You are on page 1of 46

Reference Values for Laboratory Tests

Table 1 Hematology and Coagulation

Analyte

Specimen SI Units

Conventional Units

Activated clotting time

WB

70180 s

70180 s

Activated protein C
resistance (factor V
Leiden)

Not applicable

Ratio >2.1

ADAMTS13 activity

P
0.67

ADAMTS13 inhibitor
activity

ADAMTS13 antibody

67%

Not applicable
0.4 U
Not applicable
18 U

Alpha2 antiplasmin

0.871.55

87155%

PTT-LA (lupus
anticoagulant screen)

Negative

Negative

Platelet neutralization
procedure

Negative

Negative

Dilute viper venom screen P

Negative

Negative

IgG

015 arbitrary
units

015 GPL

IgM

015 arbitrary
units

015 MPL

Antigenic

220390 mg/L

2239 mg/dL

Functional

0.71.30 U/L

70130 %

Unfractionated heparin

0.30.7 kIU/L

0.30.7 IU/mL

Low-molecular-weight
heparin

0.51.0 kIU/L

0.51.0 IU/mL

Danaparoid (Orgaran)

0.50.8 kIU/L

0.50.8 IU/mL

Antiphospholipid antibody
panel

Anticardiolipin antibody

Antithrombin III

Anti-Xa assay (heparin


assay)

Autohemolysis test

WB

0.0040.045

0.44.50%

Autohemolysis test with


glucose

WB

0.0030.007

0.30.7%

Bleeding time (adult)

<7.1 min

<7.1 min

Bone marrow:
Clot retraction

WB

0.501.00/2 h

50100%/2 h

Cryofibrinogen

Negative

Negative

D-dimer

220740 ng/mL
FEU

220740 ng/mL FEU

Differential blood count

Relative counts:

Neutrophils

0.400.70

4070%

Bands

0.00.05

05%

Lymphocytes

0.200.50

2050%

Monocytes

0.040.08

48%

Eosinophils

0.00.6

06%

Basophils

0.00.02

02%

Absolute counts:
Neutrophils

1.426.34x109/L 14206340/mm3

Bands

00.45x109/L

Lymphocytes

0.714.53x109/L 7104530/mm3

Monocytes

0.140.72x109/L 140720/mm3

Eosinophils

00.54x109/L

0540/mm3

Basophils WB

00.18x109/L

0180/mm3

Erythrocyte count

0450/mm3

WB

Adult males

4.305.60x1012/L 4.305.60x106/mm3

Adult females

4.005.20x1012/L 4.005.20x106/mm3

Erythrocyte life span

WB

Normal survival

120 days

120 days

Chromium labeled, halflife (t1/2)

2535 days

2535 days

Females

020 mm/h

020 mm/h

Males

015 mm/h

015 mm/h

Erythrocyte sedimentation WB
rate

Euglobulin lysis time

720014400 s

120240 min

Factor II, prothrombin

0.501.50

50150%

Factor V

0.501.50

50150%

Factor VII

0.501.50

50150%

Factor VIII

0.501.50

50150%

Factor IX

0.501.50

50150%

Factor X

0.501.50

50150%

Factor XI

0.501.50

50150%

Factor XII

0.501.50

50150 %

Factor XIII screen

Not applicable

Present

Factor inhibitor assay

<0.5 Bethesda
Units

<0.5 Bethesda Units

Fibrin(ogen) degradation
products

01 mg/L

Fibrinogen

2.334.96 g/L

233496 mg/dL

Glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase
(erythrocyte)

WB

<2400 s

<40 min

Ham's test (acid serum)

WB

Negative

Negative

Hematocrit

WB

Adult males

0.3880.464

38.846.4

Adult females

0.3540.444

35.444.4

650 mg/L

0.65.0 mg/dL

Adult males

133162 g/L

13.316.2 g/dL

Adult females

120158 g/L

12.015.8 g/dL

Hemoglobin A

0.950.98

9598%

Hemoglobin A2

0.0150.031

1.53.1%

Hemoglobin F

00.02

02.0%

Hemoglobins other than


A, A2, or F

Absent

Absent

Negative

Negative

Immature platelet fraction WB


(IPF)

0.0110.061

1.16.1%

Joint fluid crystal

JF

Not applicable

No crystals seen

Joint fluid mucin

JF

Not applicable

Only type I mucin present

0.21.6
kat/L

13100

01

g/mL

Hemoglobin
Plasma

Whole blood:

WB

Hemoglobin
electrophoresis

Heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia
antibody

WB

Leukocytes
Alkaline phosphatase
(LAP)

WB
/L

Count (WBC)

WB

3.549.06x109/L 3.549.06x103/mm3

Mean corpuscular
hemoglobin (MCH)

WB

26.731.9 pg/cell 26.731.9 pg/cell

Mean corpuscular
WB
hemoglobin concentration
(MCHC)

323359 g/L

32.335.9 g/dL

Mean corpuscular
hemoglobin of
reticulocytes (CH)

2436 pg

2436 pg

WB

Mean corpuscular volume WB


(MCV)

7993.3 fL

Mean platelet volume


(MPV)

WB

9.0012.95 fL

9.0012.95

Osmotic fragility of
erythrocytes

WB

Direct

0.00350.0045

0.350.45%

Indirect

0.00300.0065

0.300.65%

26.339.4 s

26.339.4 s

Antigen

84140 mg/L

8.414.0 mg/dL

Functional

0.701.30

70130%

Partial thromboplastin
time, activated

Plasminogen

7993.3

m3

Plasminogen activator
inhibitor 1

443 ng/mL

Platelet aggregation

PRP

Not applicable

>65% aggregation in response to


adenosine diphosphate,
epinephrine, collagen, ristocetin,
and arachidonic acid

Platelet count

WB

165415x109/L

165415x103/mm3

Platelet, mean volume

WB

6.411 fL

443

g/L

6.411.0
Prekallikrein assay

Prekallikrein screen

Protein C

0.501.5

50150%
No deficiency detected

Total antigen

0.701.40

70140%

Functional

0.701.30

70130%

Total antigen

0.701.40

70140%

Functional

0.651.40

65140%

Free antigen P

0.701.40

70140%

Protein S

m3

Prothrombin gene
mutation G20210A

WB

Not applicable

Not present

Prothrombin time

12.715.4 s

12.715.4 s

Protoporphyrin, free
erythrocyte

WB
0.280.64
mol/L of red
blood cells

1636

Red cell distribution width WB

<0.145

<14.5%

Reptilase time

1623.6 s

1623.6 s

Reticulocyte count

WB

g/dL of red blood cells

Adult males

0.0080.023 red 0.82.3% red cells


cells

Adult females

0.0080.020 red 0.82.0% red cells


cells

Reticulocyte hemoglobin
content

WB

>26 pg/cell

>26 pg/cell

Ristocetin cofactor
(functional von
Willebrand factor)

Blood group O

0.75 mean of
normal

75% mean of normal

Blood group A

1.05 mean of
normal

105% mean of normal

Blood group B

1.15 mean of
normal

115% mean of normal

Blood group AB P

1.25 mean of
normal

125% mean of normal

Serotonin release assay

<0.2 release

<20% release

Sickle cell test

WB

Negative

Negative

Sucrose hemolysis

WB

<0.1

<10% hemolysis

Thrombin time

15.318.5 s

15.318.5 s

Total eosinophils

WB

150300x106/L

150300/mm3

Transferrin receptor

S, P

9.629.6 nmol/L 9.629.6 nmol/L

Viscosity

Plasma

1.72.1

1.72.1

Serum

1.41.8

1.41.8

0.75 mean of
normal

75% mean of normal

von Willebrand factor


(vWF) antigen (factor
VIII:R antigen)
Blood group O

Blood group A

1.05 mean of
normal

105% mean of normal

Blood group B

1.15 mean of
normal

115% mean of normal

Blood group AB P

1.25 mean of
normal

125% mean of normal

Normal
distribution

Normal distribution

von Willebrand factor


multimers

White blood cells: see


"Leukocytes"

Abbreviations:JF, joint fluid; P, plasma; PRP, platelet-rich plasma; S, serum; WB, whole
blood.
Table 2 Clinical Chemistry and Immunology

Analyte

Specimen* SI Units

Conventional Units

Acetoacetate

0.53.0 mg/dL
49294

mol/L

Adrenocorticotropin
(ACTH)

1.316.7 pmol/L

6.076.0 pg/mL

Alanine aminotransferase
(ALT, SGPT)

