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GibsonGuitarCorporation
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

GibsonBrands,Inc.(formerlyGibsonGuitar
Corp.)isanAmericanmanufacturerofguitarsand
otherinstruments,nowbasedinNashville,Tennessee.
ThecompanywasformerlyknownasGibsonGuitar
Corp.andrenamedGibsonBrands,Inc.onJune11,
2013.[3][4]
OrvilleGibsonfoundedthecompanyin1902asThe
GibsonMandolinGuitarMfg.Co.,Ltd.in
Kalamazoo,Michigantomakemandolinfamily
instruments.[1]Gibsoninventedarchtopguitarsby
constructingthesametypeofcarved,archedtopsused
onviolins.Bythe1930s,thecompanywasalso
makingflattopacousticguitars,aswellasoneofthe
firstcommerciallyavailablehollowbodyelectric
guitars,usedandpopularizedbyCharlieChristian.In
1944,GibsonwasboughtbyChicagoMusical
Instruments(CMI)whichwasacquiredin1969by
Panamabasedconglomerate,EcuadorianCompany
Limited(E.C.L.)thatchangeditsnameinthesame
yeartoNorlinCorporation.Manyobserversseethis
asthebeginningofaneraofmismanagement.
Gibsonsellsguitarsunderavarietyofbrandnames[5]
andbuildsoneoftheworld'smosticonicguitars,the
GibsonLesPaul.ManyGibsoninstrumentsarehighly
collectible.Gibsonwasattheforefrontofinnovation
inacousticguitars,especiallyinthebigbanderaof
the1930stheGibsonSuper400waswidelyimitated.
In1952,Gibsonintroduceditsfirstsolidbodyelectric
guitar,theLesPaulwhichbecameitsmostpopular
guitartodatedesignedbyTedMcCartyandLes
Paul.
GibsonwasownedbytheNorlincorporationfrom
1969to1986.In1986,thecompanywasacquiredby
itspresentowners.Gibsonisaprivatelyheld
corporationownedbyitschiefexecutiveofficer
HenryJuszkiewiczanditspresidentDavidH.
Berryman.Inadditiontoguitars,Gibsonoffers
consumeraudioequipmentdevicesthroughits
subsidiariesOnkyoCorporation,CerwinVegaand
Stanton,[6]aswellasprofessionalaudioequipment
fromKRKSystemsalsopianosfromtheirwholly
ownedsubsidiaryBaldwinPianoandmusicsoftware
fromCakewalk.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation

GibsonBrands,Inc.

Formerly
called

GibsonGuitarCorporation

Type

Private

Industry

Musicalinstruments

Founded

1902 [1]inKalamazoo,Michigan

Founder

OrvilleGibson

Headquarters Nashville,Tennessee,UnitedStates
Areaserved

Worldwide

Keypeople

HenryJuszkiewicz(Chairmanand
CEO)
DavidBerryman(President)
ReggieMebane(COO)
OrvilleGibson(Founder)
LloydLoar
TedMcCarty
LesPaul
SethLover

Products

Mandolins
Archtop,acousticandelectric
guitars
Bassguitars
Audioequipment

Subsidiaries

BaldwinPiano
Cakewalk
CerwinVega
Dobro
Epiphone
Esoteric
HarmonyCentral
Integra
Kramer
KRKSystems
Maestro
Onkyo
Stanton
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Steinberger
TASCAM
TEACCorporation

Contents

Tobias [2]

1 History

Website

1.1 Beginnings

Gibson.com(http://www.gibson.co
m/)

1.2 Modernization
1.3 Recenthistory
1.3.1 FWSraids&LaceyAct
violation
2 Instruments
3 Factories
4 Seealso
5 Footnotes
6 References
7 Furtherreading
8 Externallinks

