New Thick Cylinders

Unit III Thick Cylinders
References:
Punmia B.C.,"Theory of Structures" (SMTS) Vol II,
Laxmi Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi 2004.
Rattan.S.S., "Strength of Materials", Tata McGraw Hill
Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2011.
Rajput R.K., "Strength of Materials (Mechanics of
Solids)", S.Chand & company Ltd., New Delhi, 2010.
Ramamrutham S., Theory of structures Dhanpat
Rai & Sons, New Delhi 1990.
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Contents
Thick cylinders
Compound cylinders

Difference between Thick cylinder and Thin cylinder

Thick Cylinder
Thin Cylinder
1.Circumferential stress varies 1. Circumferential stress f is

along the thickness of the shell. constant
throughout
the
thickness of the shell.
2. Radial stress is no longer 2.Radial stress p is negligible in
negligible since a thick cylinder is comparison of f and f0.
required to have a heavy
internal pressure.

Lames theory
Assumptions:
The material is homogeneous and isotropic.
Plane sections of the cylinder perpendicular to the longitudinal axis
remain plane under pressure.
That is longitudinal strain is the same at all points in the cylinder
wall. (i.e., it is independent of the radius)
Hence to satisfy the requirements of uniform longitudinal strain, we
have
e0 =
= Constant
= Constant = 2A (say)
= Circumferential stress (tensile)
= radial pressure.
Lames theory
Figure 1a shows a thick cylinder subjected to internal and
external radial pressure.
+
+
(a)
Figure 1
(b)
6
Lames theory
Consider an angular ring of the
cylinder, of internal radius x and
thickness .
Let the internal radial pressure
on this ring be and external
pressure + .
On any small element of this

ring, is circumferential stress.

(b)
Lames theory
The condition for equilibrium of one-half of thin ring are similar to
those in the case of thin cylinder. Thus we have,
the bursting force = ( 2) ( + ) 2 (x+ )
= 2 .
= 2 + ( Neglecting the products of small quantities)

The resisting force = 2 .
For equilibrium we have , 2 = 2 +
Or, =[ +

Lames theory
In the limit when thickness of the element is reduced indefinitely,
+ +
= 0 ------------(i)
Another relation is obtained from the assumption that the

longitudinal strain is independent of . Thus from the equation
= 2 ---------(ii)
And hence, = + 2 and by substituting it in equation (i), one
can obtain the following relation;
( + 2)
+ +
=0

Lames theory
( + 2) + +
2 +
or
=
= 2
+
=0
Integrating, log + = log 2 + log

Where log is a constant of integration.
Therefore, log + =
log 2
we know, = 2 -----(ii)
From (ii), =

+
10
Problems
Problem 1.
The internal and external diameter of a thick hollow cylinder are
80 mm and 120 mm respectively. It is subjected to an external
pressure of 40 N/mm2 and an internal pressure of 120 N/mm2.
Calculate the circumferential and radial stresses at the mean
radius.

11
Problems
Solution:
At = r, = 120 N/mm2
i.e., at r = 40mm, = 120 /2
At = , = 40 N/mm2
i.e., at R= 60 mm, = 40 /2

12
Problems
Lames equations are:
=
= 2 +
(1)
(2)
Where = radial stress at a radius x from the centre of the cylinder.

= circumferential stress at a radius x from the centre of the
cylinder

13
Problems
From equation (1),
At = ,
At = ,
-----------(1a)
2
----------------(1b)
2
From (1a),
120 =
From (1b),
40 =
(1a) (1b),
402
602
------------------------------
80 = B
1
402
1
2
60

14
Problems
B=
80 402 602
602 402
= 230400
From (1a), 120 =
230400
402
120 = 144
A= 24
Radial stress at the mean radius 50 mm is:
2
50
230400
=
502
50 =
24 = 68.16 N/mm2
15
Problems
Circumferential stress at mean radius 50 mm is,
50 =
+
502
230400
=
+
502
24 = 116.16 N/mm2
120 N/mm2
68.16 N/mm2
40 N/mm2
50 = 68.16 N/mm2
and
50 =116.16 N/mm2
= 120 /2
= 168 /2
88 N/mm2
116.16 N/mm2
= 40 /2
= 88 /2
168 N/mm2

16
Problems
Problem 2
A cylinder has an internal radius of 200 mm and
external radius of 300 mm. Permissible stress for the
material is 15.5 N/mm2. If the cylinder is subjected to
an external pressure of 4 N/mm2, find the internal
pressure that can be applied.