Albumin

4050 g/L

4.05.0 mg/dL

Aldolase

26138 nkat/L

1.58.1 U/L

Supine, normal sodium diet S, P

<443 pmol/L

<16 ng/dL

Upright, normal

S, P

111858 pmol/L

431 ng/dL

Alpha fetoprotein (adult)

741 U/L
0.120.70

kat/L

Aldosterone (adult)

08.5 ng/mL
08.5

Alpha1 antitrypsin

Ammonia, as NH3

1.02.0 g/L
1135

Amylase (method
dependent)

Androstendione (adult)

Males

g/L
100200 mg/dL
mol/L

1960

g/dL

2096 U/L
0.341.6

kat/L

0.813.1 nmol/L

2389 ng/dL

Premenopausal

0.917.5 nmol/L

26214 ng/dL

Postmenopausal

0.462.9 nmol/L

1382 ng/dL

Females

Angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE)

967 U/L

Anion gap

716 mmol/L

716 mmol/L

Apolipoprotein A-1

0.941.78 g/L

94178 mg/dL

1.011.99 g/L

101199 mg/dL

0.551.40 g/L

55140 mg/dL

0.551.25 g/L

55125 mg/dL

2230 mmol/L

2230 meq/L

[HCO3]

4.36.0 kPa

3245 mmHg

PCO2

7.357.45

7.357.45

pH

9.613.8 kPa

72104 mmHg

0.151.1

Male

kat/L

Female
Apolipoprotein B

Male
Female
Arterial blood gases

WB

P O2
Aspartate aminotransferase S
(AST, SGOT)
Autoantibodies

1238 U/L
0.200.65

kat/L

29 AU/mL
29 AU/mL

Anti-centromere antibody
IgG

<25 IU/L
<25 IU/L
Negative

Anti-double-strand (native)
DNA
Anti-glomerular basement
membrane antibodies

Negative
>19 AU/mL
19 AU/mL

<1.0 U

<1.0 U

>29 AU/mL

>29 AU/mL

<20 Units

Not applicable

<1:20

Not applicable

>19 AU/mL

>19 AU/mL

>19 AU/mL

>19 AU/mL

Negative at 1:40

Qualitative IgG, IgA


Quantitative IgG antibody
Anti-histone antibodies
Anti-Jo-1 antibody
Anti-mitochondrial
antibody
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic

autoantibodies

Not applicable

None detected

Serine proteinase 3
antibodies

Not applicable

<1.0 U

Not applicable

<1.0 U

Not applicable

<1.0 U

Not applicable

<1.0 U

Not applicable

<1.0 U

Not applicable

Negative

Not applicable

<40 IU/mL

<40 KIU/L

<35 IU/mL

Myeloperoxidase antibodies
Antinuclear antibody
Anti-parietal cell antibody
Anti-RNP antibody
Anti-Scl 70 antibody
Anti-Smith antibody
Antismooth muscle
antibody

<35 KIU/L

Anti-SSA antibody
Anti-SSB antibody
Anti-thyroglobulin antibody
Anti-thyroid peroxidase
antibody
B-type natriuretic peptide
(BNP)

Age and gender specific: Age and gender


<100 ng/L
specific: <100 pg/mL

Bence Jones protein, serum S


qualitative

Not applicable

None detected

Bence Jones protein, serum S


quantitative

3.319.4 mg/L

0.331.94 mg/dL

5.726.3 mg/L

0.572.63 mg/dL

0.261.65

0.261.65

1.12.4 mg/L

1.12.4 mg/L

Free kappa
Free lambda
K/L ratio
Beta-2-microglobulin

Bilirubin

0.31.3 mg/dL
5.122

mol/L

Total
Direct
Indirect

0.10.4 mg/dL
1.76.8

mol/L

0.20.9 mg/dL

3.415.2

mol/L

C peptide

0.271.19 nmol/L

0.83.5 ng/mL

C1-esterase-inhibitor
protein

210390 mg/L

2139 mg/dL

CA 125

<35 kU/L

<35 U/mL

CA 19-9

<37 kU/L

<37 U/mL

CA 15-3

<33 kU/L

<33 U/mL

CA 27-29

040 kU/L

040 U/mL

Calcitonin

07.5 ng/L

07.5 pg/mL

05.1 ng/L

05.1 pg/mL

Male
Female
Calcium

2.22.6 mmol/L

8.710.2 mg/dL

Calcium, ionized

WB

1.121.32 mmol/L

4.55.3 mg/dL

Carbon dioxide content


(TCO2)

P (sea
level)

2230 mmol/L

2230 meq/L

Carboxyhemoglobin
(carbon monoxide content)

WB

0.00.015

01.5%

0.040.09

49%

>0.50

>50%

Nonsmokers
Smokers
Loss of consciousness and
death
Carcinoembryonic antigen
(CEA)

0.03.0 ng/mL
0.03.0

g/L
0.05.0 ng/mL

Nonsmokers
0.05.0

g/L

Smokers
Ceruloplasmin

250630 mg/L

2563 mg/dL

Chloride

102109 mmol/L

102109 meq/L

Cholinesterase

512 kU/L

512 U/mL

Chromogranin A

Cholesterol: see Table 5


050 ng/mL
050
Complement
C3

g/L

0.831.77 g/L

83177 mg/dL

0.160.47 g/L

1647 mg/dL

C4

60144 CAE units

60144 CAE units

Complement total
Cortisol

138690 nmol/L

Fasting, 8 A.M.12 noon

138414 nmol/L

12 noon8 P.M.

0276 nmol/L

8 P.M.8 A.M.

525

g/dL

515

g/dL

010

g/dL

C-reactive protein

<10 mg/L

<10 mg/L

C-reactive protein, high


sensitivity

Cardiac risk

Cardiac risk

Low: <1.0 mg/L

Low: <1.0 mg/L

Average: 1.03.0 mg/L

Average: 1.03.0 mg/L

High: >3.0 mg/L

High: >3.0 mg/L

Creatine kinase (total)

39238 U/L
0.664.0

kat/L

Females

51294 U/L

Males
Creatine kinase-MB

0.87 5.0

kat/L

0.05.5

g/L

0.05.5 ng/mL

Mass

04.0%
00.04

Fraction of total activity (by


electrophoresis)
Creatinine

0.50.9 mg/dL
4480

mol/L

Female

0.61.2 mg/dL
53>106

Male

mol/L

Cryoglobulins

Not applicable

None detected

Cystatin C

0.51.0 mg/L

0.51.0 mg/L

Dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA) (adult)

6.243.4 nmol/L

1801250 ng/dL

4.534.0 nmol/L

130980 ng/dL

1006190

10619

Male
Female
Dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA) sulfate

S
g/L

g/dL

Male (adult)
1205350

g/L

12535

g/dL

3002600

g/L

30260

g/dL

Female (adult,
premenopausal)
Female (adult,
postmenopausal)
11-Deoxycortisol
(adult)(compound S)

0.344.56 nmol/L

12158 ng/dL

Dihydrotestosterone

S, P

1.032.92 nmol/L

3085 ng/dL

0.140.76 nmol/L

422 ng/dL

Male
Female
Dopamine

0130 pmol/L

020 pg/mL

Epinephrine

<273 pmol/L

<50 pg/mL

Supine (30 min)

<328 pmol/L

<60 pg/mL

Sitting

<491pmol/L

<90 pg/mL

Standing (30 min)


Erythropoietin

427 U/L

427 U/L

Estradiol

S, P

74532 pmol/L

<20145 pg/mL

Female

4111626 pmol/L

112443 pg/mL

Menstruating:

74885 pmol/L

<20241 pg/mL

Follicular phase

217 pmol/L

<59 pg/mL

Midcycle peak

74 pmol/L

<20 pg/mL

<555 pmol/L

<150 pg/mL

Female

<740 pmol/L

<200 pg/mL

Menstruating:

11118 pmol/L

332 pg/mL

Follicular phase

33133 pmol/L

936 pg/mL

Luteal phase
Postmenopausal
Male
Estrone

S, P

Luteal phase
Postmenopausal
Male
Fatty acids, free
(nonesterified)

Ferritin

0.10.6 mmol/L

10150 ng/mL
10150

g/L

Female

29248 ng/mL
29 248

Male
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)

