CONTENT

1.0

ABSTRACT

2.0

INTRODUCTION

3.0

MATERIAL AND METHOD

4.0

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.0

CONCLUSION

6.0

REFERENCE LIST

7.0

APPENDIX

1.0 ABSTRACT
1

The basis of this project is to create a brief in form but comprehensive in scope review on
the current pipe flow development knowledge provided by the past researches. The idea
is to present a concise fundamental intelligence of pipe flow to the reader by compiling
10 previous articles discussing about the evolution of pipe flow characteristics. The
significance findings from each of the previous research article articles are concluded.
The peak turbulent intensity are influenced by various energy of the velocity profile.
Modified CFD model is applicable in studying the ice flurry characteristics.
Inconsistency of Dean vortices can be stabilized by adding swirl motion. Pipe flow
development depended on pulsation frequency and mass flow rate. DNS hold most of
data of acoustic field. The effect of reverse flow decreased the secondary flow intensity.
DNS and LES are capable to predict the heat transfer of turbulence flow. To measure the
transient mass rate, one single parameter is enough to do the calculations. Swirl pipe
demonstrated higher axial and tangential velocities compared to control pipe. Nusselts
number affect the coefficient heat transfer behavior. For future investigations, it is
suggested that researcher to focus more on instability of the secondary flow at the end of
deceleration phase for the (Re=600,component ration=1 and frequency=17.17).

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Pipe flow is one of the topic in the hydraulic and fluid mechanics. Type of flow in the
pipe can be divided into two fluid flow which is laminar [4] and turbulent flow [1].
Another way to differentiate the flow is to examine whether the flow is steady [10] or
pulsating flow [6]. The basic parameter usually used to describe the characteristics of
pipe flow is pressure, temperature, and velocity which is related to the mass flow rate and
volumetric [8].
Past studies [ Ng et al 2011 ][Wagner et al 2001 ] presented that the peak value of
turbulence intensity is increasing with Reynold numbers but however the result was
contrast with the experiment done by Hultmark et al ( 2010). To evaluate the difference of
outcome result between those past studies, the study used high fidelity DNS to study the
effect on mean velocity and turbulence intensity by using the same Reynold number in
each simulation and the same experimental/numerical parameter [ 1 :pp.33].
The main aim of the precursor study was to utterly portray the hydrodynamics of
heterogeneous ice slurry flow without melting in the horizontal pipes by examining the
legalized Mixture computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Corresponding to this
model, the simulation of the ice slurry isothermal flow already had been tested
(Niezgado-Zelasko and Zalewski (2006 a,b)) but no forethought of ice particle apportion
had been taken into account when feeding the ice slurry velocity particles. Furthermore,
the ice slurry rheological features had not been coalesced with the concentration and flow
distribution. As the result, the Mixture CFD model cannot provide more knowledge about
the heterogenous ice slurry flow nature [2 : pp.426].
The researchers aim is to contribute a vivid description of the Dean vortices unstable
attitude under turbulent flow circumstances with and without super-imposed swirl as well
as knowledge on the swirling flow consequence on the Dean vortices and the wide range
motions. However, the entire depiction of the Dean vortices performance under swirling
and turbulent flow surrounding by means of whole-field exploratory approach is lacking.
There are still unsolved inquiries such as whether the Dean vortices coincide with the
various range swirling motion or what is meant by the synergy between the stabilizing

effect of the swirl and the very-large-scale-motions (VLSMs) [3 : pp. 104].