History
Beginnings
OrvilleGibson(born1856)
patentedasinglepiecemandolin
designin1898thatwasmore
durablethanothermandolinsand
couldbemanufacturedin
volume.[7]OrvilleGibsonbegan
tosellhisinstrumentsin1894
outofaoneroomworkshopin
KalamazooMichigan.In1902
Harpguitar
OrvilleGibson,
GibsonlineofMandolin
GibsonMandolinGuitarMfg.
(c.1912).
founder
orchestrainstruments,early
Co,Ltd.wasincorporatedto
1900s.
markettheinstruments.Initially,
thecompanyproducedonly
[8]
OrvilleGibson'soriginaldesigns. Orvillediedin1918ofendocarditis(inflammationoftheinside
liningoftheheartchambersandvalves).[7]

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L5acoustic. ES150

ES175D

Thefollowingyearthecompanyhireddesigner
LloydLoartocreatenewerinstruments.[8]Loar
designedtheflagshipL5archtopguitarandthe
GibsonF5mandolinthatwasintroducedin1922,
beforeleavingthecompanyin1924.[9]In1936
Gibsonintroducedtheirfirst"ElectricSpanish"
model,theES150followedbyotherelectric
instrumentslikesteelguitars,banjosand
mandolins.
Super400

DuringWorldWarII,instrumentmanufacturing
50)
atGibsonslowedduetoshortagesofwoodand
metal,andGibsonbeganmanufacturingwood
andmetalpartsforthemilitary.Between1942
1945,Gibsonemployedwomentomanufactureguitars."Womenproducednearly25,000guitarsduring
WorldWarIIyetGibsondeniedeverbuildinginstrumentsoverthisperiod,"accordingtoa2013history
ofthecompany.Gibsonfolklorehasalsoclaimeditsguitarsweremadeby"seasonedcraftsmen"who
were"toooldforwar."[10][11]
(basedonL

(basedonL4) CES

In1944GibsonwaspurchasedbyChicago
MusicalInstruments.TheES175wasintroduced
in1949.GibsonhiredTedMcCartyin1948,who
becamePresidentin1950.Heledanexpansion
oftheguitarlinewithnewguitarssuchasthe
"LesPaul"guitarintroducedin1952and
designedbyLesPaul,apopularmusicianinthe
1950sandalsoapioneerinmusictechnology.
TheLesPaulwasofferedinCustom,Standard,
Special,andJuniormodels.[12]Inthemid50s,
theThinlineserieswasproduced,whichincluded
alineofthinnerguitarsliketheByrdland.The
firstByrdlandswereslim,custombuilt,L5
modelsforguitaristsBillyByrdandHank
Garland.Later,ashorterneckwasadded.Other
modelssuchastheES350TandtheES225T
wereintroducedaslesscostlyalternatives.[13]In
1958,GibsonintroducedtheES335Tmodel.
SimilarinsizetothehollowbodyThinlines,the
ES335familyhadasolidcenter,givingthe
stringtonealongersustain.

1953LesPaul
Goldtop

LesPaul LesPaul
Custom Standard

LesPaul
Junior

L5CES
ES350T ES335T
Inthe1950s,GibsonalsoproducedtheTuneo
Byrdland
maticbridgesystemanditsversionofthe
humbuckingpickup,thePAF("PatentApplied
For"),firstreleasedin1957andstillsoughtafterforitssound.In1958,Gibsonproducedtwonew
designs:theeccentricallyshapedExplorerandFlyingV.These"modernistic"guitarsdidnotsell
initially.Itwasonlyinthelate1960sandearly70swhenthetwoguitarswerereintroducedtothe
marketthattheysoldwell.TheFirebird,intheearly60s,wasarepriseofthemodernisticidea,though
lessextreme.
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Modernization
Inthelate50s,McCartyknewthatGibsonwas
seenasatraditionalcompanyandbegananeffort
tocreatemoremodernguitars.In1961thebody
designoftheLesPaulwaschangedduetothe
demandforadoublecutawaybodydesign.[14]
Thenewbodydesignthenbecameknownasthe
SG(for"solidguitar"),duetodisapprovalfrom
LesPaulhimself.TheLesPaulreturnedtothe
Gibsoncatalogin1968.