2.816.8 mg/dL

S, P

g/L

3.020.0 IU/L

3.020.0 mIU/mL

9.026.0 IU/L

9.026.0 mIU/mL

1.012.0 IU/L

1.012.0 mIU/mL

18.0153.0 IU/L

18.0153.0 mIU/mL

1.012.0 IU/L

1.012.0 mIU/mL

<285 umol/L

<285 umol/L

Female
Menstruating
Follicular phase
Ovulatory phase
Luteal phase
Postmenopausal
Male
Fructosamine

Gamma glutamyltransferase S

958 U/L
0.150.99

kat/L

Gastrin

<100 ng/L

<100 pg/mL

Glucagon

40130 ng/L

40130 pg/mL

Glucose

WB

3.65.3 mmol/L

6595 mg/dL

Glucose (fasting)

4.25.6 mmol/L

75100 mg/dL

Normal

5.66.9 mmol/L

100125 mg/dL

Increased risk for diabetes

Fasting >7.0 mmol/L

Fasting >126 mg/dL

Diabetes mellitus

A 2-hour level of >11.1


mmol/L during an oral
glucose tolerance test

A 2-hour level of >200


mg/dL during an oral
glucose tolerance test

A random glucose level


of >11.1 mmol/L in

A random glucose level


of >200 mg/dL in

patients with symptoms


of hyperglycemia
Growth hormone

05 ng/mL
05

Hemoglobin Alc

WB

Pre-diabetes

g/L

0.040.06 HgB fraction

4.05.6%

0.057-0.064 HgB
fraction

5.76.4%

Diabetes mellitus
A hemoglobin A1c level
of >0.065 Hgb fraction
as suggested by the
American Diabetes
Association
Hemoglobin A1c with
estimated average glucose
(eAg)

WB

patients with symptoms


of hyperglycemia

A hemoglobin A1c level


of >6.5% as suggested
by the American
Diabetes Association

eAg mmoL/L =
1.59xHbA1c 2.59

eAg (mg/dL) =
28.7xHbA1c 46.7

4.410.8

4.410.8

High-density lipoprotein
(HDL) (see Table 5)
Homocysteine
Human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG)

P
S

mol/L

mol/L

<5 IU/L

<5 mIU/ml

9130 IU/L

9130 mIU/mL

752600 IU/L

752600 mIU/mL

85020,800 IU/L

85020,800 mIU/mL

4000100,200 IU/L

4000100,200 mIU/mL

11,500289,000 IU/L

11,500289,000
mIU/mL

Nonpregnant female
12 weeks postconception
23 weeks postconception
34 weeks postconception
45 weeks postconception
18,300137,000 IU/L
510 weeks postconception
1014 weeks post
conception

140053,000 IU/L

18,300137,000
mIU/mL

94060,000 IU/L

140053,000 mIU/mL

Second trimester

94060,000 mIU/mL

Third trimester
>-Hydroxybutyrate

0.61.8 mg/dL
60170

17-Hydroxyprogesterone
(adult)

mol/L

<4.17 nmol/L

<139 ng/dL

Male

0.452.1 nmol/L

1570 ng/dL

Female

1.058.7 nmol/L

35290 ng/dL

Follicular phase
Luteal phase
Immunofixation

Not applicable

No bands detected

Immunoglobulin,
quantitation (adult)

0.703.50 g/L

70350 mg/dL

0140 mg/L

014 mg/dL

187 KIU/L

187 IU/mL

7.017.0 g/L

7001700 mg/dL

2.717.4 g/L

2701740 mg/dL

0.36.3 g/L

30630 mg/dL

0.133.2 g/L

13320 mg/dL

0.116.2 g/L

11620 mg/dL

0.503.0 g/L

50300 mg/dL

S, P

14.35143.5 pmol/L

IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgG1
IgG2
IgG3
IgG4
IgM
Insulin

220
Iron

S
725

Iron-binding capacity

mol/L

41141

g/dL

S
4573

Iron-binding capacity
saturation

U/mL

mol/L

251406

g/dL

0.160.35

1635%

Ischemia modified albumin S

<85 KU/L

<85 U/mL

Joint fluid crystal

JF

Not applicable

No crystals seen

Joint fluid mucin

JF

Not applicable

Only type I mucin


present

Ketone (acetone)

Negative

Negative

Lactate

P, arterial

0.51.6 mmol/L

4.514.4 mg/dL

P, venous

0.52.2 mmol/L

4.519.8 mg/dL

Lactate dehydrogenase

115221 U/L
2.03.8

Lipase

kat/L

343 U/L
0.510.73

kat/L

Lipids: see Table 5


Lipoprotein (a)

0300 mg/L

030 mg/dL

S, P

2.015.0 U/L

2.015.0 mIU/mL

Female

22.0105.0 U/L

22.0105.0 mIU/mL

Menstruating

0.619.0 U/L

0.619.0 mIU/mL

Follicular phase

16.064.0 U/L

16.064.0 mIU/mL

Ovulatory phase

2.012.0 U/L

2.012.0 mIU/mL

1.52.3 mg/dL

Low-density lipoprotein
(LDL) (see Table 5)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Luteal phase
Postmenopausal
Male
Magnesium

0.620.95 mmol/L

Metanephrine

<0.5 nmol/L
<100 pg/mL

Methemoglobin

WB

Myoglobin

0.00.01

01%

20>71

g/L

20>71

g/L

25>58

g/L

25>58

g/L

Male
Female
Norepinephrine

6502423 pmol/L

110410 pg/mL

Supine (30 min)

7094019 pmol/L

120680 pg/mL

Sitting

7394137 pmol/L

125700 pg/mL

6.219.0 nmol BCE

6.219.0 nmol BCE

5.424.2 nmol BCE

5.424.2 nmol BCE

Standing (30 min)


N-telopeptide (crosslinked), NTx
Female, premenopausal

Male
BCE = bone collagen
equivalent
NT-Pro BNP

S, P

5> Nucleotidase

<125 ng/L up to 75 years <125 pg/mL up to 75


years
<450 ng/L >75 years
<450 pg/mL >75 years
011 U/L
0.000.19

Osmolality

Osteocalcin

kat/L

275295 mOsmol/kg
serum water

1150 ng/mL
1150

Oxygen content

WB

Arterial (sea level)

275295 mOsmol/kg
serum water

g/L

1721

1721 vol%

1016

1016 vol%

Fraction:

Percent:

0.941.0

94100%

0.600.85

6085%

851 ng/L

851 pg/mL

Venous (sea level)


Oxygen saturation (sea
level)

WB

Arterial
Venous, arm
Parathyroid hormone
(intact)

Phosphatase, alkaline

3396 U/L
0.561.63

kat/L

Phosphorus, inorganic

0.811.4 mmol/L

2.54.3 mg/dL

Potassium

3.55.0 mmol/L

3.55.0 meq/L

Prealbumin

170340 mg/L

1734 mg/dL

Procalcitonin

<0.1 ng/mL
<0.1

Progesterone

S, P

g/L

<3.18 nmol/L

<1.0 ng/mL

Female: Follicular

9.5463.6 nmol/L

320 ng/mL

Midluteal

<3.18 nmol/L

<1.0 ng/mL

53360 mIU/L

2.517 ng/mL

40530 mIU/L

1.925 ng/mL

Male
Prolactin
Male

Female
Prostate-specific antigen
(PSA)

Prostate-specific antigen,
free

0.04.0 ng/mL
0.04.0

g/L

With total PSA between


4 and 10
g/L and
when the free PSA is:
>0.25 decreased risk of
prostate cancer
<0.10 increased risk of
prostate cancer

With total PSA


between 4 and 10
ng/mL and when the
free
PSA is:
>25% decreased risk of
prostate cancer
<10% increased risk of
prostate cancer

Protein fractions:

3555 g/L

3.55.5 g/dL (5060%)

Albumin

2035 g/L

2.03.5 g/dL (4050%)

Globulin

24 g/L

0.20.4 g/dL (4.2


7.2%)

Alpha1

59 g/L

Alpha2

611 g/L

Beta

717 g/L

0.50.9 g/dL (6.8


12%)
0.61.1 g/dL (9.3
15%)

Gamma
0.71.7 g/dL (1323%)
Protein, total

Pyruvate

6786 g/L

6.78.6 g/dL
0.351.14 mg/dL

40130

mol/L

Rheumatoid factor

<15 kIU/L

<15 IU/mL

Serotonin

WB

0.281.14 umol/L

50200 ng/mL

Serum protein
electrophoresis

Not applicable

Normal pattern

Sex hormonebinding
globulin (adult)

1180 nmol/L

1180 nmol/L

30135 nmol/L

30135 nmol/L

136146 mmol/L

136146 meq/L

Male
Female
Sodium

Somatomedin-C (IGF-

226903 ng/mL
226903

g/L

1)(adult)