Past studies have found a measuring technique to determine a mass flow rate as a
function of time from the documented pressure gradient data and the other way around
which is called a unique signature map. In spite of the existence of the signature map was
proven in numerous past studies, Womersley ( 1995 ) cannot find any signature map in
this experiment on the flow of blood through arteries. The method is only valid for the
incompressible fluid while to determine a fully developed flow, a certain axial length is
required. To address this issue, a numerical investigation was attempted by the study on
development length of pulsating flow using a variety numbers of Reynold numbers
[ 4:pp.166-167].
Previous research had conducted direct noise computations, in other words simulating
directly both hydrodynamic and acoustic fields, that comprise all the sound origins which
contributed to mainly sound radiation from subsonic jets in the jet noise. This was
because of the previous direct noise simulations of jets had been disable to comprise all
attainable noise generation mechanism due to restrictions of applicable computational
power. So, for the all cases, the jet Mach number and the coflow magnitude were
diversified at a distinct target Reynolds number of 7500 to get turbulence data at the
nozzle exit [5 : pp.33] .
The previous investigation goal was to explain the Newtonian laminar pulsating
developing secondary flows characteristics in circular 90 curved tubes experimentally
and numerically. Howbeit, the pulsatile pipe flow investigation was lacking either by
means of theoretical or experimental despite of all the lengthy and undivided effort of
past researches since the early 1970s [6 : pp. 882].
Previous researchers focused on studying the implementation of gyration (aiming for
higher gyration rates) on the turbulent heat transfer and to validate the capability of large
eddy simulations (LES) method in concluding the turbulent heat transfer in rotating pipe
flows. LES works with large scales of rotation rates, N and is able to subgrid-scale

modeling. According to the past history of the field, the existing numerical and
experimental results for heat transfer in turbulent rotating pipe flow are limited and there
was only a few researchers had executed the direct numerical simulation (DNS) method,
solely covering small rotation ratios (up to N=3) in investigating the effect of pipe
rotation on turbulent flow data. Therefore, this showed that LES technique has never been
applied in the studies of turbulent heat transfer in rotating pipe flow before and there is no
numerical simulations for higher rotation rates ( 3 N 7 ) [7 : pp. 508].
Single point can be used as a representative to describe a mass flow rate of the whole
section of the pipe but however the validity of it to be used as a parameter to describe the
flow of whole section correctly was questioned. The transient mass flow rate in a steady
motion usually can be measured by the hot wire anemometers but it cannot differentiate
between a reverse flow and forward flow. Reverse flow is the effect of dynamic
phenomena that is occurring under a pulsating flow and this reverse flow could be a
leading source of an inaccurate measurement result if it is not corrected. The study
applied a method to identify a reverse flow and use it to investigate the correct specific
mass flow rate and also to verify the use of single point as parameter to measure for the
whole section [ 8:pp.637-638].
To get more understanding about the downstream flow regimes devised by the
introduction of a three lobed helical pipe within a pneumatic flow system, the outcomes
of a series of experiments that had been operated were displayed. Not to mention, the
recognition and conservation of the precise conveying velocity to sidestep separation and
material clogs, the optimization of the maximum conveying velocity to lower the
resultant high pressure loss and administering costs and pipe are the uppermost conflict
for the pneumatic conveying systems needed to take care of [9 : pp.369].
In the past article review, the objective is to scrutinize experimentally the pulsation
frequency effect on the heat transfer traits of the turbulent pulsating pipe flow by
applying Reynolds number (10850-37100) and various range of frequency (6.6-68 Hz).
Based on the hands on exercise made by the past researchers, only few of functioning

framework had been weighed and were restrained to relatively narrow scope. Due to this,
the reports made by the investigators had diverse rate of heat transfer. As a result, the
differences proved that the heat transfer traits in pulsating flow are still questionably.
Intellectual inspection does not contributed much in the field due to the complex nature
of unsteady turbulent flow and it needed a lot of theoretical resolution to be performed.
This shows that in order to grasp the conception of pulsation effect on the heat transfer
coefficient and to deal with the problems of inconsistent results, different models of
turbulence for pulsating flows should be considered [10 : pp. 1031].
The motivation of this project paper is to succinctly review on the recent research
development of pipe flow. The present work also aims to create a basic understanding on
pipe flow by discussing the findings presented in previous articles and to synthesizes the
results from the articles to produce a coherent argument about the focused description of
pipe flow. The project paper is arranged in the following manner. Section 3 is a
compilation of summarized materials and methods used and experimental test applied in
the previous 10 articles. The results, discussions and the numerical simulations of the
articles studied are epitomized and presented in Section 4. Finally, the conclusions from
the past studies and of the present review paper work are summed up and reported in
Section 5. Overall, this review paper is made to summarizes the current state of
knowledge of pipe flow.

3.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD

3.1

Experimental investigation of the effect of Reynold number on pipe flow using

DNS with a study on comparison between pipe flow,channel and boundary layer.

