
136146 mmol/L
136146 meq/L
Male
Female
Sodium
Somatomedin-C (IGF-
226903 ng/mL
226903
g/L
1)(adult)
193731 ng/mL
193731
g/L
16 years
163584 ng/mL
17 years
18 years
163584
g/L
141483
g/L
127424
g/L
141483 ng/mL
127424 ng/mL
19 years
20 years
2125 years
116358 ng/mL
116358
g/L
2630 years
117329 ng/mL
3135 years
3640 years
117329
g/L
115307
g/L
4145 years
119204 ng/mL
101267 ng/mL
4650 years
5155 years
119204
g/L
101267
g/L
5660 years
94252 ng/mL
87238 ng/mL
81225 ng/mL
6165 years
6670 years
94252
g/L
87238
g/L
7175 years
75212 ng/mL
69200 ng/mL
64188 ng/mL
7680 years
8185 years
Somatostatin
115307 ng/mL
81225
g/L
75212
g/L
69200
g/L
64188
g/L
59177
g/L
55166
g/L
<25 ng/L
59177 ng/mL
55166 ng/mL
<25 pg/mL
Testosterone, free
Female, adult
10.465.9 pmol/L
319 pg/mL
3121041 pmol/L
90300 pg/mL
0.212.98 nmol/L
686 ng/dL
9.3637.10 nmol/L
2701070 ng/dL
Male, adult
Testosterone, total,
Female
Male
Thyroglobulin
1.331.8 ng/mL
1.3>31.8
g/L
Thyroid-binding globulin
1330 mg/L
1.33.0 mg/dL
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone
0.344.25 mIU/L
9.016 pmol/L
70151 nmol/L
0.344.25
IU/mL
0.71.24 ng/dL
5.411.7
g/dL
6.710.9
6.710.9
Transferrin
2.04.0 g/L
200400 mg/dL
0.342.26 mmol/L
30200 mg/dL
3.76.5 pmol/L
2.44.2 pg/mL
1.22.1 nmol/L
77135 ng/dL
Troponin I (method
dependent)
S,P
00.04 ng/mL
00.04
g/L
00.01
g/L
S,P
00.01 ng/mL
2.57.1 mmol/L
720 mg/dL
Uric acid
0.150.33 mmol/L
2.55.6 mg/dL
0.180.41 mmol/L
3.17.0 mg/dL
060 ng/L
060 pg/mL
Females
Males
Vasoactive intestinal
polypeptide
Zinc protoporphyrin
WB
0400
g/L
040
g/dL
069
heme
mol ZPP/mol
069
mol
ZPP/mol heme
Therapeutic
Range
Drug
Toxic Level
SI Units
Conventional SI Units
Units
66199
mol/L
1030
g/mL
3451
mol/L
2030
g/mL
Acetaminophen
Conventional
Units
>1320
>200
g/mL
mol/L
Amikacin
Peak
Trough
>60
mol/L
>35
g/mL
>10
g/mL
017
mol/L
010
g/mL
>17
mol/L
Amitriptyline/nortriptyline
(total drug)
430900
nmol/L
120250
ng/mL
>1800
nmol/L
>500 ng/mL
Amphetamine
150220
nmol/L
2030 ng/mL
>1500
nmol/L
>200 ng/mL
Bromide
9.418.7
mmol/L
>150 mg/dL
Mild toxicity
51150 mg/dL
6.418.8
mmol/L
Severe toxicity
>18.8
mmol/L
Lethal
>150 mg/dL
>300 mg/dL
>37.5
mmol/L
Caffeine
25.8103
520
g/ml >206
mol/L
>40
g/mL
410
g/mL
> 85
mol/L
>20
g/mL
mol/L
Carbamazepine
1742
mol/L
Chloramphenicol
Peak
3162
mol/L
1020
g/mL
>77
mol/L
Trough
>25
g/mL
>15
g/mL
g/mL
1531
mol/L
510
g/mL
>46
mol/L
1.710
mol/L