193731 ng/mL
193731

g/L

16 years

163584 ng/mL

17 years
18 years

163584

g/L

141483

g/L

127424

g/L

141483 ng/mL
127424 ng/mL

19 years
20 years
2125 years

116358 ng/mL
116358

g/L

2630 years

117329 ng/mL

3135 years
3640 years

117329

g/L

115307

g/L

4145 years

119204 ng/mL
101267 ng/mL

4650 years
5155 years

119204

g/L

101267

g/L

5660 years

94252 ng/mL
87238 ng/mL
81225 ng/mL

6165 years
6670 years

94252

g/L

87238

g/L

7175 years

75212 ng/mL
69200 ng/mL
64188 ng/mL

7680 years
8185 years

Somatostatin

115307 ng/mL

81225

g/L

75212

g/L

69200

g/L

64188

g/L

59177

g/L

55166

g/L

<25 ng/L

59177 ng/mL
55166 ng/mL

<25 pg/mL

Testosterone, free

Female, adult

10.465.9 pmol/L

319 pg/mL

3121041 pmol/L

90300 pg/mL

0.212.98 nmol/L

686 ng/dL

9.3637.10 nmol/L

2701070 ng/dL

Male, adult
Testosterone, total,

Female
Male
Thyroglobulin

1.331.8 ng/mL
1.3>31.8

g/L

Thyroid-binding globulin

1330 mg/L

1.33.0 mg/dL

Thyroid-stimulating
hormone

0.344.25 mIU/L

Thyroxine, free (fT4)

9.016 pmol/L

Thyroxine, total (T4)

70151 nmol/L

0.344.25

IU/mL

0.71.24 ng/dL
5.411.7

g/dL

Thyroxine index (free)

6.710.9

6.710.9

Transferrin

2.04.0 g/L

200400 mg/dL

Triglycerides (see Table 5)

0.342.26 mmol/L

30200 mg/dL

Triiodothyronine, free (fT3) S

3.76.5 pmol/L

2.44.2 pg/mL

Triiodothyronine, total (T3) S

1.22.1 nmol/L

77135 ng/dL

Troponin I (method
dependent)

S,P

00.04 ng/mL
00.04

g/L

00.01

g/L

99th percentile of a healthy


population
Troponin T

S,P

00.01 ng/mL

99th percentile of a healthy


population
Urea nitrogen

2.57.1 mmol/L

720 mg/dL

Uric acid

0.150.33 mmol/L

2.55.6 mg/dL

0.180.41 mmol/L

3.17.0 mg/dL

060 ng/L

060 pg/mL

Females
Males
Vasoactive intestinal
polypeptide

Zinc protoporphyrin

WB
0400

g/L

040

g/dL

Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)- WB


to-heme ratio

069
heme

mol ZPP/mol

069
mol
ZPP/mol heme

Abbreviations:P, plasma; S, serum; WB, whole blood.


Table 3 Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Therapeutic
Range
Drug

Toxic Level

SI Units

Conventional SI Units
Units

66199
mol/L

1030
g/mL

3451
mol/L

2030
g/mL

Acetaminophen

Conventional
Units

>1320
>200

g/mL

mol/L

Amikacin
Peak
Trough

>60
mol/L

>35

g/mL

>10

g/mL

017
mol/L

010
g/mL

>17
mol/L

Amitriptyline/nortriptyline
(total drug)

430900
nmol/L

120250
ng/mL

>1800
nmol/L

>500 ng/mL

Amphetamine

150220
nmol/L

2030 ng/mL

>1500
nmol/L

>200 ng/mL

Bromide

9.418.7
mmol/L

75150 mg/dL >18.8


mmol/L

>150 mg/dL

Mild toxicity

51150 mg/dL
6.418.8
mmol/L

Severe toxicity

>18.8
mmol/L

Lethal

>150 mg/dL
>300 mg/dL

>37.5
mmol/L
Caffeine

25.8103
520

g/ml >206
mol/L

>40

g/mL

410
g/mL

> 85
mol/L

>20

g/mL

mol/L
Carbamazepine
1742
mol/L

Chloramphenicol
Peak

3162
mol/L

1020
g/mL

>77
mol/L

Trough

>25

g/mL

>15

g/mL

g/mL

1531
mol/L

510
g/mL

>46
mol/L

1.710
mol/L

0.53.0
g/mL

>17
mol/L

>5.0

32240
nmol/L

1075 ng/mL

>320
nmol/L

>100 ng/mL

Chlordiazepoxide

Clonazepam
Clozapine

0.62.1
mol/L

200700
ng/mL

>1200 ng/mL
>3.7
mol/L

Cocaine
>3.3
mol/L

>1.0

g/mL

Codeine

43110
nmol/mL

1333 ng/mL

>3700
nmol/mL

>1100 ng/mL
(lethal)

Cyclosporine

208312
nmol/L

250375
ng/mL

>312
nmol/L

>375 ng/mL

Renal transplant

>300 ng/mL
166250
nmol/L

200300
ng/mL

>250
nmol/L

612 months after transplant 83125


nmol/L
>12 months
208291
nmol/L
Cardiac transplant

100150
ng/mL

>125
nmol/L

250350
ng/mL

>291
nmol/L

125208
nmol/L

150250
ng/mL

>208
nmol/L

83125
nmol/L

100150
ng/mL

>125
nmol/L

250374
nmol/L

300450
ng/mL

>374
nmol/L

208291
nmol/L

250350
ng/mL

>291
nmol/L

Maintenance

83166
nmol/L

100200
ng/mL

>166
nmol/L

Desipramine

3751130
nmol/L

100300
ng/mL

>1880
nmol/L

06 months

06 months

>150 ng/mL
>350 ng/mL
>250 ng/mL
150 ng/mL

612 months after transplant


>12 months
Lung transplant 06 months
Liver transplant
Initiation

>450 ng/mL
>350 ng/mL
>200 ng/mL

>500 ng/mL

Diazepam (and metabolite)


Diazepam

0.7 3.5
mol/L

0.21.0
g/mL

>7.0
mol/L

Nordiazepam

Digoxin

0.4 6.6
mol/L

0.11.8
g/mL

0.642.6
nmol/L

0.52.0 ng/mL >5.0


nmol/L

5.314.7
mol/L

25

0.360.98

101274
ng/mL

Doxepin
Nordoxepin

g/mL

>2.5

g/mL

>9.2
mol/L

Disopyramide

Doxepin and nordoxepin

>2.0

>3.9 ng/mL

>20.6
g/mL

g/mL

mol/L
>503 ng/mL
>1.8
mol/L

mol/L
0.381.04

>7

>531 ng/mL

106291
ng/mL
>1.9
mol/L

mol/L
Ethanol

>4.3
mmol/L

>20 mg/dL

Behavioral changes
80 mg/dL
17
mmol/L

Legal limit

>250 mg/dL

Critical with acute exposure


>54
mmol/L
Ethylene glycol

>2
mmol/L

Toxic

>12 mg/dL
>120 mg/dL

>20
mmol/L

Lethal
Ethosuximide

Everolimus

280700
mol/L

40100
g/mL

>700
mol/L

>100

g/mL

3.138.35
nmol/L

38 ng/mL

>12.5
nmol/L

>12 ng/mL

0.52.4
mol/L

0.21.0
g/mL

>3.6
mol/L

>1.5

g/mL

10>21
mol/mL

510
g/mL

>25
mol/mL

>12

g/mL

0>4.2

02

Flecainide

Gentamicin
Peak

>2

Trough
g/mL >4.2

g/mL

mol/mL

mol/mL

Heroin (diacetyl morphine)


>700
mol/L

>200 ng/mL (as


morphine)

Ibuprofen
49243
mol/L
Imipramine (and metabolite) 3751130
nmol/L
Desimipramine
5631130
nmol/L
Total imipramine +
desimipramine
Lamotrigine

1050
g/mL

>970
mol/L

>200

100300
ng/mL

>1880
nmol/L

>500 ng/mL
>500 ng/mL

150300
ng/mL

11.754.7
mol/L

>1880
nmol/L
>58.7

314
g/mL

Lidocaine

Lithium

g/mL

>15

g/mL

>9.0

g/mL

mol/L
>38.4

5.121.3
mol/L

1.25.0
g/mL

0.51.3
mmol/L

0.51.3 meq/L >2


mmol/L

>2 meq/L

1.03.2
mol/L

0.31.0
g/mL

>2

mol/L

Methadone

Methamphetamine

0.070.34
mol/L

Methotrexate
Low-dose

0.010.1
mol/L

High-dose (24h)
High-dose (48h)
High-dose (72h)