17
Problems
Solution: r =20 mm; R= 300mm,
= 15.5 N/mm2 ; = 4/2
Lames equations are:
= 2
= 2 +
From (1),
(1)
(2)
= 2
4= 2
300
---------------(1a)

18
Problems
From (2),
15.5 =
+ ----------------(2a)
2
200
4=
---------------(1a)
3002
________________________________
(1a) + (2a), 19.5 = B
B=
19.5 3002 2002

2002 +3002
1
3002
1
2002
= 540000

19
Problems
From (1a), 4=
540000
3002
A = 6-4 = 2
Internal
pressure, = 2
540000
=
2
2
200
= 11.5 /2

20
Problems
Problem 3
A pipe with internal diameter 400 mm is to carry a fluid
pressure of 12 MPa. If the maximum stress in the
material of the pipe is restricted to 110 MPa, calculate
the minimum thickness of the pipe required.

21
Problems
Solution:
d= 400 mm, r = 200 mm
= 12 = 12 /2
= 110 = 140 /2
Lames equations:
= 2
= 2 +
From (1),
(1)
(2)

22
Problems
12 =
2002
---------------(1a)
From (2), =
110 =
+ ----------------(2a)
2002
12 =
---------------(1a)
2
200
___________________________________
(2a) +(1a) is, 122=
2
2002

23
Problems
B=
1222002
2
= 2440000
From (1a), 12 =
2440000
2002
A = 49.
For minimum thickness, =

2440000
2
=0
49 = 0
2440000
49
= 49795.9
R= 223.15 mm.
Thickness of the pipe is R-r = 223.15-200 = 23.15 mm.
24
Problems
Problem 4
A pipe with internal diameter 400 mm is to carry a fluid
at a pressure of 10 MPa. If the maximum stress in the
material of the pipe is restricted to 150 MPa, calculate
the minimum thickness of the pipe required.

25
Problems
Solution:
d= 400 mm
r = 200 mm
fr = 150 MPa
= 10 = 10 /2
= 150 = 150 /2
Pr=10 MPa
Lames equations:
=
2 +
(1)
400 mm
(2)
26
Problems
From (1),
From (2),
10 =
---------------(1a)
2002
150 =
+ ----------------(2a)
2002
_____________________________________
(1a) + (2a),
160 =
2
2002
and hence, B =
1602002
2
= 320 104
From (1a), 10 =
320 104
2002
A = 70.
Since PR = 0,
27
Problems
Since PR = 0,
320 104
2
R2 =
=0
70 = 0
320 104
2
= 45714.2
R=213.8
Thickness of pipe = R-r = 213.8-200 = 13.8 mm.

28
Compound Cylinders
In the thick cylinders when the
cylindrical shells subjected to internal
pressure, the circumferential stress
(hoop stress) is maximum at inner
circumference and it is decreases
towards the outer circumference.
Hence the maximum pressure inside

the shell is limited corresponding to
the condition that the hoop stress at
the inner circumference reaches the
permissible value.
29
Compound Cylinders
But suppose the shell is made of
shrinking one tube over the other.
This will initially introduce hoop
compressive stresses in the inner
tube and hoop tensile stresses in
the outer tube.
1
2
If now the compound tube is

subjected to internal pressure, both
the inner and outer tubes will be
subjected to hoop tensile stress,
due to internal pressure alone.

30
Compound Cylinders
Adding the internal stresses
caused while shrinking and the
stresses due to internal
pressure alone, the final hoop
stresses in both the tubes can
be determined .
1
2
By this arrangement the hoop

stresses throughout the metal
will be more or less uniform.

31
Compound Cylinders
Let r1 and r2 be the outer and
inner radii of the compound tube.
Let the radius at the junction of
the two tubes be r3 .
Let pj be the radial pressure
intensity at the junction of the
two tubes after shrinking the
outer tube over the inner tube.

1
2
32
Compound Cylinders
Let Lammes relation for the outer tube be given by,
1
2
and =
1
2
+ 1
At = 1 , = 0
0=
1
1 2
1 -----(1)
2
and at = 3 ,
=
1
3 2
1 --------(2)
The constants 1 and 1 can be

determined from equations (1) and (2).
33
Compound Cylinders
Let Lammes relation for the inner tube be given by,
=
2
2
and =
2
2
+ 2
At = 2 , = 0
0=
2
1 2
2 -----(3)
and at = 3 ,
=
2
3 2
2 --------(4)
The constants 2 and 2 can be

Determined from equations (3) and (4).
Now the hoop stresses for the outer and inner tube can be easily
determined.
34
Compound Cylinders
Suppose the compound tube is subjected to an internal fluid
pressure 0 . For this analysis , the inner and the outer tubes will
together be considered as one thick shell. The stresses due to
internal fluid pressure alone can now be determined. For this
condition let Lames relations be,
=
and =
At = 1 , = 0
0=
1 2
1
2
-----(5)
and at = 2 ,
0 =
2 2
--------(6)
The constants and can

now be evaluated.
35
Compound Cylinders
The hoop stresses across the section can
now be easily determined.
By algebraically adding, the hoop stresses
caused due to shrinking to the hoop
stresses caused by internal fluid pressure,
the final hoop stresses may be determined.
1
2

36
Compound Cylinders - Problems

Problem:
A compound tube is composed of a tube 25 cm internal diameter and
2.5 cm thick shrunk on a tube of 25 cm external diameter and 2.5 cm
thick. The radial pressure at the junction is 80 kg/cm2 . The compound
tube is subjected to an internal fluid pressure of 845 kg/cm2. Find the
variation of the hoop stress over the wall of the compound tube.

