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217
New trends in marketing as specified by World Trade Organization (WTO) demand high quality graded
Farmers are looking forward to having an appropriate agricultural produce-grading machine in order to alleviate the
labor shortage, save time and improve graded products quality. Grading of fruits is a very important operation as it fetches
high price to the grower and improves packaging, handling and brings an overall improvement in marketing system. The
fruits are generally graded on basis of size and graded fruits are more welcome in export market.
The need to be responsive to market demand places a greater emphasis on quality assessment,
resulting in the greater need for improved and more accurate grading and sorting practices.
potatoes, onions provided a base for grading them in different categories.
2013.
Introduction
218
September, 2013
quality basis.
Manual grading is an
The
and the first grader designed was simply a crude slat with
71 mm.
slat and moved by hand into the bag. These were called
graders.
fifty years.
mechanized.
Labor
In
with a flat belt, one with longitudinal spiral rolls and one
Size variation in
plywood frame.
roll table.
The
which the rolls move down the table, and the rotating
given amount of fruit was lowest for the float roll table
products.
2.1
Size grading
Malcolm and De.Garmo (1953) carried out extensive
Up to 1,400 kg
September, 2013
The capacity of the unit was 160 bushel h-1 with belt
grades.
The unit
and sizing.
It was
At defect level of
In a typical test
flow rate was about 450 potatoes min-1. In the test they
brushes.
apple.
electrical motor.
Then in
-1
the small apples fell between them first and the larger
sizing efficiency.
operation.
product feed rate less than 2040 kg h-1, though feed rates
A prototype
belts to rotate until its long axis was parallel to the belts.
220
September, 2013
The
-1
75 r m .
per hour.
The process
A sorter consisting of a
The
The
position.
range.
A mechanical
The angle of
In this
with
Only
the
grading
table
motion
to
operate
September, 2013
In tests with
rollers increased.
be satisfactory.
Speed and
The
board.
It comprising rollers
rollers.
grading accuracy.
range.
to be separated.
demonstrate
criteria
-1
The main
that
of
separation
accuracy
unit.
-1
An inclined,
prototype
They
grader
consisting
of
two
inclined,
-1
Optimum
However, this
222
September, 2013
The
throughput capacity.
Grading
made
by
an
experienced
scientist,
an
compared.
High labor
principle.
The grader graded the onions into four sizes <70 mm,
given with same fruits. The results showed that the new
grades.
The machine
Three rollers
-1
speeds (300, 360 and 450 r min ) and three different gap
September, 2013
1,727 kg h-1.
72%.
feeding unit.
The grader
rollers.
different grades.
-1
kg h .
Testing
vegetable grader.
A drive
vegetables.
storage of produce.
-1
that the disc speed of 60- 70 r min was the most suitable
errors.
The grader
of produce.
of fruits.
developed.
of 89.5%.
The
224
2.2
September, 2013
Weight grading
Jager et al, (1958) developed an early type of weight
arms.
Grade
He plotted a
studied
on
aluminium pipe.
grader.
Singh
and
Bhatt
(2011)
Mostly
single lane.
2.3
Screen grading
described.
technologies.
that of water.
was maintained.
splits, the count per pound, the amount of damage and the
bounce.
The
determined.
The cloud
September, 2013
constructional
form of a conveyor.
details,
Design consideration,
method
of
operation
and
On an average, the
-1
employing 0 to 14 attendants.
The
-1
Quality
Re-orientation of
impregnated al wires.
kg h-1.
High
for lemon, aonla and ber was found to be 79%, 93.8% and
97.96% respectively.
It comprised a
2.4
The average
There was no
226
September, 2013
vegetables.
The
by optical methods.
Test results
Approximately 74%
harvested tomatoes.
light.
circuit
per channel.
Photocell
sensors,
an
integrated
In studies on light
in sorting accuracies.
Anonymous (1980) reviewed an electronic color
A mechanical
vision system.
September, 2013
camera.
contents.
-1
per second.
off-line.
2.5
Miscellaneous grader
Malcolm and De.Garmo (1953) tested a Roller table
classification.
They
image processing.
intervals.
efficiency occurred.
The
potato-cum-onion grader.
elevator,
machine.
feed
conveyor,
It consisted of a frame, an
a
sizing
conveyor,
an
Sizing
to the second layer and the larger fruit was retained and
internal quality.
The second
228
September, 2013
A rotating
3 Conclusions
Weight
specific gravity.
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