The main numerical method that was employed in the direct numerical simulations of
flow was adopted from Blackburn and Sherwin (2004) which is for temporal
discretization, it used a spectral element/Fourier spatial discretization of a second order
velocity-correction projection system. Fourier was employed in either one of the
azimuthal or axial direction while the rest of spatial discretization used Gauss-LobattoLegendre ( GLL). The first element was distanced about y 6 from the wall. Coordinated
represented as x in axial direction while for radial and azimuthal directions were
symbolized as r and accordingly and the wall normal direction represented by Y=R-r.
Each simulation was carried out for at least Tub/Lx=5 to establish there is no disturbance
exist in the initial flow.
3.2

The characterization of the heterogeneous ice slurry

In order to have the full picture of ice slurry isothermal flow profiles in horizontal pipes,
adopted Mixture CFD model was practiced. The Mixture CFD model validity was
confirmed as to acknowledge the dependability of the numerical results obtained from the
adopted algebraic slip formulation. The affirmation was tested in three different
circumstances associated with experimental data of concentration, velocity and pressure
drop distributions respectively. To evaluate the model capability on expressing
concentration profiles in advance, the particle concentration experimental data from
liquid-solid slurry flow was applied. A concentration simulation was conducted to concur
the solid slurry pipe flow [Kaushal et al. (2005)]. Validations of ice flurry flow was
enforced experimentally to validate the velocity and pressure drop distributions. The
experimental data [Vuarnoz et al. (2002)] was appointed to authorize the numerical
velocity profile. For the third case, test stand was conducted to validate the ice slurry
pressure drop with the experimental data. The test stand was composed of ice slurry tank,
centrifugal pump, mass flow meter, differential pressure transducer and test data
collection instrument. The experimental set-up was essentially insulated except for the

pump. The experimented ice slurry were obtained by grinding a block ice using a
mechanical grinder. Then, the experimental results from the Mixture multiphase CFD
model were compared with numerical pressure drop.[2 : pp.428]
3.3

Characterization and investigation of large scale structures under the effect of

different flow conditions by means of stereoscopic particle image velocimetry.

The evaluation were engineered at the rotating pipe facility situated at the Fluid Physics
Laboratory at KTH Mechanics. A fully developed turbulent flow at the exit of the pipe
was provided by following previous hot-wire measurements studies at the facility
[Sattarzadehs 2011] . The swirl numbers were investigated along with the corresponding
Reynolds and Dean numbers. In order to obtain the three-dimensional flow field across
the pipe cross-section, the experimental approach of Time-resolved Stereoscopic Particle
Image Velocimetry (TS-PIV) was conducted. A self-calibration procedure has been
practiced to phase out error caused by misalignment of the laser light sheet with the
calibration target. Commercial software DaVis 7.2 was used to perform the postprocessing of the raw images to acquire the vector fields which were then calculated
through multi-pass correlation iteration method. A median test [Westerweels 1994] has
been applied to identify outliers. A comparison between hot-wire data and PIV data
obtained is made to approve the validity of PIV data and to weigh the data quality. Proper
orthogonal decomposition (POD) was used to highlight the vortical motion obtained from
the PIV data.
3.4

Experimental investigation to study the development length of pipe under

pulsating laminar condition by using varieties of Reynold numbers.

Numerical methodology that was being used in the present study is The Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code which was adopted from the study done by Durst et al
(2005). The computational domain is separated to Nr x Nz number of non-overlapping
control volumes. A careful grid and time step independent study test was implemented
before the simulations process. From the study, 800 x 400 control volumes and 180 time

steps per time cycle were needed. The development length was calculated from the
comparison of analytical solution for fully developed pulsating flow with the axial
velocity solutions of different axial locations.
3.5

DNS of contractable pipe drift splitting into a cocurrent

The former obtained mean streamwise velocity profile was determined at the pipe inlet
and the temperature and mean density profiles were set to be constant. A digital filter
technique [Touber and Sandham, 2009] was used to calculate turbulent fluctuations. The
laminar boundary layer (Blasius solution) thickness was prescribed at the inflow
boundary of block 5. The zonal behaviour boundary condition was applied [Sandberg
and Sandham, 2006] at the outflow boundaries (block 2, 3 and 4) and was used at the
upper freestream boundary. Based on the jet velocity at the pipe exit, the diameter of the
pipe and the kinematic viscosity at the pipe wall, all simulations were run for a target
Reynolds number of ReD = 7,500. The changes in temperature and density were less than
5% of the wall values for all Mach numbers. The use of a turbulence inflow generation
technique with the variation of temperature, pressure and density within the pipe for
various nozzle Mach numbers was conducted [Sandberg et al. [2011]] to achieve fully
developed flow. Then, the data were compared throughly. [5 :pp.34-35]
3.6

