Problem Statement

In a heterogeneous LTE-A network low power small cells are overlaid in a high power
macro cells having a co-channel deployment which leads to interference between
cells. When a user equipment enters into the network the connectivity with the base
station should develop with efficient cell selection having the least impact from
interferences.

Objectives of the project

Create a heterogeneous network having co-channel deployment.

Use an interference suppression technique to reduce the inter cell interference in a
heterogeneous network.
Efficient cell selection between macro and small cells according to,
o Signal to Interference Noise Ratio(SINR)
o Reference Signal Received Power(RSRP)
o Reference Signal Received Quality(RSRQ)

Finding the cell indexes(i,j)= j th sector in the i th cell which user equipment will
connect when it enters into the network.

Scope

The heterogeneous network will be considered a macro-pico network and only the

downlink will be taken into account.

The cellular layout will contain 19 hexagonal macrocell model with 3 sectors per cell. It
is assumed 4 pico cells are randomly located within each sector with a uniform

distribution.
The user equipment (UEs) will have a uniform distribution and the UE moving speed is
constant. It is assumed that the propagation model is distance dependent path loss, log

normal shadowing and instantaneous multipath fading.

The scheduling algorithm will be proportional fairness.
Parameters to be used:

Cellular Layout
Cell radius
Distance-dependant
pathloss
Shadowing standard

Macro
19 cell sites
3 sectors per site
289m
128.1+37.6log(R)dB

Pico
4 picocells per sector

8dB

10dB

140.7+36.7log(R)dB

deviation
Penetration loss
Moving speed
Total BS Tx power
Antenna configuration
Antenna gain

20dB
3km/h
46dBm

30dBm
22 uncorrelated

14dBi

Number of UEs
Carrier frequency
System bandwidth
Scheduling algorithm
Control delay(scheduling,
AMC)
Guard interval

5dBi

Total 25 UEs per sector in macro cell

2GHz
10MHz
Proportional fairness
6ms
Not specified yet

3.3.1 Cell selection based on Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR)

Cell selection based on SINR will be obtained using average received SINR. In order
to obtain off load effect occurring from macro to pico cells this method will be using
an offset value ( SINR ) UE will select the cell index according to below formula. SINR
will be used as a reference scheme for the next methods. [4]
'
i SINR =arg max
i
i

'i= Nonprotected ,i ( Macro cell)

'i = protected ,i + SINR ( Pico cell)

Above equation represents cell index(including sector), selected cell index based on
the SINR based criteria, the average SINR of the non-protected resources of the

th

cell,the average SINR of the protected resources of the

value of the

th

th

cell to be used for cell selection denoted by i ,

Nonprotected ,i , protected , i and

SINR =

cell and the SINR

i SINR ,

'

i respectively.[4] Here,
SINR Average
Instantaneous fading

Eq (1)

3.3.2 Cell selection based on Reference Signal to Receive Power (RSRP)

In LTE, two cell selection methods have been used. First method is RSRP based cell
selection. Since RSRP is average power of Resource Elements (RE) that carry cell
specific Reference Signals (RS) over the entire bandwidth. To counterbalance the

difference in channel quality between macro and pico cells we will be introducing an
offset values for pico cells. User equipment will select the cell index according to
following equation. [4]
'
i RSRP =arg max
si
i

s'i=si ( Macro cell)

s 'i=s i + RSRP ( Pico cell)

Above equation represents cell index(including sector), selected cell index based on
the RSRP based criteria, the RSRP of the

i th cell and the RSRP value of the

cell to be used for cell selection and the offset value to be used denoted by
,

s i , s 'i

and

RSRP

i th
i RSRP

respectively. As we used an offset value in SINR based cell

selection the offset value we will be using here is a high value compared to the
previous scenario because the interference level has been decreased due to
reduction of transmission power in macro cell for the protected resources. Here,
RSRP value =

SINR average
Instantaneous variation

Eq(2)

3.3.3 Cell selection based on Reference Signal to Receive Quality (RSRQ)

The second method used for cell selection in LTE is RSRQ based cell selection. RSRQ
can be defined using RSRP as follows.
RSRQ=

RSRP
RSSI

where, RSSI is defined as the Received Signal Strength Indicator in

LTE.
Under full load conditions, we can re write the above equation as,

RSRQ

S
SINR
=
S + I + N 1+ SINR

Eq(3)

without an offset value. S,I,N and SINR represents received power of the cell,
Interference power, Noise power and SINR respectively. For cell selection we will be
using an offset value because the SINR and RSRQ cell selection will function is the
same way without an offset. UE will be selecting the cell according to following
equation. [4]

i RSRQ =arg

'

max '
i i

'

i= Nonprotected ,i (Macro cell )

'i=' protected , i+ RSRQ (Pico cell)

Above equation represents selected cell index based on the RSRQ based criteria,
the RSRQ of the non-protected resources of the
resources of the

i th cell, the RSRQ of the protected

i th cell and the SINR value of the

selection denoted by

i RSRQ ,

' Nonprotected ,i ,

i th cell to be used for cell

' protected ,i and

RSRQ

respectively.

The main reference is: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?

arnumber=5898043
The macro network with 19 cells (macro Base stations in the middle of each macro
cell). Each cell should be sectorized into 3 sectors. I have tried to create the
network. Hope this will be help you.
Code:
R=289;%radius of macro cell
%center hexagon
theta0=30:60:390;
vx = R * cosd(theta0);
vy = R * sind(theta0);
line(vx,vy);
%first tier hexagons
for f=[1,2]
for theta1=0:60:360
x = f*sqrt(3)*R * cosd(theta1);
y = f*sqrt(3)*R * sind(theta1);
line(vx+x,vy+y);
end
if f==2
%second tier hexagons
for theta2=30:60:360
x2=R*3 * cosd(theta2);
y2=R*3 * sind(theta2);
line(vx+x2,vy+y2);
end
end
end
hold on;

x_center =0;
y_center =0;
scaling_factor1=2*R*sin(pi/3);
scaling_factor2=4*R*sin(pi/3);
scaling_factor3=3*R;
plot(x_center,y_center,'h');
for i=1:6
x(i) = scaling_factor1 * cosd((i-1)*60);
y(i) = scaling_factor1* sind((i-1)*60);
t1x=x_center+x(i);
t1y=y_center+y(i);
tier1=plot(t1x,t1y,'h');
end
for i=7:2:18
x(i) = scaling_factor2 * cosd((i-7)*30);
y(i) = scaling_factor2 * sind((i-7)*30);
t2x1=x_center+x(i);
t2y1=y_center+y(i);
tier2_1=plot(t2x1,t2y1,'h');
end
for i=8:2:18
x(i) = scaling_factor3 * cosd((i-7)*30);
y(i) = scaling_factor3 * sind((i-7)*30);
t2x2=x_center+x(i);
t2y2=y_center+y(i);
tier2_2=plot(t2x2,t2y2,'h');
end

hold on;

%axis([-1500 1500 -2000 2000]);

grid minor;

This is only the macro cell layout. You need to add sectors and pico cells and users.
And then create an OFDM signal to transmit with log normal shadowing and
multipath fading. Calculate SINR(Signal to Interference Noise Ratio) . You can
approximate values for the parameters if you need to add.