0.53.0
g/mL
>17
mol/L
>5.0
32240
nmol/L
1075 ng/mL
>320
nmol/L
>100 ng/mL
Chlordiazepoxide
Clonazepam
Clozapine
0.62.1
mol/L
200700
ng/mL
>1200 ng/mL
>3.7
mol/L
Cocaine
>3.3
mol/L
>1.0
g/mL
Codeine
43110
nmol/mL
1333 ng/mL
>3700
nmol/mL
>1100 ng/mL
(lethal)
Cyclosporine
208312
nmol/L
250375
ng/mL
>312
nmol/L
>375 ng/mL
Renal transplant
>300 ng/mL
166250
nmol/L
200300
ng/mL
>250
nmol/L
100150
ng/mL
>125
nmol/L
250350
ng/mL
>291
nmol/L
125208
nmol/L
150250
ng/mL
>208
nmol/L
83125
nmol/L
100150
ng/mL
>125
nmol/L
250374
nmol/L
300450
ng/mL
>374
nmol/L
208291
nmol/L
250350
ng/mL
>291
nmol/L
Maintenance
83166
nmol/L
100200
ng/mL
>166
nmol/L
Desipramine
3751130
nmol/L
100300
ng/mL
>1880
nmol/L
06 months
06 months
>150 ng/mL
>350 ng/mL
>250 ng/mL
150 ng/mL
>450 ng/mL
>350 ng/mL
>200 ng/mL
>500 ng/mL
0.7 3.5
mol/L
0.21.0
g/mL
>7.0
mol/L
Nordiazepam
Digoxin
0.4 6.6
mol/L
0.11.8
g/mL
0.642.6
nmol/L
5.314.7
mol/L
25
0.360.98
101274
ng/mL
Doxepin
Nordoxepin
g/mL
>2.5
g/mL
>9.2
mol/L
Disopyramide
>2.0
>3.9 ng/mL
>20.6
g/mL
g/mL
mol/L
>503 ng/mL
>1.8
mol/L
mol/L
0.381.04
>7
>531 ng/mL
106291
ng/mL
>1.9
mol/L
mol/L
Ethanol
>4.3
mmol/L
>20 mg/dL
Behavioral changes
80 mg/dL
17
mmol/L
Legal limit
>250 mg/dL
>2
mmol/L
Toxic
>12 mg/dL
>120 mg/dL
>20
mmol/L
Lethal
Ethosuximide
Everolimus
280700
mol/L
40100
g/mL
>700
mol/L
>100
g/mL
3.138.35
nmol/L
38 ng/mL
>12.5
nmol/L
>12 ng/mL
0.52.4
mol/L
0.21.0
g/mL
>3.6
mol/L
>1.5
g/mL
10>21
mol/mL
510
g/mL
>25
mol/mL
>12
g/mL
0>4.2
02
Flecainide
Gentamicin
Peak
>2
Trough
g/mL >4.2
g/mL
mol/mL
mol/mL
Ibuprofen
49243
mol/L
Imipramine (and metabolite) 3751130
nmol/L
Desimipramine
5631130
nmol/L
Total imipramine +
desimipramine
Lamotrigine
1050
g/mL
>970
mol/L
>200
100300
ng/mL
>1880
nmol/L
>500 ng/mL
>500 ng/mL
150300
ng/mL
11.754.7
mol/L
>1880
nmol/L
>58.7
314
g/mL
Lidocaine
Lithium
g/mL
>15
g/mL
>9.0
g/mL
mol/L
>38.4
5.121.3
mol/L
1.25.0
g/mL
0.51.3
mmol/L
>2 meq/L
1.03.2
mol/L
0.31.0
g/mL
>2
mol/L
Methadone
Methamphetamine
0.070.34
mol/L
Methotrexate
Low-dose
0.010.1
mol/L
High-dose (24h)
High-dose (48h)
High-dose (72h)
<5.0
mol/L
<5.0
mol/L
<0.50
mol/L
<0.50
mol/L
<0.10
mol/L
Morphine
<0.10
mol/L
>0.5
g/mL
mol/L
>6
mmol/L
>20 mg/dL
>0.1
mmol/L
>0.1 mmol/L
>5.0
mol/L
>0.5
mol/L
>0.1
mol/L
>5.0
mol/L
>0.5
mol/L
>0.1
mol/L
6580 ng/mL
232286
g/mL
>3.35
0.01>0.05
g/mL
Methanol
0.010.1
mol/L
>6.5
mol/L
>200 ng/mL