the possessions of evolution of secondary course

The experimental set up by researcher in the article composed of pulsation generator

which is based on Scotch-yoke and 90 degree bend circular cross section tube which
made up from Plexiglas. Laser Doppler velocimeter is used as a device to obtain the axial
velocity profile value. The result obtained from LDV will be compared with numerical
simulation done by Fluent CFD solver. The CFD code must be validated in the straight
tube before using it to investigate the pulsating flow in the curved pipe. The method of
the article was basically adapted by the researcher of the article.
3.7

Numerical investigation by use of DNS and LES for various rotation rates at Reynolds number equal to 5500 on heat transfer in fully developed turbulent pipe

flow with isoflux condition imposed at the wall.

Governing equations are computed in the new dimensionless variables terms q r = r.vr,
qo=r.vo, qz=vz in order to prevent the singularity at the axis r=0. The energy equation are
written in two different formula. First formula was designed by use of DNS method and
the second one was by means of LES approach. In order to find the constant Cd and
turbulent diffusivity, the simulation is constructed by following the [Germano et al. 1991]
model, with alteration and extensions [Lilly 1992], and after inserting a test filter larger
than the grid filter. The governing equations were discretized on a muddled network in
cylindrical coordinates with a computational length in the centric direction L=15R for
DNS and L=20R for LES. The evaluation of convective and diffusive terms are done by
using the third-order [Runge-Kutta] explicit scheme and [Crank-Nicolson] implicit
scheme respectively. Methods described in the papers [Feiz et al. 2003,2005] were used
to solve the momentum and continuity equations. The calculations on the accuracy of the
solution were acquitted on different grid with different rotation rates (N) for each DNS
and LES method. Similar grid points were used to resolve the turbulent heat transfer.
3.8

Experimental investigation on the transient mass flow rate under a pulsating flow
condition.

Test rig was set up to study the phenomena of the unsteady flow in pipes that is connected
to turbines. The design of the rig was specially made to create the same phenomena that
might be occurred in inlet or exhaust pipes due to the pulsating flow. The system was
made up of pipe of a 42 mm in diameter. Generation of pulse is formed from the cyclic
deceleration of flowing gas that is rotated by a rotating valve and the changing of the
speed rotation of the electric motor is to control the pulse frequency with the help of
frequency inverter. In general the test rig was set up to inquire into an unsteady flow
phenomenon that occurred in a pipe. Measurement devices that were used in the
experiment are CTA and CCT.
3.9

The developmental observation of the three lobed helical pipe promoted the

10

pneumatic swirl flow

The apparatusses used including the constructed laboratory scale pneumatic conveying
rig, a helical lobed pipe, a DANTEC Flowlite 1D LDA system, a SPT smoke generator
(model 90). Pressure tappings were included to measure the pressure drop at the specified
pipe diamaters downstream of the air inlet of the rig. The LDA was used to measure three
velocity components within the pneumatic swirl flow rig by re-orientating the laser probe
onto a 2D tranverse gear. The smoke generator seeded artificial pneumatic flow. Then, it
was delivered through a straight probe located upstream of the calibrated inlet cone. To
attain the best possible volume, amplitude, and regularity of the fringe pattern, the laser
beam and detection system were optimised and the flow configurations were determined.
The elimination of the signal pedestal and reduction of the transmitted signals noise level
were made by filtering the manually monitored LDA signal burst with a band pass filter.
The high voltages of the photomultiplier and signal gain were adjusted throughly.
3.10

Experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristic of pulsating turbulent

air flow in a pipe heated at uniform heat flux.