<5.0
mol/L

<5.0
mol/L

<0.50
mol/L

<0.50
mol/L

<0.10
mol/L
Morphine

<0.10
mol/L

>0.5

g/mL

mol/L
>6
mmol/L

>20 mg/dL

>0.1
mmol/L

>0.1 mmol/L
>5.0

mol/L

>0.5

mol/L

>0.1

mol/L

>5.0
mol/L
>0.5
mol/L
>0.1
mol/L

6580 ng/mL
232286

g/mL

>3.35
0.01>0.05
g/mL

Methanol

0.010.1
mol/L

>6.5
mol/L

>200 ng/mL
>720

mol/L
Mycophenolic acid

mol/L
1.03.5 ng/mL

3.110.9
mol/L
Nitroprusside (as
thiocyanate)
Nortriptyline

>12 ng/mL
>37
mol/L

103499
mol/L

629
g/mL

860
mol/L

>50

g/mL

190569
nmol/L

50150 ng/mL >1900


nmol/L

>500 ng/mL

65172
mol/L

1540
g/mL

>258
mol/L

>60

g/mL

4079
mol/L

1020
g/mL

>158
mol/L

>40

g/mL

>3.5

g/mL

>15

g/mL

Phenobarbital

Phenytoin

Phenytoin, free
% Free

>13.9
4.07.9
g/mL

12

g/mL
g/mL

814
0.080.14
Primidone and metabolite
Primidone

2355
mol/L

512
g/mL

>69
mol/L

Phenobarbital
65172
mol/L

1540
g/mL

>215
mol/L

1742
mol/L

410
g/mL

>43
mol/L

7gt;50
g/mL

Procainamide
Procainamide
NAPA (Nacetylprocainamide)

>10

g/mL

>35

g/mL

2272
mol/L

6>20

g/mL >126
mol/L

6.215.4
mol/L

2.05.0
g/mL

>19
mol/L

>6

1452100

229 mg/dL

>2900

>40 mg/dL

Quinidine

Salicylates

mol/L
Sirolimus (trough level)
Kidney transplant

4.415.4
nmol/L

g/mL

mol/L
414 ng/mL

>16
nmol/L

>15 ng/mL

>25
nmol/L

>20 ng/mL

Tacrolimus (FK506) (trough)


Kidney and liver

1219 nmol/L 1015 ng/mL

>20 ng/mL

Initiation

612 nmol/L

510 ng/mL

>25
nmol/L

Maintenance

1925 nmol/L 1520 ng/mL

Heart

612 nmol/L

510 ng/mL

56111
g/mL

1020
g/mL

>168
g/mL

>30

g/mL

103499
mol/L

629
g/mL

860
mol/L

>50

g/mL

1769
mol/L

14

>26
g/L

>12

g/mL

Initiation
Maintenance
Theophylline

Thiocyanate
After nitroprusside infusion
Nonsmoker
Smoker

g/mL

312
g/mL

52206
mol/L
Tobramycin
Peak

1122
g/L

510
g/mL

>2

Trough
04.3

g/L 02

g/mL

g/mL >4.3
g/L

Valproic acid
346693
mol/L

50100
g/mL

>693
mol/L

>100

g/mL

1428
mol/L

2040
g/mL

>55
mol/L

>80

g/mL

>20

g/mL

Vancomycin
Peak
Trough
3.510.4
mol/L

515
g/mL

>14
mol/L

Table 4 Vitamins and Selected Trace Minerals

Reference Range
Specimen

Analyte SI Units

Aluminum

S
<0.2

Conventional Units
mol/L

<5.41

g/L

Arsenic

WB
0.030.31

Cadmium
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone)

WB

mol/L

223

g/L

<5.0

g/L

<44.5 nmol/L

P
4331532

g/L

4331532

0.071.43

mol/L

477

g/L

S
-Carotene
Copper

g/dL

S
1122

mol/L

70140

g/dL

Folic acid

RC

3401020 nmol/L cells 150450 ng/mL cells

Folic acid

12.240.8 nmol/L

5.418.0 ng/mL

Lead (adult)

S
<0.5

<10

Mercury
Selenium
Vitamin A

WB
S

mol/L

3.0294 nmol/L
0.659

g/L

63160

g/L

20100

g/dL

0.82.0 umol/L

S
0.73.5

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

mol/L

075 nmol/L
02

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

g/dL

g/dL

106638 nmol/L
424

g/dL

Vitamin B6

20121 nmol/L

530 ng/mL

Vitamin B12

206735 pmol/L

279996 pg/mL

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

0.41.0 mg/dL
2357

mol/L

Vitamin D3,1,25-dihydroxy, total S, P

36180 pmol/L

1575 pg/mL

Vitamin D3,25-hydroxy, total

75250 nmol/L

30100 ng/mL

Vitamin E

S
1242

518

Vitamin K

Zinc

mol/L

0.292.64 nmol/L

0.131.19 ng/mL

11.518.4

75120

mol/L

Abbreviations: P, plasma; RC, red cells; S, serum; WB, whole blood.


Table 5 Classification of LDL, Total, and HDL Cholesterol

LDL Cholesterol

g/mL

g/dL

<70 mg/dL

Therapeutic option for very high risk patients

<100 mg/dL

Optimal

100129 mg/dL

Near optimal/above optimal

130159 mg/dL

Borderline high

160189 mg/dL

High
Very high

190 mg/dL
Total Cholesterol
<200 mg/dL

Desirable

200239 mg/dL

Borderline high
High

240 mg/dL
HDL Cholesterol
<40 mg/dL

Low
High

60 mg/dL

Abbreviations: LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein. Source:


Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program
(NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in
adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:248697. Implications of Recent Clinical
Trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines.
SM Grundy et al for the Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education
Program: Circulation 110:227, 2004.
Reference Values for Specific Analytes
Table 6 Cerebrospinal Fluida

Reference Range
Constituent

SI Units

Conventional
Units

Osmolarity

292297 mmol/kg water

292297 mOsm/L

Sodium

137145 mmol/L

137145 meq/L

Potassium

2.73.9 mmol/L

2.73.9 meq/L

Calcium

1.01.5 mmol/L

2.13.0 meq/L

Magnesium

1.01.2 mmol/L

2.02.5 meq/L

Chloride

116122 mmol/L

116122 meq/L

CO2 content

2024 mmol/L

2024 meq/L

Electrolytes

PCO2

67 kPa

4549 mmHg

pH

7.317.34

Glucose

2.223.89 mmol/L

4070 mg/dL

Lactate

12 mmol/L

1020 mg/dL

Lumbar

0.150.5 g/L

1550 mg/dL

Cisternal

0.150.25 g/L

1525 mg/dL

Ventricular

0.060.15 g/L

615 mg/dL

Albumin

0.0660.442 g/L

6.644.2 mg/dL

0.0090.057 g/L

0.95.7 mg/dL

Total protein:

IgG
IgG index

Oligoclonal bands
(OGB)

0.290.59
<2 bands not present in matched serum
sample

Ammonia
1547

mol/L

2580

Creatinine

g/dL

0.51.9 mg/dL
44168

mol/L

Myelin basic protein


<4

g/L

CSF pressure

50180 mmH2O

CSF volume (adult)


150 mL
Red blood cells

Leukocytes
Total
05 mononuclear cells per

Differential
Lymphocytes

6070%

Monocytes

3050%

Neutrophils

None

Since cerebrospinal fluid concentrations are equilibrium values, measurements of the same
parameters in blood plasma obtained at the same time are recommended. However, there is a
time lag in attainment of equilibrium, and cerebrospinal levels of plasma constituents that can
fluctuate rapidly (such as plasma glucose) may not achieve stable values until after a
significant lag phase. bIgG index = CSF IgG (mg/dL) x serum albumin (g/dL)/serum IgG
(g/dL) x CSF albumin (mg/dL).
Table 7a Differential Nucleated Cell Countsof Bone Marrow Aspiratesa(See Chaps. 57, e17)

Observed Range
(%)

95% Range
(%)

Mean
(%)

Blast cells

03.2

03.0

1.4

Promyelocytes

3.613.2

3.212.4

7.8

Neutrophil myelocytes

421.4

3.710.0

7.6

Eosinophil myelocytes

05.0

02.8

1.3

Metamyelocytes

17.0

2.35.9

4.1

Neutrophils

21.045.6

21.942.3

32.1

Males

29.646.6

28.845.9

37.4

Eosinophils

0.44.2

0.34.2

2.2

Eosinophils plus eosinophil


myelocytes

0.97.4

0.76.3

3.5

Basophils

00.8

00.4

0.1

Erythroblasts

18.039.4

16.240.1

28.1

Male

14.031.8

13.032.0

22.5

Lymphocytes

4.622.6

6.020.0

13.1

Plasma cells

01.4

01.2

0.6

Monocytes

03.2

02.6

1.3

Macrophages

01.8

01.3

0.4

M:E ratio

1.14.0

1.14.1

2.1

Males

1.65.4

1.65.2

2.8

Females

Females

Females

Based on bone marrow aspirate from 50 healthy volunteers (30 men, 20 women).