>720
mol/L
Mycophenolic acid
mol/L
1.03.5 ng/mL
3.110.9
mol/L
Nitroprusside (as
thiocyanate)
Nortriptyline
>12 ng/mL
>37
mol/L
103499
mol/L
629
g/mL
860
mol/L
>50
g/mL
190569
nmol/L
>500 ng/mL
65172
mol/L
1540
g/mL
>258
mol/L
>60
g/mL
4079
mol/L
1020
g/mL
>158
mol/L
>40
g/mL
>3.5
g/mL
>15
g/mL
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Phenytoin, free
% Free
>13.9
4.07.9
g/mL
12
g/mL
g/mL
814
0.080.14
Primidone and metabolite
Primidone
2355
mol/L
512
g/mL
>69
mol/L
Phenobarbital
65172
mol/L
1540
g/mL
>215
mol/L
1742
mol/L
410
g/mL
>43
mol/L
7gt;50
g/mL
Procainamide
Procainamide
NAPA (Nacetylprocainamide)
>10
g/mL
>35
g/mL
2272
mol/L
6>20
g/mL >126
mol/L
6.215.4
mol/L
2.05.0
g/mL
>19
mol/L
>6
1452100
229 mg/dL
>2900
>40 mg/dL
Quinidine
Salicylates
mol/L
Sirolimus (trough level)
Kidney transplant
4.415.4
nmol/L
g/mL
mol/L
414 ng/mL
>16
nmol/L
>15 ng/mL
>25
nmol/L
>20 ng/mL
>20 ng/mL
Initiation
612 nmol/L
510 ng/mL
>25
nmol/L
Maintenance
Heart
612 nmol/L
510 ng/mL
56111
g/mL
1020
g/mL
>168
g/mL
>30
g/mL
103499
mol/L
629
g/mL
860
mol/L
>50
g/mL
1769
mol/L
14
>26
g/L
>12
g/mL
Initiation
Maintenance
Theophylline
Thiocyanate
After nitroprusside infusion
Nonsmoker
Smoker
g/mL
312
g/mL
52206
mol/L
Tobramycin
Peak
1122
g/L
510
g/mL
>2
Trough
04.3
g/L 02
g/mL
g/mL >4.3
g/L
Valproic acid
346693
mol/L
50100
g/mL
>693
mol/L
>100
g/mL
1428
mol/L
2040
g/mL
>55
mol/L
>80
g/mL
>20
g/mL
Vancomycin
Peak
Trough
3.510.4
mol/L
515
g/mL
>14
mol/L
Reference Range
Specimen
Analyte SI Units
Aluminum
S
<0.2
Conventional Units
mol/L
<5.41
g/L
Arsenic
WB
0.030.31
Cadmium
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone)
WB
mol/L
223
g/L
<5.0
g/L
<44.5 nmol/L
P
4331532
g/L
4331532
0.071.43
mol/L
477
g/L
S
-Carotene
Copper
g/dL
S
1122
mol/L
70140
g/dL
Folic acid
RC
Folic acid
12.240.8 nmol/L
5.418.0 ng/mL
Lead (adult)
S
<0.5
<10
Mercury
Selenium
Vitamin A
WB
S
mol/L
3.0294 nmol/L
0.659
g/L
63160
g/L
20100
g/dL
0.82.0 umol/L
S
0.73.5
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
mol/L
075 nmol/L
02
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
g/dL
g/dL
106638 nmol/L
424
g/dL
Vitamin B6
20121 nmol/L
530 ng/mL
Vitamin B12
206735 pmol/L
279996 pg/mL
0.41.0 mg/dL
2357
mol/L
36180 pmol/L
1575 pg/mL
75250 nmol/L
30100 ng/mL
Vitamin E
S
1242
518
Vitamin K
Zinc
mol/L
0.292.64 nmol/L
0.131.19 ng/mL
11.518.4
75120
mol/L
LDL Cholesterol