An experimental procedure of test rig was applied to investigate the characteristic of the
heat transfer of stable and pulsating turbulent pipe air flow. Test rig primarily made up of
three part; air supply unit, test section and pulsating mechanism. Air supply unit consists
of compressor, storage tanks, two flow control valve, orifice meter, settling chamber, test
section, clamping joint, pulsating valve, and two flexible connection. For test section, it is
mainly involves various diameter of copper tube and a 12k-type thermocouples. While
the pulsating mechanism is basically constructed of pulleys, V-belts, electric motor and
pulsating valve. Considerable parameters such as various Reynolds number in the range
of 104<Re<4 x 104, different pulsation mechanism positions relative to the test-section
and other amplitude and frequency of pulsation from 0.0 up to 68 Hz were covered
during the experimental investigation. Experiments were conducted while pipe wall was
heated with an exact constant heat flux of 922W/m 2 and the pulsation mechanism was
stationed down stream of the test section. During the data collection, a formula [White

11

2003] is adopted to calculate the maximum mass flow rate of air. [Incopera and Dewitt
1996] energy balance formula is executed in order to find the local bulk mean
temperature of the air at the end of each segment. Integration is applied numerically on
the discrete values of local heat transfer coefficient using [Chapra and Canales 1998]
trapezoidal rule. The uncertainty levels in the mean Nusselt number is determined based
on [Kline and McClintocks 1953] method.
3.11

Similarities of materials or methods of previous studies

Similarities of materials or methods conducted throughout the investigations of 10

previous articles are test rig, DNS and comparison of results method. We observed that
test rig was applied in four experiment from the articles, and each for different purpose of
study. Set aside the different study purpose, in all four investigations, test rig is basically
used to set up the experiment. The same goes to DNS, which was used to obtain different
topic of results, but in all experiments, DNS was solely applied as a numerical
experiment set-up. The last similarities that we observed is the comparisons of results
obtained from numerical simulation (experiment) with analytical solution (equation). The
results compared was to validate the previous results and the predicted ones

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

12

4.1

Experimental investigation of the effect of reynold number on pipe flow using

DNS with a study on comparison between pipe flow,channel and boundary layer.

Mean velocity at Re+180 branched off from the other mean velocity profile at a distance
that was very close to the wall.Mean velocity profile presented by low reynold number
lied above mean velocity profile presented by high reynold number at y+10.The peak
turbulence intensity for streamwise and spanwise velocity increased with reynold
number.Peak for reynold shear stress became increase until Re=1000 but increased
slightly between Re=1000-2000 and for the wall normal velocity,the turbulence velocity
had reached quiescent period at higher reynold number.Small scale of energy caved in the
near wall region but for large scale energy was inclined when the reynold number
inclined which was responsible for the peak value turbulence intensity. This trend was the
same for streawise,spanwise and wall-normal velocity.There were litte difference
between pipe and channel flows but there were quite a difference in boundary layer for
the pressure of flunctuation and turbulence intensity which was higher in the boundary
layer.
4.2

The characterization of the heterogeneous ice slurry

Ice slurry velocity distribution and its concentration distribution depending on 3

parameters which were mean velocity,IPF and dimension of the pipe. The flow for the
circular and rectangular horizontal pipe tend to be heteregenous under a low mean
velocity while for the slit the flow tend to be homogenous eventhough its under a low
mean velocity and 0.08 concentration occur. Velocity profile for heteregenous is
asymmetrical with the pipe horizontal axis while the homogenous is symmetrical. Using
the Thomas equation, the comparison of CFD code result with experimental is deviate to
48.9% and the comparison result of CFD using bingham operation ( when the local
concentration 35% ) the deviation is small which is 15% ). The result of this modified
numerical model is in agreement with the experimental pressure drop.

13

4.3

Characterization and investigation of large scale structures under the effect of

different flow conditions by means of stereoscopic particle image velocimetry.

For the non-swirling turbulent flow case, the flow exhibits a swirl-switching
phenomenon. It was observed that the vortices oscillated in different manner but
somehow exhibits a symmetrical motion on average and the vertical velocity component
frequently changing its direction (clockwise or anti-clockwise) in time. In both spectra of
proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and power spectral density PSD, the dominant
peak was observed at Strouhal number, St equal to 0.12 , St = 0.04 (lower frequency that
was associated with the swirl-switching phenomena) and when St = 0.18 (higher
frequency). The structures were noted to be slightly inclined and the streaky patterns were
easily identified. For the turbulent swirling curved pipe flow case, the effect (domination
as in strength) of the swirl broke the Dean vertices symmetrical behavior. As the swirl
rates increased, the mean flow field was dominated (as in strength) by the swirl with the
core of the vortex being geometrically off-axis but gradually achieving the axi-symmetry.
The structures was seen to align more vertically along with increasing of swirl number
and it was noted that the swirl motion was tearing up the structure. For the non-swirling
and the lowest swirling flow, it was noticed that the vertical structures were not well
structured. Swirling motions provided a large amount of the flow field total energy.
4.4

Experimental investigation to study the development length of pipe under

pulsating laminar condition by using varieties of Reynold numbers.