Abbreviation: M:E, myeloid to erythroid ratio.


Source: BJ Bain: Br J Haematol 94:206, 1996.
Table 7b Bone Marrow Cellularity

Age

Observed Range

95% Range

Mean

Under 10 years

59.095.1%

72.984.7%

78.8%

1019 years

41.586.6%

59.269.4%

64.3%

2029 years

32.083.7%

54.161.9%

58.0%

3039 years

30.381.3%

41.154.1%

47.6%

4049 years

16.375.1%

43.552.9%

48.2%

5059 years

19.773.6%

41.251.4%

46.3%

6069 years

16.365.7%

40.850.6%

45.7%

7079 years

11.347.1%

22.635.2%

28.9%

Source: From RJ Hartsock et al: Am J Clin Pathol 1965; 43:326, 1965.


Table 8 Stool Analysis

Reference Range
SI Units

Conventional Units

Alpha-1-antitrypsin

>540 mg/L

>54 mg/dL

Amount

0.10.2 kg/d

100200 g/24 h

Coproporphyrin

6111832 nmol/d
4001200

Fat

<7 g/d

Adult

<4 g/d

g/24 h

Adult on fat-free diet


Fatty acids

021 mmol/d

06 g/24 h

Leukocytes

None

None

Nitrogen

<178 mmol/d

<2.5 g/24 h

pH

7.07.5

Potassium

14102 mmol/L

14102 mmol/L

Occult blood

Negative

Negative

Osmolality

280325 mOsm

280325 mOsm

Sodium

772 mmol/L

772 mmol/L

Trypsin

2095 U/g

Urobilinogen

50300 mg/24 h
85510

Uroporphyrins

mol/d

1248 nmol/d
1040

Water

<0.75

<75%

g/24 h

Source: Modified from: FT Fishbach, MB Dunning III: A Manual of Laboratory and


Diagnostic Tests, 7th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004.
Table 9 Urine Analysis and Renal Function Tests

Reference Range
Acidity, titratable

SI Units

Conventional Units

2040 mmol/d

2040 meq/d

Aldosterone
Normal diet: 625
Low-salt diet: 1744
g/d
High-salt diet: 06

g/d Normal diet: 625


Low-salt diet: 1744
g/d
g/d High-salt diet: 06

Aluminum
0.191.11
Ammonia

mol/L

3050 mmol/d

530

g/L

3050 meq/d

Amylase

4400 U/L

Amylase/creatinine clearance ratio 15


[(Clam/Clcr) x 100]

15

Arsenic
0.070.67

mol/d

g/d

550

g/d

Bence Jones protein, urine,


qualitative

Not applicable

None detected

Bence Jones protein, urine,


quantitative

1.424.2 mg/L

0.142.42 mg/dL

0.26.7 mg/L

0.020.67 mg/dL

2.0410.37

2.0410.37

Calcium (10 meq/d or 200 mg/d


dietary calcium)

<7.5 mmol/d

<300 mg/d

Chloride

140250 mmol/d

140250 mmol/d

Citrate

3201240 mg/d

3201240 mg/d

<0.95

mol/d

<60

020

mol/mol

020

Free Kappa
Free Lambda
K/L ratio

Copper
g/d

Coproporphyrins (types I and III)


mol/mol

g/d

creatinine
Cortisol, free

creatinine

55193 nmol/d
2070

Creatine, as creatinine

g/d

<100 mg/d
<760

mol/d

Female

<50 mg/d

Male

<380

mol/d

Creatinine

8.814 mmol/d

Dopamine

3922876 nmol/d

1.01.6 g/d
60440

Eosinophils

<100 eosinophils/mL

Epinephrine

0109 nmol/day

<100 eosinophils/mL
020

Glomerular filtration rate

>60 mL/min/1.73 m

g/d

g/day

>60 mL/min/1.73 m2

For African Americans


For African Americans
multiply the result by 1.21 multiply the result by 1.21
Glucose (glucose oxidase method) 0.31.7 mmol/d

50300 mg/d

5-Hydroindoleacetic acid [5HIAA]

015 mg/d
078.8

mol/d

53>328

mol/d

Hydroxyproline
53328

mol/d

Iodine, spot urine


>100

g/L

>100

g/L

WHO classification of iodine


deficiency:
50100

g/L

50100

g/L

Not iodine deficient


Mild iodine deficiency
Moderate iodine deficiency

2049
<20

g/L
g/L

2049
<20

g/L
g/L

Severe iodine deficiency


Ketone (acetone)

Negative

Negative

17 Ketosteroids

312 mg/d

312 mg/d

Metanephrines
30350

g/d

30350

g/d

Normetanephrine

50650

g/d

50650

g/d

Microalbumin

0.00.03 g/d

Metanephrine

030 mg/d

Normal

0.030.30 g/d

30300 mg/d

Microalbuminuria

>0.3 g/d

>300 mg/d

Clinical albuminuria
Microalbumin/creatinine ratio

03.4 g/mol creatinine

Normal

3.434 g/mol creatinine

Microalbuminuria

>34 g/mol creatinine

030

g/mg creatinine

30300
creatinine

g/mg

Clinical albuminuria

2-Microglobulin

Norepinephrine

0160

g/L

>300

g/mg creatinine

0160

g/L

1580

g/d

89473 nmol/d

N-telopeptide (cross-linked), NTx 1794 nmol BCE/mmol


creatinine
Female, premenopausal
26124 nmol BCE/mmol
creatinine
Female, postmenopausal

1794 nmol BCE/mmol


creatinine

Male

2183 nmol BCE/mmol


creatinine

2183 nmol BCE/mmol


creatinine

26124 nmol BCE/mmol


creatinine

BCE = bone collagen equivalent


Osmolality

500800 mOsmol/kg water 500800 mOsmol/kg water

Oxalate

744 mg/d
80500

mol/d

Male

431 mg/d

Female

45350

pH

5.09.0

5.09.0

Phosphate (phosphorus) (varies


with intake)

12.942.0 mmol/d

4001300 mg/d

Porphobilinogen

None

None

Potassium (varies with intake)

25100 mmol/d

25100 meq/d

Protein

<0.15 g/d

<150 mg/d

Protein/creatinine ratio

Male: 1568 mg/g

Male: 1568 mg/g

Female: 10107 mg/g

Female: 10107 mg/g

Sediment

mol/d

02/high-power field

Red blood cells

02/high-power field

White blood cells

None

Bacteria

None

Crystals

None

Bladder cells

None

Squamous cells

None

Tubular cells

None

Broad casts

None

Epithelial cell casts

None

Granular casts

05/low-power field

Hyaline casts

None

Red blood cell casts

None

Waxy casts

None

White cell casts


Sodium (varies with intake)

100260 mmol/d

100260 meq/d

Specific gravity:

>1.025

>1.025

After 12-h fluid restriction


1.003

1.003

After 12-h deliberate water


intake
Tubular reabsorption, phosphorus 0.790.94 of filtered load

7994% of filtered load

Urea nitrogen

214607 mmol/d

617 g/d

Uric acid (normal diet)

1.494.76 mmol/d

250800 mg/d

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

<6 mg/d
<30

mol/d

Special Function Tests


Table 10 Normal Pressures in Heart and Great Vessels

Pressure (mmHg)
Right Atrium

Average

Range

Mean

2.8

15

a wave

5.6

2.57

c wave

3.8

1.56

x wave

1.7

05

v wave

4.6

27.5

y wave

2.4

06

Peak systolic

25

1732

End-diastolic

17

Mean

15

919

Peak systolic

25

1732

End-diastolic

413

4.513

Mean

7.9

212

a wave

10.4

416

v wave

12.8

621

Peak systolic

130

90140

End-diastolic

8.7

512

Mean

85

70105

Peak systolic

130

90140

End-diastolic

70

6090

Right Ventricle

Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary Artery Wedge


Mean
Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Brachial Artery

Source: Reproduced from: MJ Kern The Cardiac Catheterization Handbook, 4th ed.,
Philadelphia, Mosby, 2003.
Table 11 Circulatory Function Tests