g/mL
g/dL
<70 mg/dL
<100 mg/dL
Optimal
100129 mg/dL
130159 mg/dL
Borderline high
160189 mg/dL
High
Very high
190 mg/dL
Total Cholesterol
<200 mg/dL
Desirable
200239 mg/dL
Borderline high
High
240 mg/dL
HDL Cholesterol
<40 mg/dL
Low
High
60 mg/dL
Reference Range
Constituent
SI Units
Conventional
Units
Osmolarity
292297 mOsm/L
Sodium
137145 mmol/L
137145 meq/L
Potassium
2.73.9 mmol/L
2.73.9 meq/L
Calcium
1.01.5 mmol/L
2.13.0 meq/L
Magnesium
1.01.2 mmol/L
2.02.5 meq/L
Chloride
116122 mmol/L
116122 meq/L
CO2 content
2024 mmol/L
2024 meq/L
Electrolytes
PCO2
67 kPa
4549 mmHg
pH
7.317.34
Glucose
2.223.89 mmol/L
4070 mg/dL
Lactate
12 mmol/L
1020 mg/dL
Lumbar
0.150.5 g/L
1550 mg/dL
Cisternal
0.150.25 g/L
1525 mg/dL
Ventricular
0.060.15 g/L
615 mg/dL
Albumin
0.0660.442 g/L
6.644.2 mg/dL
0.0090.057 g/L
0.95.7 mg/dL
Total protein:
IgG
IgG index
Oligoclonal bands
(OGB)
0.290.59
<2 bands not present in matched serum
sample
Ammonia
1547
mol/L
2580
Creatinine
g/dL
0.51.9 mg/dL
44168
mol/L
g/L
CSF pressure
50180 mmH2O
Leukocytes
Total
05 mononuclear cells per
Differential
Lymphocytes
6070%
Monocytes
3050%
Neutrophils
None
Since cerebrospinal fluid concentrations are equilibrium values, measurements of the same
parameters in blood plasma obtained at the same time are recommended. However, there is a
time lag in attainment of equilibrium, and cerebrospinal levels of plasma constituents that can
fluctuate rapidly (such as plasma glucose) may not achieve stable values until after a
significant lag phase. bIgG index = CSF IgG (mg/dL) x serum albumin (g/dL)/serum IgG
(g/dL) x CSF albumin (mg/dL).
Table 7a Differential Nucleated Cell Countsof Bone Marrow Aspiratesa(See Chaps. 57, e17)
Observed Range
(%)
95% Range
(%)
Mean
(%)
Blast cells
03.2
03.0
1.4
Promyelocytes
3.613.2
3.212.4
7.8
Neutrophil myelocytes
421.4
3.710.0
7.6
Eosinophil myelocytes
05.0
02.8
1.3
Metamyelocytes
17.0
2.35.9
4.1
Neutrophils
21.045.6
21.942.3
32.1
Males
29.646.6
28.845.9
37.4
Eosinophils
0.44.2
0.34.2
2.2
0.97.4
0.76.3
3.5
Basophils
00.8
00.4
0.1
Erythroblasts
18.039.4
16.240.1
28.1
Male
14.031.8
13.032.0
22.5
Lymphocytes
4.622.6
6.020.0
13.1
Plasma cells
01.4
01.2
0.6
Monocytes
03.2
02.6
1.3
Macrophages
01.8
01.3
0.4
M:E ratio
1.14.0
1.14.1
2.1
Males
1.65.4
1.65.2
2.8
Females
Females
Females
Based on bone marrow aspirate from 50 healthy volunteers (30 men, 20 women).
