Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for Sarjana Sastra Degree in the
English Department of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University
by:
Agnes Octaviani Rahmanti Kusumawardani
C1305501
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2010
by:
Agnes Octaviani Rahmanti Kusumawardani
C1305501
Thesis Consultant
ii
Position
Name
Signature
Chairman
_________________
Secretary
First Examiner
_________________
Second Examiner
_________________
Drs. Sudarno, MA
NIP.195303141985061001
iii
PRONOUNCEMENT
: C1305501
Surakarta,
2010
iv
MOTTOS
Love suffers long and is kind; love does not envy; love does not parade
itself, love is not puffed up;
(1 Corinthians 13:4)
DEDICATION
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
vii
7. Reza Olivia and Billy Bundchen, Karavan Radio Station Broadcasters, thank
you for the interview and help me in finishing my thesis.
8. My beloved Papi and Mama. Thank you very much for your love, patience,
supports, care, pray and everything for me. (Mama, I was so sorry that I have
made you got sick. Thank you so much for not allowing me to come home if I
cannot finish my thesis). (Papi, I was so sorry that I made you got very angry
with me. You are the most patient father in the world).
9. My big lovely family, thank you very much for supporting me to finish this
thesis.
10. Someone who has gone...I will never forget that you were ever part of my life.
Thank you so much for supporting me in finishing my thesis.
11. All of my friends of Non Reguler English Program 2005, Lesti, Iis, Citra, Nia,
Mas Wawan, Iik, Sapto, and the others (sorry, I cannot mention one by one!).
Thank you for the support until I can finish my thesis. I love you all and dont
ever forget our beautiful moments!!!
12. All of the people who always help me and also support me until I can finish
this thesis. I am sorry that I cannot mention one by one. Thank you very much.
Love you all..
Last but not least, I believe there are still many mistakes in this thesis.
Therefore, I hope the readers can give suggestions or critiques in order to make
this thesis much better.
Surakarta,
2010
viii
ABSTRACT
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ........................................................................................................
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iii
PRONOUNCEMENT ...............................................................................
iv
MOTTOS ..................................................................................................
DEDICATION ..........................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...........................................................................
vii
ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................
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CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................
A. Sociolinguistics ........................................................
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14
CHAPTER II:
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17
F. Communication ........................................................
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21
22
I. Television .................................................................
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24
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27
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26
28
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29
30
31
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49
64
A. Conclusions ..............................................................
64
B. Recommendations .....................................................
65
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
xii
ABSTRACT
2010. Thesis Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret
University, This research is a descriptive qualitative research in
sociolinguistics field. The samples are collected by using purposive
sampling technique. The objectives of this research are to find out
the forms of code switching used by MTV VJ of MTV Global
Room in Global TV and to find out the reasons of using those code
switchings by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV.
Based on the data analysis, the researcher finds two points in this
research. The first point is about the forms of code switching used
by the hosts in presenting the program. Those forms of code
switching are intrasentential switching, intersentential switching
and tag switching.
The second point is about the reasons of the hosts in using those
code switchings when they present that program. The hosts create
intrasentential switching because of the familar and simpler words
and the use of jargon. Then, the hosts create intersentential
switching to clarify, to give information, to express condolence
feeling, to express thanks feeling, to introduce guest and to have
break time. The last is the hosts insert tag switching when they are
speaking because to confirm, as an agreement to play song, to
remind the viewers and to make sure the viewers.
Finally, it is hoped that this work can be appropriate additional
reference for the other researchers who are taking the researches
based on the similar data or approach.
1
2
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Communication is very important for each aspect of life because the main
necessity of human is a friendly social relationship which can only happen in a
good social relationship with the other people. When people communicate with
their societies, they tend to use their traditional languages or the language which is
often used in their daily lives. It is known as the mother tongue. Besides using it,
people also tend to learn the second language or the foreign language. Moreover,
the mother tongue is a language used by the native speakers since they are still
children and it is used at home. While the second language is a language learned
after the first language either out of necessity or by personal choice and to fulfill
some special purposes. For example, the Javanese language is the mother tongue
and Indonesian language is called the second language. Then, in Malaysia, Malay
is the first language and English is the second language.
In a multilingual community, sometimes a speaker tends to switch from
one language to another, commonly called as code switching. The use of code
switching is obviously visible in many countries, especially in countries that
citizens come from various backgrounds. Code-switching is a term in linguistics
referring to alternation between one or more languages, dialects, or language
registers in the course of discourse between people who have more than one
language in common. Sometimes the switch lasts only for a few sentences, or
even a single phrase (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Switching). The occurrence of
code switching is related to the situation or to create a suitable situation.