Explorer

FlyingV

nonreverse
(left)&reverse Gibson
Firebird
SG

OnDecember22,1969,theGibsonparentcompanyChicagoMusicalInstrumentswastakenoverbythe
SouthAmericanbrewingconglomerateECL.GibsonremainedunderthecontrolofCMIuntil1974
whenitbecameasubsidiaryofNorlinMusicalInstruments.NorlinMusicalInstrumentswasamember
ofNorlinIndustrieswhichwasnamedforECLpresidentNortonStevensandCMIpresidentArnold
Berlin.Thisbegananeracharacterizedbycorporatemismanagementanddecreasingproductquality.
Between1974and1984productionofGibson
guitarswasshiftedfromKalamazootoNashville,
Tennessee.TheKalamazooplantkeptgoingfora
fewyearsasacustominstrumentshop,butwas
closedin1984severalGibsonemployeesledby
plantmanagerJimDuerlooestablishedHeritage
Guitarsintheoldfactory,buildingversionsof
classicGibsondesigns.

GibsonleftKalamazooin
1984,thenprevious
factorybecameHeritage
Guitars

Gibson
Showcaseat
Nashville

Gibson
Factoryat
Memphis

Thecompany(Gibson)waswithinthreemonths
ofgoingoutofbusinessbeforeitwasboughtby
HenryE.Juszkiewicz,DavidH.Berryman,and
GaryA.ZebrowskiinJanuary1986.[15]NewproductionplantswereopenedinMemphis,Tennessee,as
wellasBozeman,Montana.TheMemphisfacilityisusedforsemihollowandcustomshopinstruments,
whiletheBozemanfacilityisdedicatedtoacousticinstruments.[16]
In1977GibsonsuedHoshino/ElgerforcopyingtheGibsonLesPaul.[17]In2000,Gibsonsued
FernandesGuitarsinaTokyocourtforallegedlycopyingGibsondesigns.Gibsondidnotprevail.[18]
GibsonalsosuedPRSGuitarsin2005,tostopthemfrommakingtheirSinglecutmodel.Thelawsuit
againstPRSwasinitiallysuccessful.[19]However,theUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheSixth
CircuitreversedthelowercourtdecisionandorderedthedismissalofGibson'ssuitagainstPRS.[20]

Recenthistory
GibsonpurchasedGarrisonGuitarsin2007.[21]Inmid2009Gibsonreduceditsworkforcetoadjustfor
adeclineinguitarindustrysalesintheUnitedStates.[22]
In2011,GibsonacquiredtheStantonGroup,includingCerwinVega,KRKSystemsandStantonDJ.
Gibsonthenformedanewdivision,GibsonProAudio,whichwilldeliverprofessionalgradeaudio
items,includingheadphones,loudspeakersandDJequipment.[23]