Age
Observed Range
95% Range
Mean
Under 10 years
59.095.1%
72.984.7%
78.8%
1019 years
41.586.6%
59.269.4%
64.3%
2029 years
32.083.7%
54.161.9%
58.0%
3039 years
30.381.3%
41.154.1%
47.6%
4049 years
16.375.1%
43.552.9%
48.2%
5059 years
19.773.6%
41.251.4%
46.3%
6069 years
16.365.7%
40.850.6%
45.7%
7079 years
11.347.1%
22.635.2%
28.9%
Reference Range
SI Units
Conventional Units
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
>540 mg/L
>54 mg/dL
Amount
0.10.2 kg/d
100200 g/24 h
Coproporphyrin
6111832 nmol/d
4001200
Fat
<7 g/d
Adult
<4 g/d
g/24 h
021 mmol/d
06 g/24 h
Leukocytes
None
None
Nitrogen
<178 mmol/d
<2.5 g/24 h
pH
7.07.5
Potassium
14102 mmol/L
14102 mmol/L
Occult blood
Negative
Negative
Osmolality
280325 mOsm
280325 mOsm
Sodium
772 mmol/L
772 mmol/L
Trypsin
2095 U/g
Urobilinogen
50300 mg/24 h
85510
Uroporphyrins
mol/d
1248 nmol/d
1040
Water
<0.75
<75%
g/24 h
Reference Range
Acidity, titratable
SI Units
Conventional Units
2040 mmol/d
2040 meq/d
Aldosterone
Normal diet: 625
Low-salt diet: 1744
g/d
High-salt diet: 06
Aluminum
0.191.11
Ammonia
mol/L
3050 mmol/d
530
g/L
3050 meq/d
Amylase
4400 U/L
15
Arsenic
0.070.67
mol/d
g/d
550
g/d
Not applicable
None detected
1.424.2 mg/L
0.142.42 mg/dL
0.26.7 mg/L
0.020.67 mg/dL
2.0410.37
2.0410.37
<7.5 mmol/d
<300 mg/d
Chloride
140250 mmol/d
140250 mmol/d
Citrate
3201240 mg/d
3201240 mg/d
<0.95
mol/d
<60
020
mol/mol
020
Free Kappa
Free Lambda
K/L ratio
Copper
g/d
g/d
creatinine
Cortisol, free
creatinine
55193 nmol/d
2070
Creatine, as creatinine
g/d
<100 mg/d
<760
mol/d
Female
<50 mg/d
Male
<380
mol/d
Creatinine
8.814 mmol/d
Dopamine
3922876 nmol/d
1.01.6 g/d
60440
Eosinophils
<100 eosinophils/mL
Epinephrine
0109 nmol/day
<100 eosinophils/mL
020
>60 mL/min/1.73 m
g/d
g/day
>60 mL/min/1.73 m2
50300 mg/d
015 mg/d
078.8
mol/d
53>328
mol/d
Hydroxyproline
53328
mol/d
g/L
>100
g/L
g/L
50100
g/L
2049
<20
g/L
g/L
2049
<20
g/L
g/L
Negative
Negative
17 Ketosteroids
312 mg/d
312 mg/d
Metanephrines
30350
g/d
30350
g/d
Normetanephrine
50650
g/d
50650
g/d
Microalbumin
0.00.03 g/d
Metanephrine
030 mg/d
Normal
0.030.30 g/d
30300 mg/d
Microalbuminuria
>0.3 g/d
>300 mg/d
Clinical albuminuria
Microalbumin/creatinine ratio
Normal
Microalbuminuria
030
g/mg creatinine
30300
creatinine
g/mg
Clinical albuminuria
2-Microglobulin
Norepinephrine
0160
g/L
>300
g/mg creatinine
0160
g/L
1580
g/d
89473 nmol/d
Male
Oxalate
744 mg/d
80500
mol/d
Male
431 mg/d
Female
45350
pH
5.09.0
5.09.0
12.942.0 mmol/d
4001300 mg/d
Porphobilinogen
None
None
25100 mmol/d
25100 meq/d
Protein
<0.15 g/d
<150 mg/d
Protein/creatinine ratio
Sediment
mol/d
02/high-power field
02/high-power field
None
Bacteria
None
Crystals
None
Bladder cells
None
Squamous cells
None
Tubular cells
None
Broad casts
None
None
Granular casts
05/low-power field
Hyaline casts
None
None
Waxy casts
None
100260 mmol/d
100260 meq/d
Specific gravity:
>1.025
>1.025
1.003
Urea nitrogen
214607 mmol/d
617 g/d
1.494.76 mmol/d
250800 mg/d
<6 mg/d
<30
mol/d
Pressure (mmHg)
Right Atrium
Average
Range
Mean
2.8
15
a wave
5.6
2.57
c wave
3.8
1.56
x wave
1.7
05
v wave
4.6
27.5
y wave
2.4
06
Peak systolic
25
1732
End-diastolic
17
Mean
15
919
Peak systolic
25
1732
End-diastolic
413
4.513
Mean
7.9
212
a wave
10.4
416
v wave
12.8
621
Peak systolic
130
90140
End-diastolic
8.7
512
Mean
85
70105
Peak systolic
130
90140
End-diastolic
70
6090
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
Left Ventricle
Brachial Artery
Source: Reproduced from: MJ Kern The Cardiac Catheterization Handbook, 4th ed.,
Philadelphia, Mosby, 2003.