Nowadays, code switching has been largely used in a lot of forms, such as,
novels, radios, televisions, teaching learning process, etc. Television is one of the
important communication medias because many people like to watch televisions
in their daily lives. Television is not expensive anymore since a lot of people own
televisions. There are even many people in the villages having televisions.
Television has many functions, such as providing news; entertainments; sports
etc. Furthermore, this research is going to describe the forms of code switching
use by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global TV and also the reasons of using
those code switchings by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room. Code switching occurs
when speakers shift from one language or variety of language to another language,
usually in the course of a single conversation, email or letter. For example,
speakers may switch back and forth from Indonesian language to English or from
English to Indonesian language.
This research focuses on the use of code switching by MTV VJ of MTV
Global Room in Global TV. MTV Global Room program is one of the programs
in Global TV. MTV Global Room itself is a program which presents video clips
from Indonesian artists and foreign artists. Sometimes, it invites Indonesian artists
as its guests. At first, MTV Global Room is usually presented at 11.30 am until
12.30 pm but the broadcasting time is changed into 14.00 pm until 15.00 pm. The
broadcasting time is changed because there are new programs in the Global
: Nah kita kenalan dulu, udah ada Raya, Juno, and Olive. Nah
Olive ini yang gantiin Mikuni dulu. Waktu Agustus 2005 mereka
juga udah jadi MTV Exclusive Artist.
VJ Franda
The data was taken from the recorded from MTV Global Room program
on August 22 nd, 2007. In this data, the word ditake is mixed together with di- (di
was a prefix in Indonesian language). Here, di-, in Indonesian language is as the
function of affix to build passsive verb. VJ Franda uses the word ditake than
diambil when she wants to give her comment and express her surprise that Park
Drive is as MTV Exclusive Artist again in August 2007 because they have been
MTV Exsclusive Artist in August 2005. She also wants to have closer relationship
with the guest star.
2. Intersentential Switching
data number 4 / MTV GR / Inter.S / A21 07
VJ Daniel
This fourth data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 21st, 2007. At first VJ Daniel speaks in English when he
knows that one of the members of ST 12 group band has died because of sick, Im
very sorry to hear that. Then, he switches the code into Indonesian language,
Aku turut berduka cita dengan meninggalnya Iman. By swtching the code, he
wants to express his deep condolence about the died of Iman and to show his
solidarity as the same artists even though he was not a singer.
3.Tag Switching
data number 1 / MTV GR / TS / A21 - 07
VJ Millane
: Hi guys yang pasti in MTV Global Room bareng kita berdua and
all about the requests, jadi buat kamu semua yang pengen request
langsung aja request ke MTV Global Room@Global TV.co.id,
okay? Pastinya dibawah situ juga ditulis apa faxnya. Dan buat
requests kita ada Natasha Bedingfield with Soulmate, Samsons
with For You, Dotrie with Home and ST 12 with Rasa Yang
Tertinggal.
The data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room program on
August 21st, 2007. In this conversation, VJ Millane inserts an English tag after she
speaks in Indonesian language. Here, she wants to confirm to the viewers about
the way in requesting songs. If the viewers want to request songs, they can send
emails to MTV Global Room@Global TV.co.id.
In presenting MTV Global Room program, the hosts sometimes create
intrasentential switching, intersentential switching and tag switching. They have
own reasons in using those forms when they are speaking. The hosts sometimes
create intrasentential switching because of the familiar and simpler words and as
jargon. Then, the hosts create intersentential switching to clarify, to give
information, to express condolence feeling, to express thanks feeling, to introduce
guest star and to have break time. The hosts insert tag switching when they are
speaking to confirm, as an agreement to play song, to remind the viewers and to
make sure.
B. Problem Statements
C. Research Objectives
Based on the problem statements above, the objectives of the study are:
a. To find out the forms of code switching used by MTV VJ of MTV Global
Room in Global TV.
b. To find out the reasons of using those code switchings by MTV VJ of MTV
Global Room in Global TV.