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GibsonannouncedapartnershipwiththeJapanesebasedOnkyoCorporationin2012.Onkyo,knownfor
audioequipmentandhometheatersystems,becamepartoftheGibsonProAudiodivision.[24]
FWSraids&LaceyActviolation
Gibson'sfactorieswereraidedin2009and2011byagentsoftheUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeService
(FWS).InNovember2009authoritiesfoundillegallyimportedebonywoodfromMadagascar.[25][26]A
secondraidwasconductedinAugust2011,[25]duringwhichtheFWSseizedwoodimportsfromIndia
thathadbeenmislabeledontheUSCustomsdeclaration.[27][28]GibsonGuitarCorp.filedamotionin
January2011torecoverseizedmaterialsandoverturnthecharges,whichwasdeniedbythecourt.[29][30]
TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJusticefoundemailsfrom2008and2009inwhichGibsonemployees
discussedthe"graymarket"natureoftheebonywoodavailablefromaGermanwooddealerwho
obtaineditfromasupplierinMadagascaraswellasplanstoobtainthewood.Itfiledacivil
proceedinginJune2011,[28][31][32]thefirstsuchcaseundertheamendedLaceyAct,whichrequires
importingcompaniestopurchaselegallyharvestedwoodandfollowtheenvironmentallawsofthe
producingcountriesregardlessofcorruptionorlackofenforcement.[32]Gibsonarguedinastatementthe
followingdaythatauthoritieswere"bullyingGibsonwithoutfilingcharges"anddeniedany
wrongdoing.[27][33]Arguingagainstthefederalregulationsandclaimingthatthemovethreatenedjobs,
RepublicansandteapartymembersspokeoutagainsttheraidsandsupportedJuszkiewicz.[34]
ThecasewassettledonAugust6,2012,withGibsonadmittingtoviolatingtheLaceyActandagreeing
topayafineof$300,000inadditiontoa$50,000communitypayment.Gibsonalsoforfeitedthewood
seizedintheraids,whichwasvaluedatroughlythesameamountasthesettlement.[35][36]However,ina
subsequentstatementGibsonmaintaineditsinnocencewithJuszkiewiczclaimingthat"Gibsonwas
inappropriatelytargeted"andthatthegovernmentraidswere"sooutrageousandoverreachingasto
deservefurtherCongressionalinvestigation."Juszkiewiczcontinuedtostate,"Wefeltcompelledto
settleasthecostsofprovingourcaseattrialwouldhavecostmillionsofdollarsandtakenaverylong
timetoresolve."[37]
Thecaseraisedconcernsformusicianswholackdocumentationofvintageinstrumentsmadeof
traditional,nonsustainablematerials.[38][39]However,officialsfromtheJusticeDepartmentandtheU.S.
FishandWildlifeServicehavestatedthatmusicianswhounknowinglypossessinstrumentsmadefrom
illegalwoodwouldnotbetreatedascriminals.[40]
Gibsonwasabletoreclaimsomewoodstockwhichwasconfiscatedduringtheraids,[41]andproduceda
newguitarmarketedtodrawattentiontotheraidsandseizures.[42]Thisisdiscussedbelowinthe
Instrumentssection.

Instruments
GibsonalsoownsandmakesinstrumentsunderbrandssuchasEpiphone,[43]Kramer,[44]
Maestro,[45]Steinberger,[46]andTobias,[47]alongwiththeownershipofhistoricalbrandssuchas
Kalamazoo,[48][49]Dobro,[5]Slingerland,[50]ValleyArts,[50]andBaldwin[5](including:Chickering,[50]
Hamilton,[50]Wurlitzer[5][50]).

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Inadditiontoguitars,GibsonoffersconsumeraudioequipmentdevicesthroughitssubsidiariesOnkyo
Corporation,CerwinVegaandStanton,[6]aswellasprofessionalaudioequipmentfromKRKSystems
andTEACCorporation/TASCAMandmusicsoftwarefromCakewalk.[50]
Gibsonmakesauthorizedcopiesofitsmostsuccessfulguitardesigns.Theyarelessexpensivethanthose
bearingtheGibsonname.Aformercompetitor,EpiphonewaspurchasedbyGibsonandnowmakes
competitivelypricedGibsonmodels,suchastheLesPaulandSG,soldundertheEpiphonebrand,[51]
whilecontinuingtomakeEpiphonespecificmodelsliketheSheratonandCasino.InJapan,Orvilleby
GibsononcemadeGibsondesignssoldinthatcountry.[52]Gibsonhassoughtlegalactionagainstthose
thatmakeandsellguitarsGibsonbelievesaretoosimilartotheirown.
In1977,Gibsonintroducedtheserialnumberingsysteminuseuntil2006.[53]Aneightdigitnumberon
thebackshowsthedatewhentheinstrumentwasproduced,whereitwasproduced,anditsorderof
productionthatday(e.g.,firstinstrumentstampedthatday,second,etc.).[54]Asof2006,thecompany
usedsevenserialnumbersystems,[53]makingitdifficulttoidentifyguitarsbytheirserialnumber
alone.[53][54]andasof1999thecompanyhasusedsixdistinctserialnumberingsystems.[54]An
exceptionistheyear1994,Gibson'scentennialyearmany1994serialnumbersstartwith"94",followed
byasixdigitproductionnumber.TheGibsonwebsiteprovidesabooktohelpwithserialnumber
deciphering.[54]
In2006,Gibsonintroducedaninedigitserialnumbersystemreplacingtheeightdigitsystemusedsince
1977,butthesixthdigitnowrepresentsabatchnumber.[53]
In2003,[55]GibsondebuteditsEthernetbased[56]audioprotocol,MaGIC,whichitdevelopedin
partnershipwith3COM,AdvancedMicroDevices,andXilinx.[55]Replacingtraditionalanaloghook
upswithadigitalconnectionthatwould,"...satisfytheuniquerequirementsofliveaudioperformances,"
mayhavebeenthegoalofthisproject.[56]
Thissystemmayrequireaspecialpickup,[55]butcablingisprovidedbystandardCat5ethernet
cord.[55][56]
TheGibson"selftuningguitar",alsoknownasa"robotmodel",anoptiononsomenewerLesPaul,SG,
FlyingVandExplorerinstruments,willtuneitselfinlittlemorethantwosecondsusingrobotics
technologydevelopedbyTronicalGmbH.[57]UnderthetradenameMinETune,thisdevicebecame
standardonseveralmodelsin2014.[58]
In2014Gibsonintroducedthe"GovernmentSeriesIILesPaul",whichwasconstructedusingwoodthe
USgovernmentreturnedtoGibsonafterresolutionofthecase.[59]Theguitarisfinishedin"government
tan"andcontainstonewoodoriginallyseizedbutreturnedtoGibson.Itfeaturesdecorationswhichare
designedtodrawattentiontotheissueofgovernment.

