Work Interactions

IIT Bombay
ME 209

From mechanics,
Work = Force . Displacement

W F .ds
2

Introduction - Applications

Work Interactions (Tensile)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

Ultimate tensile strength

dW T .dL
Introduction - Applications

Work Interactions (Electrical)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

dW E.dq
Introduction - Applications

Work Interactions (Shaft)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

dW .d
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEL7yc8R42k
Introduction - Applications

Work Interactions (Expansion)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

dW P.dV
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-6AgvZOC-g&feature=related
Introduction - Applications

Work Interactions (contd.)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

system & surroundings

dW = X.dY
sign convention
Often, X = intensive property ;
Y = extensive property

One way / two way

Introduction - Applications

Thermodynamic definition of work

IIT Bombay
ME 209

Energy interaction between two systems

Reducible completely to raise of weight

Introduction - Applications

Thermodynamic definition of work (contd.)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

A1 A2

B1 B2

Is I work?
Is yes magnitude and direction?

Introduction - Applications

Thermodynamic definition of work (contd.)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

If possible, construct C1

A
A1 A2

C1
No change of state

h1

Introduction - Applications

Thermodynamic definition of work (contd.)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

If C1 can be constructed:
a. I is work
b. WA = +mgh1 ; WB = mgh1
c. A does work on B

Introduction - Applications

10

Thermodynamic definition of work (contd.)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

If construction of C1 is impossible, construct C2

C2
No change of state

h2

B
B1 B 2

Introduction - Applications

11

Thermodynamic definition of work (contd.)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

If C2 can be constructed:
a. I is work
b. WA = mgh2 ; WB = + mgh2
c. B does work on A

Introduction - Applications

12

Thermodynamic definition of work (contd.)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

If neither C1 or C2 can be constructed

I is not completely work

Introduction - Applications

13

Sign convention of Work

Work done BY system : positive

Work done ON system : negative

Introduction - Applications

IIT Bombay
ME 209

Mech. Engg.
Elec. Engg.
Physics

14

Quantification of work

IIT Bombay
ME 209

W Wexp Wshaft Welec Wother

A1 A2
2

W dWexp dWshaft dWelec Wother

2

W PdV d Edq Wother

Introduction - Applications

15

Quantification of work (contd.)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

dWany
1

can only be evaluated as an integral if the process

is Quasi-static

Introduction - Applications

16

Quantification of work (contd.)

P

IIT Bombay
ME 209

W is a path function
dW is not an exact differential
Hence dW is written as W, W, etc.
Introduction - Applications

17

Classification of Systems (based on Work)

IIT Bombay
ME 209

Systems can be classified by the number of two-way

interactions that can be executed:
Simple system (1)
Complex system (2)
Rudimentary system (0)

Introduction - Applications

18

Example 1

IIT Bombay
ME 209

An electrical heater has a resistance of 50. It is connected

across a power supply of 240V, for a period of 2 hours.
Determine the work done by the power supply on the heater.
How many units of electricity are consumed?

Introduction - Applications

19

Example 2

IIT Bombay
ME 209

A system containing 5 kg of a substance is stirred with a torque

of 0.3 kgf-m at a speed of 1000 rpm for 24 hours. The system
meanwhile expands from 1 m3 to 2 m3 against a constant
pressure of 4 kgf/cm2.
Determine the net work done in kJ.

Introduction - Applications

20

Example 3

IIT Bombay
ME 209

Consider the situation shown in the figure below. The width of the channel
is b, normal to the plane of the paper. The atmospheric pressure is P0.
Show that the force exerted by the water on the piston is

gh

F P0
hb
2

Calculate the work done by the water on the piston and by the
atmosphere on the water when the chamber length is slowly increased
from x1 to x2. Express your answer in terms of P0, b, h1, x1, x2, , and g.

Introduction - Applications

21

Example 4

IIT Bombay
ME 209

The pressure of a 250g block of metal is increased quasistatically and isothermally from 0 to 1000 bar. Assume the
density and isothermal bulk modulus of the metal remain
(almost) constant at 20 gm/cm2 and 2.1012 dyne/cm2
respectively.
Determine the work done in J. Isothermal bulk modulus is
defined as
P
V

Introduction - Applications

22