The development length of axial velocity was already full developed at z/d=100 for every
cycle phase where flow condition Rem=1000, F=10 and m*A was used. For the low
frequency pulsation, the development lengths awere to follow the prediction based on the
steady flow condition where the L/D increased with increased of Rem number due to the
increasing of mean development length with the increased in the mean of Rem. However
for the higher frequency, the L/D decreased and phase leg correlative to it increased and
by applying normalization, L/D was independent of Rem and depended only on a mass
flow rate and pulsation frequency.

14

4.5

DNS of contractable pipe drift splitting into a cocurrent

The exiting flow can be considered fully developed if being able to collapse the
turbulence statistics that suggested the change of the wall shear stress towards the nozzle
exit. For noise computations, a well defined turbulent upstream condition was
constituted. There were different agreements between the DNS data and the skin friction
predictions. But, the asymptotic solutions of the mean pressure comparing well with the
DNS outcomes. The applicability of the virtual-origin corrected outcomes demonstrated
to be limited to low coflow values. The four cases can be collapsed reasonably well using
mixing layer parameter. The non-dimensional local velocity excess =u/u conv sacalings
can be applicable for small coflow velocities but only for the certain conditions. The
pressure PSDs obtained in the acoustic field at a distance =30 for all cases at the peak
radiation angle =40 were used to assess the directivity and sound pressure level more
quantitively. So, for further aeroacoustic analysis all the required information was gripped
by the DNS which captured the data of the acoustic field.
4.6

Experimental and numerical study of pulsated Dean flow, three-dimensional pulsatile flow in a curved pipe.

Under the ( Re600,B=1 and = 12.14) Axial velocity along the y-axis was maximum in
the near wall side while Axial velocity along x-axis maximum in outside wall. A reverse
flow can be noticed near the inside wall zone during the declining phase at it was obvious
(w t=270),the amplitude of reverse flow escalated when the parameter is equal to 17.7
in the near wall side. The secondary flow remained the same for the ( Re=600,B=1 and
=12.14) for the wt=90 and wt=180 but low in amplitude intensity of secondary flow was
appeared for wt=270 And for the ( Re=430,B=2,=10.26) the secondary flow is
composed of two ball cell at (wt=90) and wt=180 but for (wt=270) the structure was
emerged into one. When the Re=600 under the same condition,lyne instability can be
observed at (wt=180). Lastly, the obvious finding that was observed was a declining of
secondary flow intensity when the parameter is increasing during in the first half period
and inclining in the wt=270.

15

4.7

Numerical investigation by use of DNS and LES for various rotation rates at Reynolds number equal to 5500 on heat transfer in fully developed turbulent pipe
flow with isoflux condition imposed at the wall.

The collation of mean streamwise velocity profile for rotation rates, N = 0 between the
computed DNS and the adopted DNS data along with the envisioned data by LES
correlate well to each other. The proneness towards isotropy of the root mean square
(RMS) of all velocity fluctuations case accustomed with increasing N ,the universal
temperature allocation which was portrayed along with the standardized mean
temperature profile, the RMS of the wall normal dispersion for diversify rotation pace
shared the same profile as the ones from previous study. Both LES and DNS calculation
corresponded to N, skewness factor, flatness factor and Nusselt number were in
accordance with past DNS results. Overall, the present DNS code ability to envision the
turbulent flow and heat transferring rotating pipe was proved along with the fact that the
LES results obtained was in accordance with the DNS data from past reports.
4.8

Experimental investigation on the transient mass flow rate under a pulsating flow
condition

The transient mass flow rate can be measured based on one single point measurement as a
representative of the whole control section in the pipe,as long as that the volate signal
recorded is compatible with the mean specific mass flow rate in the control section. The
signals presented show the existence of reverse flow in some fragments of pulsation
period.The amplitude pulse and mass flow rate went beyond the calibrated scale in the
presence of inversion flow direction. A correct signal can be obtained by dividing the
signals with the coefficient km.