Factories
BelowaresomeofthefacilitiesusedtoproduceGibsoninstruments,alongwithyearsoftheiroperation:

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Address

Yearsof
Operation

Notes

114So.Burdick,
Kalamazoo,MI.

18961897

Thiswasthe"businesslocation"of"O.H.Gibson,Manufacturer,
MusicalInstruments."[60]

104EastMain,
Kalamazoo,MI

18991902

ThiswasOrvilleGibsonsresidence,andhebuiltinstrumentson
the2ndfloorofthislocation.[60][61]

114EastMain,
Kalamazoo,MI

19021906

The"GibsonMandolinGuitarManufacturingCo,Ltd."was
establishedin1902.[60]Thisbuilding,saidtobeinfestedwith
cockroaches,wasprobablytheformerWitmerBakery.[62]

114EastExchange
Place,Kalamazoo,
MI

19061911

Locatedquiteclosetothepreviouslocation,inKalamazoos
businessdistrict.[63]

19111917

Locatedabout.5milesfrompreviouslocation.Thebuildingwas
nexttotheMichiganCentralRailroad,andstoodformanydecades,
untilitcamedowninthelate20thcentury.[64]

19171984

Alsolocatednexttorailroadtracks,thisfacilityhadmajor
expansionsin1945,1950,and1960.[65]Variousbrandswere
producedthere,includingGibson,Epiphone,(19571970)[66][67]
andKalamazoo.Duringthedepressionofthe1930s,children'stoys
wereproducedthere,andduringWW2itproducedmaterialsto
supportthewareffortinadditiontoproducingguitars.[68]Between
1974and1984Gibsonmoveditsmanufacturingoutofthisfacility
toTennessee.Mostofthismovehappenedin1974,leavingonly
acousticandsomesemiacousticproductionforthisplant.[69]In
1985,HeritageGuitarsbeganproduction,rentingpartofthis
facility.[70]

521523East
HarrisonCourt,
Kalamazoo,MI

225ParsonsSt,
Kalamazoo,MI,
49007

641MassmanDrive,
1984
Nashville,TN,
present
37210

ThisisGibson'sfacilityforproductionoftheirmainsolidbody
models,suchastheLesPaulandtheSG.

145Lt.GeorgeW.
LeeAv,Memphis,
TN38103

2000
present

ThisisGibson'sfacilityforproductionoftheirsemihollowbody
electricguitars.ThisfacilitysharesthesamebuildingasGibson's
RetailShopandBealeStreet"Showcase"location.[71]

1894OrvilleWay,
Bozeman,MT,
59715

1989[72]
present

Thisfacilityisdedicatedtoacousticguitarproduction.