Table 11 Circulatory Function Tests
SI Units (Range)
Conventional Units
(Range)
3050 mL/L
3050 mL/L
Contractility indexes
Max. left ventricular dp/dt (dp/dt) 220 kPa/s (176250 kPa/s) 1650 mmHg/s (13201880
mmHg/s)
DP when DP = 5.3 kPa
(37.6 12.2)/s
(37.6 12.2)/s
Mean normalized systolic ejection 1.83 0.56 circumferences 1.83 0.56 circumferences
rate (angiography)
per second
per second
Mean velocity of circumferential
fiber shortening (angiography)
Ejection fraction: stroke
volume/end-diastolic volume
(SV/EDV)
End-diastolic volume
End-systolic volume
1.86.6 [(kgm)/m2]/min
1.86.6 [(kgm)/m2]/min
110150 mL
110150 mL
35 mL/min (2060
mL/min)
35 mL/min (2060
mL/min)
212 (kPas)/L
20130 (dyns)/cm5
77150 (kPas)/L
7701600 (dyns)/cm5
Source: E Braunwald et al: Heart Disease, 6th ed. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 2001.
Table 12 Normal Echocardiographic Reference Limits and Partition Values in Adults
Women Mildly
Refere Abnor
nce
mal
Range
Left
ventricular
dimensions
Moderat
ely
Abnorm
al
Severel
y
Abnor
mal
Men
Mildly
Refere Abnor
nce
mal
Range
Moderat
ely
Abnorm
al
Severel
y
Abnor
mal
Septal
thickness,
cm
Posterior
wall
thickness,
cm
Diastolic
diameter,
cm
1.7
0.61.0 1.11.3 1.41.6
1.6
1.7
Diastolic
2.43.2 3.33.4 3.53.7
diameter/BS
A, cm/m2
3.8
Diastolic
2.53.2 3.33.4 3.53.6
diameter/hei
ght, cm/m
3.7
6.9
2.23.1 3.23.4 3.53.6
3.7
2.43.3 3.43.5 3.63.7
3.8
Left
ventricular
volumes
Diastolic,
mL
56104 105
117
Diastolic/BS 3575
A, mL/m2
7686
Systolic, mL 1949
5059
118130
131
8796
67155 156
178
179201
3575
8796
7686
202
97
6069
97
2258
5970
7182
70
Systolic/BS 1230
A, mL/m2
3136
3742
83
1230
3136
3742
43
43
Left
ventricular
mass, 2D
method
Mass, g
Mass/BSA,
g/m2
66150 151
171
4488
172182
183
89100 101112
113
96200 201
227
228254
50102 103
116
117130
2543
1519
255
131
Left
ventricular
function
Endocardial 2745
fractional
shortening
(%)?