Results: Reference Range


Test

SI Units (Range)

Conventional Units
(Range)

Arteriovenous oxygen difference

3050 mL/L

3050 mL/L

Cardiac output (Fick)

2.53.6 L/m2 of body

2.53.6 L/m2 of body

surface area per min

surface area per min

Contractility indexes
Max. left ventricular dp/dt (dp/dt) 220 kPa/s (176250 kPa/s) 1650 mmHg/s (13201880
mmHg/s)
DP when DP = 5.3 kPa

(37.6 12.2)/s

(37.6 12.2)/s

(40 mmHg) (DP, developed LV


pressure)

3.32 0.84 end-diastolic


volumes per second

3.32 0.84 end-diastolic


volumes per second

Mean normalized systolic ejection 1.83 0.56 circumferences 1.83 0.56 circumferences
rate (angiography)
per second
per second
Mean velocity of circumferential
fiber shortening (angiography)
Ejection fraction: stroke
volume/end-diastolic volume
(SV/EDV)

0.67 0.08 (0.550.78)

0.67 0.08 (0.550.78)

End-diastolic volume

70 20.0 mL/m2 (6088


mL/m2)

70 20.0 mL/m2 (6088


mL/m2)

End-systolic volume

25 5.0 mL/m2 (2033


mL/m2)

25 5.0 mL/m2 (2033


mL/m2)

Stroke work index

50 20.0 (gm)/m2 (30


110)

50 20.0 (gm)/m2 (30


110)

Left ventricular minute work


index

1.86.6 [(kgm)/m2]/min

1.86.6 [(kgm)/m2]/min

Oxygen consumption index

110150 mL

110150 mL

Maximum oxygen uptake

35 mL/min (2060
mL/min)

35 mL/min (2060
mL/min)

Pulmonary vascular resistance

212 (kPas)/L

20130 (dyns)/cm5

Systemic vascular resistance

77150 (kPas)/L

7701600 (dyns)/cm5

Left ventricular work

Source: E Braunwald et al: Heart Disease, 6th ed. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 2001.
Table 12 Normal Echocardiographic Reference Limits and Partition Values in Adults

Women Mildly
Refere Abnor
nce
mal
Range
Left
ventricular
dimensions

Moderat
ely
Abnorm
al

Severel
y
Abnor
mal

Men
Mildly
Refere Abnor
nce
mal
Range

Moderat
ely
Abnorm
al

Severel
y
Abnor
mal

Septal
thickness,
cm

0.60.9 1.01.2 1.31.5

Posterior
wall
thickness,
cm

0.60.9 1.01.2 1.31.5

Diastolic
diameter,
cm

3.95.3 5.45.7 5.86.1

0.61.0 1.11.3 1.41.6


1.6

1.7
0.61.0 1.11.3 1.41.6

1.6

1.7

4.25.9 6.06.3 6.46.8


6.2

Diastolic
2.43.2 3.33.4 3.53.7
diameter/BS
A, cm/m2

3.8

Diastolic
2.53.2 3.33.4 3.53.6
diameter/hei
ght, cm/m

3.7

6.9
2.23.1 3.23.4 3.53.6
3.7
2.43.3 3.43.5 3.63.7
3.8

Left
ventricular
volumes
Diastolic,
mL

56104 105
117

Diastolic/BS 3575
A, mL/m2

7686

Systolic, mL 1949

5059

118130
131
8796

67155 156
178

179201

3575

8796

7686

202

97
6069

97
2258

5970

7182

70
Systolic/BS 1230
A, mL/m2

3136

3742

83
1230

3136

3742

43

43

Left
ventricular
mass, 2D
method
Mass, g

Mass/BSA,
g/m2

66150 151
171
4488

172182
183

89100 101112
113

96200 201
227

228254

50102 103
116

117130

2543

1519

255

131

Left
ventricular
function
Endocardial 2745
fractional
shortening
(%)?

2226

1721
16

2024

14

Midwall
fractional
shortening
(%)
Ejection
fraction, 2D
method (%)

1523

1314

1112

1422

1213

1011

10

4554

3044

55

4554
29

3044

55

29

Right heart
dimensions
(cm)
Basal RV
diameter

2.02.8 2.93.3 3.43.8

Mid-RV
diameter

2.73.3 3.43.7 3.84.1

2.02.8 2.93.3 3.43.8


3.9

3.9
2.73.3 3.43.7 3.84.1

4.2

Base-to7.17.9 8.08.5 8.69.1


apex length
RVOT
2.52.9 3.03.2 3.33.5
diameter
above aortic
valve
RVOT
diameter
above
pulmonic
valve

1.72.3 2.42.7 2.83.1

Pulmonary
artery
diameter
below
pulmonic
valve

1.52.1 2.22.5 2.62.9

4.2
7.17.9 8.08.5 8.69.1

9.2

9.2
2.52.9 3.03.2 3.33.5

3.6

3.6

1.72.3 2.42.7 2.83.1


3.2

3.2

1.52.1 2.22.5 2.62.9


3.0

3.0

Right
ventricular
size and
function in
4-chamber
view
Diastolic
area, cm2

1128

Systolic
area, cm2

7.516

3337

1128

2932

3337

38

Fractional
3260
area change,
%
Atrial sizes

2932
1719

2022

38
7.516

1719

2022

23
2531

1824

23
3260

17

2531

1824
17

LA
diameter,
cm

2.73.8 3.94.2 4.34.6

3.04.0 4.14.6 4.75.2


4.7

LA
1.52.3 2.42.6 2.72.9
diameter/BS
A, cm/m2

3.0

RA minor
axis, cm

2.94.5 4.64.9 5.05.4


5.5

RA minor
axis/BSA,
cm/m2

1.72.5 2.62.8 2.93.1

LA area,
cm2

<20

5.3
1.52.3 2.42.6 2.72.9
3.0
2.94.5 4.64.9 5.05.4
5.5
1.72.5 2.62.8 2.93.1

3.2
2030

3040

3.2
<20

2030

3040

41

LA volume, 2252
mL

5362

LA
volume/BS
A, mL/m2

2933

1628

6372

41
1858

5968

6978

73
3439

79
1628

2933

3439

40

40

Aortic
stenosis,
classificatio
n of severity
Aortic jet
velocity,
m/s

2.62.9 3.04.0

>4.0

2.62.9 3.04.0

>4.0

Mean
gradient,
mmHg

<20

2040

>40

<20

>40

Valve area,
cm2

>1.5

1.0
1.5<1.0

Indexed
valve area,
cm2/m2

>0.85

0.60
0.85

<0.6

>0.85

0.60
0.85

<0.6

Velocity
ratio

>0.50

0.25
0.50

<0.25

>0.50

0.25
0.50

<0.25

Valve area,
cm2

>1.5

1.01.5

<1.0

>1.5

1.01.5

<1.0

Mean
gradient,
mmHg

<5

510

>10

<5

510

>10

>1.5

2040

1.01.5 <1.0

Mitral
stenosis,
classificatio
n of severity

Pulmonary
artery
pressure,
mmHg

<30

3050

Vena
contracta
width, cm

<0.30

0.30
0.60

Jet
width/LVO
T width, %

<25

Jet
CSA/LVOT
CSA, %

<5

Regurgitant
volume,
mL/beat

<30

Regurgitant
fraction, %

<30

Effective
regurgitant
orifice area,
cm2

<0.10

>50

<30

3050

<0.30

0.30
0.60

>50

Aortic
regurgitatio
n, indices of
severity

0.60

2564

<25

0.60

2564

65
559

65
<5

559

60
3059

60
<30

3059

60
3049

60
<30

3049

50
0.10
0.29

50
<0.10

0.30

0.10
0.29

0.30

Mitral
regurgitatio
n, indices of
severity
Vena
contracta
width, cm

<0.30

Regurgitant
volume,
mL/beat

<30

Regurgitant
fraction, %

<30

Effective
regurgitant
orifice area,
cm2

<0.20

0.30
0.69

<0.30
0.70

3059

<30

0.30
0.69

0.70

3059

60
3049

60
<30

3049

50
0.20
0.39

50
<0.20

0.40

0.20
0.39

0.40

Abbreviations: BSA, body surface area; CSA, cross-sectional area; LA, left atrium; LVOT,

left ventricular outflow tract; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle; RVOT, right ventricular
outflow tract; 2D, 2-dimensional. Source: Values adapted from: American Society of
Echocardiography, Guidelines and Standards.
http://www.asecho.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3317. Accessed Feb 23, 2010.
Table 13 Summary of Values Useful in Pulmonary Physiology