Seealso
Mandolinorchestra
DavidHarvey(luthier)
JimTriggs(luthier)
LloydLoar(luthier)
ListofGibsonplayers

Footnotes
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Achard,Ken(1989).TheHistoryandDevelopmentoftheAmericanGuitar.Westport,CT:Bold
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ElectricGuitars.Milwaukee,WI:BackbeatBooks.ISBN9781617130083.
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Francisco:BackbeatBooks.ISBN9781617130335.
Bacon,Tony(2014).Sunburst:HowtheGibsonLesPaulStandardBecameaLegendaryGuitar.
Montclair:BackbeatBooks.ISBN9781617134661.
Bonds,Ray(2004).TheIllustratedDirectoryofGutiars.NewYork:BarnesandNoble.
ISBN9780760763179.
Carter,Walter(1994).GibsonGuitars:100YearsofanAmericanIcon.LosAngeles:General
PublishingGroup.ISBN9781881649397.
Carter,Walter(2007).GibsonElectricGuitarBookSeventyYearsofClassicGuitars.Backbeat
Books:NewYork.ISBN9780879308957.
Day,PaulCarter,WalterHunter,DaveVerheyen,Carl(2011).TheUltimateGibsonGuitar
Book.NewYork:MetroBooks.ISBN9781435137561.
Duchossoir,A.R.(1998).GibsonElectrics:TheClassicYears.Milwaukee,WI:HalLeonard.
ISBN9780793592104.
Duchossoir,A.R.(2008).GuitarIdentification:AReferenceforDatingGuitarsmadebyFender,
Gibson,Gretsch,andMartin(4thed.).Milwaukee,WI:HalLeonard.ISBN9781423426110.
Duchossoir,A.R.(2009).GibsonElectricSteelGuitars:19351967.Milwaukee,WI:Hal
Leonard.ISBN9781423457022.
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IllustratedHistory&Guide.SanFrancisco:BackbeatBooks.ISBN9780879309626.
Fjestad,ZacharyR.Meiners,Larry(2007).GibsonFlyingV.Minneapolis,MN:BlueBook
Publications.ISBN9781886768727.
Fox,Paul(2011).TheOtherBrandsofGibson.AnaheimHills,CA:CenterstreamPublications.
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Gleick,James(1987).Chaos:MakingaNewScience.NewYork:Viking.ISBN9780670
811786.
Gruhn,GeorgeCarter,Walter(1993).AcousticGuitarsandOtherFrettedInstruments:A
PhotographicHistory.SanFrancisco:GPIBooks.ISBN9780879302405.
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NewYork:BackbeatBooks.ISBN9780879309749.
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Gruhn,GeorgeCarter,Walter(2010b).GruhnsGuidetoVintageGuitars:AnIdentification
GuideforAmericanFrettedInstruments.NewYork:BackbeatBooks.ISBN9780879304225.
Hembree,George(2007).GibsonGuitars:TedMcCartysGoldenEra19481966.Austin,TX:
GHBooks.ISBN9781423418139.
Ingram,Adrian(1997).TheGibsonL5:ItsHistoryanditsPlayers.Anaheim,CA:Centerstream
Pub.ISBN9781574240474.
Ingram,Adrian(2007).TheGibson175:ItsHistoryanditsPlayers.Anaheim,CA:Centerstream
Pub.ISBN9781574242232.
Marx,Wallace(2009).GibsonAmplifiers19332008.Minneapolis,MN:BlueBookPublications.
ISBN9781886768901.
Spann,Joe(2011).SpannsGuidetoGibson:19021941.AnaheimHills,CA:CenterstreamPub.
ISBN9781574242676.
Thomas,John(2012).KalamazooGals:AStoryofExtraordinaryWomen&GibsonsBanner
GuitarsofWWII.Franklin,TN:AmericanHistoryPress.ISBN9780983082781.
Wheeler,Tom(1992).AmericanGuitars:AnIllustratedHistory(rev.andupdateded.).New
York:HarperPerennial.ISBN9780062731548.

Furtherreading
Fox,Paul(2011).TheOtherBrandsofGibson.CenterstreamPublishing.ISBN978157424271
3.

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