2226
1721
16
2024
14
Midwall
fractional
shortening
(%)
Ejection
fraction, 2D
method (%)
1523
1314
1112
1422
1213
1011
10
4554
3044
55
4554
29
3044
55
29
Right heart
dimensions
(cm)
Basal RV
diameter
Mid-RV
diameter
3.9
2.73.3 3.43.7 3.84.1
4.2
Pulmonary
artery
diameter
below
pulmonic
valve
4.2
7.17.9 8.08.5 8.69.1
9.2
9.2
2.52.9 3.03.2 3.33.5
3.6
3.6
3.2
3.0
Right
ventricular
size and
function in
4-chamber
view
Diastolic
area, cm2
1128
Systolic
area, cm2
7.516
3337
1128
2932
3337
38
Fractional
3260
area change,
%
Atrial sizes
2932
1719
2022
38
7.516
1719
2022
23
2531
1824
23
3260
17
2531
1824
17
LA
diameter,
cm
LA
1.52.3 2.42.6 2.72.9
diameter/BS
A, cm/m2
3.0
RA minor
axis, cm
RA minor
axis/BSA,
cm/m2
LA area,
cm2
<20
5.3
1.52.3 2.42.6 2.72.9
3.0
2.94.5 4.64.9 5.05.4
5.5
1.72.5 2.62.8 2.93.1
3.2
2030
3040
3.2
<20
2030
3040
41
LA volume, 2252
mL
5362
LA
volume/BS
A, mL/m2
2933
1628
6372
41
1858
5968
6978
73
3439
79
1628
2933
3439
40
40
Aortic
stenosis,
classificatio
n of severity
Aortic jet
velocity,
m/s
2.62.9 3.04.0
>4.0
2.62.9 3.04.0
>4.0
Mean
gradient,
mmHg
<20
2040
>40
<20
>40
Valve area,
cm2
>1.5
1.0
1.5<1.0
Indexed
valve area,
cm2/m2
>0.85
0.60
0.85
<0.6
>0.85
0.60
0.85
<0.6
Velocity
ratio
>0.50
0.25
0.50
<0.25
>0.50
0.25
0.50
<0.25
Valve area,
cm2
>1.5
1.01.5
<1.0
>1.5
1.01.5
<1.0
Mean
gradient,
mmHg
<5
510
>10
<5
510
>10
>1.5
2040
1.01.5 <1.0
Mitral
stenosis,
classificatio
n of severity
Pulmonary
artery
pressure,
mmHg
<30
3050
Vena
contracta
width, cm
<0.30
0.30
0.60
Jet
width/LVO
T width, %
<25
Jet
CSA/LVOT
CSA, %
<5
Regurgitant
volume,
mL/beat
<30
Regurgitant
fraction, %
<30
Effective
regurgitant
orifice area,
cm2
<0.10
>50
<30
3050
<0.30
0.30
0.60
>50
Aortic
regurgitatio
n, indices of
severity
0.60
2564
<25
0.60
2564
65
559
65
<5
559
60
3059
60
<30
3059
60
3049
60
<30
3049
50
0.10
0.29
50
<0.10
0.30
0.10
0.29
0.30
Mitral
regurgitatio
n, indices of
severity
Vena
contracta
width, cm
<0.30
Regurgitant
volume,
mL/beat
<30
Regurgitant
fraction, %
<30
Effective
regurgitant
orifice area,
cm2
<0.20
0.30
0.69
<0.30
0.70
3059
<30
0.30
0.69
0.70
3059
60
3049
60
<30
3049
50
0.20
0.39
50
<0.20
0.40
0.20
0.39
0.40
Abbreviations: BSA, body surface area; CSA, cross-sectional area; LA, left atrium; LVOT,
left ventricular outflow tract; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle; RVOT, right ventricular
outflow tract; 2D, 2-dimensional. Source: Values adapted from: American Society of
Echocardiography, Guidelines and Standards.
http://www.asecho.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3317. Accessed Feb 23, 2010.
Table 13 Summary of Values Useful in Pulmonary Physiology
Typical Values
Symbol
FVC
5.0 L
3.4 L
4.0 L
2.8 L
FEV1/FVC
80%
78%
Pulmonary Mechanics
Spirometryvolume-time
curves
Forced vital capacity
FEV1%
3.2L/s
6.1 L/s
Spirometryflow-volume
curves
Maximal expiratory flow at Vmax 50 (FEF 5.0 L/s
50% of expired vital capacity 50%)
4.0 L/s
2.0 L/s
Resistance to airflow:
Pulmonary resistance
RL (RL)
<3.0 (cmH2O/s)/L
Airway resistance
Raw
<2.5 (cmH2O/s)/L
Specific conductance
SGaw
>0.13 cmH2O/s
Pulmonary compliance
Static recoil pressure at total Pst TLC
lung capacity
25 5 cmH2O
0.2 L cmH2O
C(L + T)
0.1 L cmH2O
Dynamic compliance of 20
breaths per minute
C dyn 20
pressures:
Maximal inspiratory pressure MIP
>110 cmH2O
>70 cmH2O
>200 cmH2O
>140 cmH2O
Lung Volumes
Total lung capacity
TLC
6.9 L
4.9 L
FRC
3.3 L
2.6 L
Residual volume
RV
1.9 L
1.5 L
Inspiratory capacity
IC
3.7 L
2.3 L
ERV
1.4 L
1.1 L
Vital capacity
VC
5.0 L
3.4 L
Arterial O2 tension
PaO2
PaCO2
Arterial O2 saturation
SaO2
Arterial blood pH
pH
7.40 0.02
Arterial bicarbonate
HCO3
24 + 2 meq/L
Base excess
BE
0 2 meq/L
37 mL CO/min/mmHg 27
mL CO/min/mmHg
2 mL/kg body wt
VD
35% VT
Exercise
?20% VT
Alveolar-arterial difference
for O2
P(A a)O2
2.7 kPa
20 kPa (
24 mmHg)
Source: Based on: AH Morris et al: Clinical Pulmonary Function Testing. A Manual of
Uniform Laboratory Procedures, 2nd ed. Salt Lake City, Utah, Intermountain Thoracic
Society, 1984.