Typical Values
Symbol

Man Aged 40, 75 kg, 175 Woman Aged 40,


cm Tall
60 kg, 160 cm
Tall

FVC

5.0 L

3.4 L

Forced expiratory volume in FEV1


1s

4.0 L

2.8 L

FEV1/FVC

80%

78%

Pulmonary Mechanics
Spirometryvolume-time
curves
Forced vital capacity

FEV1%

Maximal midexpiratory flow MMEF (FEF 4.1 L/s


rate
2575)

3.2L/s

Maximal expiratory flow rate MEFR (FEF 9.0 L/s


2001200)

6.1 L/s

Spirometryflow-volume
curves
Maximal expiratory flow at Vmax 50 (FEF 5.0 L/s
50% of expired vital capacity 50%)

4.0 L/s

Maximal expiratory flow at Vmax 75 (FEF 2.1 L/s


75% of expired vital capacity 75%)

2.0 L/s

Resistance to airflow:
Pulmonary resistance

RL (RL)

<3.0 (cmH2O/s)/L

Airway resistance

Raw

<2.5 (cmH2O/s)/L

Specific conductance

SGaw

>0.13 cmH2O/s

Pulmonary compliance
Static recoil pressure at total Pst TLC
lung capacity

25 5 cmH2O

Compliance of lungs (static) CL

0.2 L cmH2O

Compliance of lungs and


thorax

C(L + T)

0.1 L cmH2O

Dynamic compliance of 20
breaths per minute

C dyn 20

0.25 0.05 L/cmH2O

Maximal static respiratory

pressures:
Maximal inspiratory pressure MIP

>110 cmH2O

>70 cmH2O

Maximal expiratory pressure MEP

>200 cmH2O

>140 cmH2O

Lung Volumes
Total lung capacity

TLC

6.9 L

4.9 L

Functional residual capacity

FRC

3.3 L

2.6 L

Residual volume

RV

1.9 L

1.5 L

Inspiratory capacity

IC

3.7 L

2.3 L

Expiratory reserve volume

ERV

1.4 L

1.1 L

Vital capacity

VC

5.0 L

3.4 L

Arterial O2 tension

PaO2

12.7 0.7 kPa (95 5


mmHg)

Arterial CO2 tension

PaCO2

5.3 0.3 kPa (40 2


mmHg)

Arterial O2 saturation

SaO2

0.97 0.02 (97 2%)

Arterial blood pH

pH

7.40 0.02

Arterial bicarbonate

HCO3

24 + 2 meq/L

Base excess

BE

0 2 meq/L

Gas Exchange (Sea Level)

Diffusing capacity for carbon DLCO


monoxide (single breath)

37 mL CO/min/mmHg 27
mL CO/min/mmHg

Dead space volume

2 mL/kg body wt

VD

Physiologic dead space; dead VD/VT


space-tidal volume ratio
Rest

35% VT

Exercise

?20% VT

Alveolar-arterial difference
for O2

P(A a)O2
2.7 kPa

20 kPa (

24 mmHg)

Source: Based on: AH Morris et al: Clinical Pulmonary Function Testing. A Manual of
Uniform Laboratory Procedures, 2nd ed. Salt Lake City, Utah, Intermountain Thoracic
Society, 1984.
Table 14 Gastrointestinal Tests

Results
Test

SI Units

Conventional Units

Absorption tests
D-Xylose: after overnight fast, 25 g xylose given
in oral aqueous solution
Urine, collected for following 5 h

25% of ingested
dose

25% of ingested dose

Serum, 2 h after dose

2.03.5 mmol/L

3052 mg/dL

Vitamin A: a fasting blood specimen is obtained


and 200,000 units of vitamin A in oil is given
orally

Serum level
Serum level should
should rise to
rise to twice fasting
twice fasting level level in 35 h
in 35 h

Bentiromide test (pancreatic function): 500 mg


bentiromide (chymex) orally; p-aminobenzoic
acid (PABA) measured
Plasma

>50% recovered
in 6 h

Urine

>3.6 (1.1)
g/mL at 90 min

Gastric juice
Volume
24 h

23 L

23 L

Nocturnal

600700 mL

600700 mL

Basal, fasting

3070 mL/h

3070 mL/h

1.61.8

1.61.8

Reaction
pH
Titratable acidity of fasting juice

1535 meq/h
49

mol/s

Acid output
Basal
Females (mean 1 SD)

2.0 1.8 meq/h


0.6 0.5
mol/s

Males (mean 1 SD)

3.0 2.0 meq/h


0.8 0.6
mol/s

Maximal (after SC histamine acid phosphate,


0.004 mg/kg body weight, and preceded by 50 mg
promethazine, or after betazole, 1.7 mg/kg body
weight, or pentagastrin, 6

g/kg body weight)

Females (mean 1 SD)

16 5 meq/h
4.4 1.4
mol/s

Males (mean 1 SD)

23 5 meq/h
6.4 1.4
mol/s

Basal acid output/maximal acid output ratio

0.6

0.6

Gastrin, serum

0200 pg/mL
0200

g/L

Secretin test (pancreatic exocrine function): 1


unit/kg body weight, IV
Volume (pancreatic juice) in 80 min

>2.0 mL/kg

>2.0 mL/kg

Bicarbonate concentration

>80 mmol/L

>80 meq/L

Bicarbonate output in 30 min


Miscellaneous

>10 mmol

>10 meq

Table 15 Body Fluids and Other Mass Data

Reference Range
SI Units

Conventional Units

Ascitic fluid: See Chap. 43


Body fluid,
Total volume (lean) of body
weight

50% (in obese) to


70%
0.30.4 of body
weight

Intracellular
Extracellular

0.20.3 of body
weight

Blood
Total volume
Males

69 mL/kg body
weight

Females

65 mL/kg body
weight

Plasma volume
Males

39 mL/kg body
weight

Females

40 mL/kg body
weight

Red blood cell volume


Males

30 mL/kg body
weight

1.151.21 L/m2 of body surface


area

Females

25 mL/kg body

0.951.00 L/m2 of body surface

weight
Body mass index

area

18.524.9 kg/m

18.524.9 kg/m2

Table 16 Radiation-Derived Units

Quantity

Measures

Old
Unit

Activity

Rate of radioactive curie


decay
(Ci)

SI Unit

Special Name
for SI Unit
(Abbreviation)

Disintegrations becquerel (Bq)


per second
(dps)

Conversion

1 Ci = 3.7 x
1010 Bq
1 mCi = 37
MBq
1 Bq =
2.703 x 1011
Ci

Exposure

Amount of
roentgen Coulomb per
none
ionizations
(R)
kilogram (C/kg)
produced in dry air
by x-rays or gamma
rays, per unit of
mass

1 C/kg =
3876 R
1 R = 2.58 x
104 C/kg
1 mR = 258
pC/kg

Air kerma Sum of initial


rad
energies of charged
particles liberated
by ionizing
radiation in air, per
unit of mass

Joule per
gray (Gy)
kilogram (J/kg)

1 Gy = 100
rad
1 rad = 0.01
Gy
1 mrad = 10
Gy

Absorbed
dose

Energy deposited
per unit of mass in
a medium, e.g. an
organ/tissue

rad

Joule per
gray (Gy)
kilogram (J/kg)

1 Gy = 100
rad
1 rad = 0.01
Gy
1 mrad = 10
Gy

Equivalent Energy deposited


dose
per unit of mass in
a medium, e.g. an
organ/tissue,

rem

Joule per
sievert (Sv)
kilogram (J/kg)

1 Sv = 100
rem
1 rem = 0.01

weighted to reflect
type(s) of radiation

Sv
1 mrem = 10
Sv

Effective
dose

Energy deposited
rem
per unit of mass in
a reference
individual, doubly
weighted to reflect
type(s) of radiation
and organ(s)
irradiated

Joule per
sievert (Sv)
kilogram (J/kg)

1 Sv = 100
rem
1 rem = 0.01
Sv
1 mrem = 10
Sv

You might also like