37

Solution:
Stresses due to shrinking the outer tube to the inner tube:
Outer tube: Let Lammes relations for the outer tube be given by,
=
1
2
and =
1
2
+ 1
At = 15 , = 0
0=
1
152
1 -----(1)
12.5
and at = 12.5 , = 80 kg/cm2
80 =
1
12.52
1 --------(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2), we get 1 =181.8 and 1 =40910

38

Hoop stresses for the outer tube are given by,
40910
+ 181.8 = 443.6 /2(tensile)
2
12.5
40910
+ 181.8 = 363.6 /2(tensile)
2
15
12.5 =
15 =
Inner Tube:
Let Lammes relations for the inner tube
be given by, =
and =
2
2
2
2
12.5
+ 2
At = 12.5 , = 80 kg/cm2
80 =
2
12.52
2 -----(3)
and at = 10 ,
0=
2
102
2 --------(4)

39

Solving equations (3) and (4) we get 2 = 222 and 2 = 22220
Hence the hoop stresses for the inner tube are given by,
22220
2(Compressive)
222
=
364.2
/
12.52
22220
2 222 = 444.2 /2(Compressive)
10
12.5 =
10 =
Stresses due to internal fluid pressure alone:

For this condition both the tubes together will
Be considered as acting as one cylinder.
Let Lammes relations for this condition be
=
12.5
and =
+
40
and =
At = 15, = 0
0=
152
-----(5)
and at = 10 , =845 kg/cm2
845 =
102
--------(6)
Solving equations (5) and (6), we get

A=676.1 and B= 152200

12.5
41

Hence the hoop stresses due to internal
fluid pressure alone given by
152200
2(Tensile)
+
676.1
=
2198.1/
102
152200
12.5 =
+ 676.1 = 1650.1 /2(Tensile)
2
12.5
152200
2(Tensile)
15 =
+
676.1
=
1352.2
/
152
10 =
Hence due to the combined effect of shrinking the outer tube on the
innner tube and internal fluid pressure the final hoop stresses will be
as follows:
Outer tube: 15 = 363.6 + 1352.2 = 1715.8 kg/cm2 (tensile)
12.5 = 443.6 + 1650.1 = 2093.7 kg/cm2 (tensile)
Inner tube: 12.5 = 364.2 + 1650.1 = 1285.9 kg/cm2 (tensile)
10 = 444.2 + 2198.1 = 1753.9 kg/cm2 (tensile)
42
Compound Cylinders
Initial difference in radii at junction is :
1
=
+
+
2
2
3
3
Let the Lames equations for inner tube be
= 2 A; = 2 + A
and for the outer tube be
+
2

43

A thick cylinder of external diameter 40 cm and internal diameter 30
cm is shrunk on to another cylinder of external diameter 30 cm and 5
cm thick. If the radial pressure at the junction to shrink fit is 15 Mpa,
calculate the initial difference in radii at the junction.

44

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Unit III Thick Cylinders

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Difference between Thick cylinder and Thin cylinder

1.Circumferential stress varies 1. Circumferential stress f is

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

On any small element of this

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

= 2 + ( Neglecting the products of small quantities)

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Another relation is obtained from the assumption that the

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Integrating, log + = log 2 + log

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Where = radial stress at a radius x from the centre of the cylinder.

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

From (1a), 120 =

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

19.5 3002 2002

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

For minimum thickness, =

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Hence the maximum pressure inside

If now the compound tube is

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

By this arrangement the hoop

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

The constants 1 and 1 can be

The constants 2 and 2 can be

The constants and can

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Compound Cylinders - Problems

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Compound Cylinders - Problems

and at = 12.5 , = 80 kg/cm2

Solving equations (1) and (2), we get 1 =181.8 and 1 =40910

Compound Cylinders - Problems

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Compound Cylinders - Problems

Stresses due to internal fluid pressure alone:

Compound Cylinders - Problems

and at = 10 , =845 kg/cm2

Solving equations (5) and (6), we get

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Compound Cylinders - Problems

and for the outer tube be

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

Compound Cylinders - Problems

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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