Table 14 Gastrointestinal Tests
Results
Test
SI Units
Conventional Units
Absorption tests
D-Xylose: after overnight fast, 25 g xylose given
in oral aqueous solution
Urine, collected for following 5 h
25% of ingested
dose
2.03.5 mmol/L
3052 mg/dL
Serum level
Serum level should
should rise to
rise to twice fasting
twice fasting level level in 35 h
in 35 h
>50% recovered
in 6 h
Urine
>3.6 (1.1)
g/mL at 90 min
Gastric juice
Volume
24 h
23 L
23 L
Nocturnal
600700 mL
600700 mL
Basal, fasting
3070 mL/h
3070 mL/h
1.61.8
1.61.8
Reaction
pH
Titratable acidity of fasting juice
1535 meq/h
49
mol/s
Acid output
Basal
Females (mean 1 SD)
16 5 meq/h
4.4 1.4
mol/s
23 5 meq/h
6.4 1.4
mol/s
0.6
0.6
Gastrin, serum
0200 pg/mL
0200
g/L
>2.0 mL/kg
>2.0 mL/kg
Bicarbonate concentration
>80 mmol/L
>80 meq/L
>10 mmol
>10 meq
Reference Range
SI Units
Conventional Units
Intracellular
Extracellular
0.20.3 of body
weight
Blood
Total volume
Males
69 mL/kg body
weight
Females
65 mL/kg body
weight
Plasma volume
Males
39 mL/kg body
weight
Females
40 mL/kg body
weight
30 mL/kg body
weight
Females
25 mL/kg body
weight
Body mass index
area
18.524.9 kg/m
18.524.9 kg/m2
Quantity
Measures
Old
Unit
Activity
SI Unit
Special Name
for SI Unit
(Abbreviation)
Conversion
1 Ci = 3.7 x
1010 Bq
1 mCi = 37
MBq
1 Bq =
2.703 x 1011
Ci
Exposure
Amount of
roentgen Coulomb per
none
ionizations
(R)
kilogram (C/kg)
produced in dry air
by x-rays or gamma
rays, per unit of
mass
1 C/kg =
3876 R
1 R = 2.58 x
104 C/kg
1 mR = 258
pC/kg
Joule per
gray (Gy)
kilogram (J/kg)
1 Gy = 100
rad
1 rad = 0.01
Gy
1 mrad = 10
Gy
Absorbed
dose
Energy deposited
per unit of mass in
a medium, e.g. an
organ/tissue
rad
Joule per
gray (Gy)
kilogram (J/kg)
1 Gy = 100
rad
1 rad = 0.01
Gy
1 mrad = 10
Gy
rem
Joule per
sievert (Sv)
kilogram (J/kg)
1 Sv = 100
rem
1 rem = 0.01
weighted to reflect
type(s) of radiation
Sv
1 mrem = 10
Sv
Effective
dose
Energy deposited
rem
per unit of mass in
a reference
individual, doubly
weighted to reflect
type(s) of radiation
and organ(s)
irradiated
Joule per
sievert (Sv)
kilogram (J/kg)
1 Sv = 100
rem
1 rem = 0.01
Sv
1 mrem = 10
Sv