4.9

The developmental observation of the three lobed helical pipe promoted the
pneumatic swirl flow

The three-lobed helical swirl induced pipe created the three-sided axial velocity contour
while one of its lobe produced each of the vertices of the triangular shape. Despite the

16

increasing distance downstream of the swirl pipe, the shifted orientation of the triangular
contours reflected the swirling flow and the induced swirl decayed as the Reynolds
number flows increased. The swirl pipe that induced the swirl flow created the higher
core axial velocity. The position of the high-low radial velocity contour pairs correlated to
the vertices of the triangular axial velocity contours. For the computed tangential velocity
profile, the swirl flows exhibited certain value at the different pipe walls location while
the control pipe section exhibited a flat profile of magnitude that almost non-existent.
With increasing distance downstream of the swirl pipe and lower Reynolds number, the
induced swirl decayed faster. The swirl pipe showed higher axial and tangential velocities
than the control pipe.
4.10

Experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristic of pulsating turbulent

air flow in a pipe heated at uniform heat flux.

Behaviors of heat transfer coefficient was exposed to rely upon the pulsation frequency, f
and Reynolds number, Re based on observations made on local Nusselt number. It was
remarked that the enhancement always occur at the pipe inlet. For f = 13.3Hz, the highest
value of Re = 37,100 was observed at X/D equal to 0.5 and 15 respectively when the
improvement was increased up to 14%. A maximum reduction of 11% in local relative
Enhancement ratio, is noted at Re = 13,350. For f = 20.7Hz, about 8% of the
improvement for Re = 37,100 in the entrance region, while experiencing reduction in
for the other Re values. When the imposed pulsation frequency becomes close to the
bursting frequency, which lead to a resonance interactions, the heat transfer increased.

17

5.0 Conclusion
From the result that we synthesize from the 10 articles, we conclude that the 10 important
studies that can be found are the large scale of energy for the velocity profile are the one
that is responsible for the peak turbulence intensity and there are little difference between
pipe and channel flow but for the boundary layer, the pressure in flunctuation and
turbulence intensity is higher [1]. Second one is the mixture CFD can be used to study
about the characteristic of ice slurry flow but only when the CFD model is modified using
BINGHAM model due to the smaller deviation ( 15 % ) [2]. The swirling motion
controlled the unsteadiness of the dean vortices [3]. The development of pipe flow
depended on mass flow rate and pulsation frequency and not on number of Rem [4]. The
article conclude that all the required information for future aerocoustic analysis was
ripped by DNS which captured the data of the acoustic field [5]. The obvious observation
was the intensity of the secondary flow decreased when the frequency increased during
the acceleration phase and decreased in the deceleration phase due to the the effect of
reverse flow [6]. The DNS reliability to study the heat transfer of turbulence flow was
proved in the study and the LES also can be used because it shown the same trait of data
just like DNS [7]. The transient mass rate can be measured using one single point
parameter and the correct signal can be obtained by correcting it with the coefficient km
[8]. The induced swirl decayed faster when the distance downstream of swirl pipe and
lower Reynold number increased and the swirl pipe showed higher axial and tangential
velocities than the control pipe[9].Coefficient heat transfers behavior depended on the
frequency of pulsation and Reynold numbers based on the observation that is made on
Nusselts number[10]. For the future study, we recommend the researcher to do the
experiment on instability of the secondary flow at the end of decelarayion phase for the
(Re=600,component ration=1 and frequency=17.17) as it is not clearly observed in the
experiment [6].

18

6.0 REFERENCE LIST

[1] C. Chin, J. P. Monty, and A. Ooi. Reynolds number effects in DNS of pipe flow and
comparison with channels and boundary layers. International Journal of Heat and Fluid
Flow, vol. 45, pp. 33-40, 2014.
[2] J. Wang,T. Zhang, and S. Wang. Heterogeneous ice slurry flow and concentration
distribution in horizontal pipes. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 44,
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7.0 APPENDIX

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