D. Research Limitation
E. Research Benefits
F. Research Methodology
G. Thesis Organization
Statements,
Research
Objectives,
Research
Limitation,
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Sociolinguistics
1. Definition of Sociolinguistics
Sociolingustics is a branch of lingustics that discusses something
particularly significant lying between social community and language. The word
Sociolinguistics derives from a word socio and linguistics. The basic scope of
Sociolinguistics covers language and society since it is a combination of
sociology and linguistics. Here some definitions about Sociolingustics, such as,
according to Holmes (1990, p.1), Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between
language and society.
Meanwhile, Gumperz as quoted by Wardhaugh has observed that
Sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and to
observe any changes that occur (Wardhaugh, 1998.p.11). Therefore, it creates the
relationship among the people and their social status in the society. Then, Hudson
(1980:1) says that Sociolingustics is the study of language in relation to society.
Meanwhile Chaika (1982:2) states that Sociolinguistics is the study of the way
people use language in social interaction.
Therefore it can be pointed out that Sociolingustics is the branch of
linguistics that tries to disclose the things related to the use of language by its
social community in its social interaction. In the wider point of view,
10
Sociolingustics does not only discuss what kinds of language use by what social
community but also pays attention to the questions of how and why the people use
certain language when they interact with the others in their social lives.
It can be concluded that language and society are unseparated. People who
live in society need system and tool to manage their realationship among them.
Language is an important tool used in communication because it is impossible to
conduct social relationship and communication without language. Language can
make people understand each other when they are speaking.
2. Scope of Sociolinguistics
According to Wardhaugh, Sociolinguistics is divided into two studies; they
are macro sociolinguistics and micro sociolinguistics. Hudson said as quoted by
Wardhaugh if there is difference between micro sociolinguistics and macro
sociolinguistics is macro sociolinguistics or sociology of language is the study of
society in relation to language. On the other hand, micro sociolinguistics or
sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society (Wardhaugh,
1998.p.13). This research belongs to micro sociolingustics since it deals with the
use of language in certain groups of society.
B. Ethnography of Communication
11
12
considered. For example, the participants of the program are the hosts, the guests
and the viewers who call or participate into the program.
c. Ends (E) (What do the participants want to get)
Ends refer to the conventionally recognized and expected outcomes of an
exchange as well as to the personal goals that participants seek to accomplish on
particular occasion. Outcome can be defined as the purpose of the event from
cultural point a view.
participants.
In this case, end refers to the purposes of the dialogues. Those purposes
are to give information and introduce Indonesian bands, to give entertainment
about music such as the video clips not only from Indonesian singers but also
from foreign singers gossips of artists, to invite the viewers in order to participate
by requesting the songs; discussing the topic and asking the quiz given by the
hosts.
d. Act sequence (A) (What is said and done)
Act sequence refers to the actual form and content of what is said the
precise words used, how they are used, and the relationship of what is said to the
actual topic at hand. In this research, act refers to performances of the speakers
(hosts) which take place in particular situation or time.
The way all of the hosts are relax, fun, and enjoy in presenting the
program because the program is not formal and it is for teenagers. Sometimes they
create jokes when they speak between the hosts and the viewers who are calling
so their performances are not boring. They always greet the viewers with a big
13
enthuasiams and cheerful therefore the relationship between the hosts and the
viewers are closer.
e. Key (K)
Key refers to the tone, manner or spirit in which a particular message is
conveyed; light hearted, serious, precise, pedantic, mocking, sarcastic etc. The key
may also be marked nonverbally by certain kinds of behaviour, gesture, posture,
or even deportment.
The key in this conversation depends on the situation of the program and
emotion of the hosts. For example, if the news describes about the happiness and
the album sales success of the artists, the hosts will present the program cheerfull
and enthusiastic, the hosts will greet warmly if there are callers who want to
participate into the program, the hosts create jokes with the guests when they ask
questions so the situation will not boring.
f. Instrumentalities (I)
Instrumentalities refer to the choice of channels or tools, for examples,
oral, written, or telegraphic, and to the actual forms of speech employed, such as
the language, dialect, code or register that is chosen. In this case, the tool refers to
the language used during the dialogues. All of the hosts use Indonesian language
as the main language and English for the switching.
g. Norms of interaction and interpretation (N) (Why should people act like this)
Norms refer to specific behaviours, and properties that attach to speaking
and also how these may be viewed by someone who does not share them, for
examples, loudness, silence, gaze return, etc. Norm is a set of rule which is used
14
to regulate the verbal activity and all participants have to obey it. For instance,
when a host asks to another host, he or she must answer so every host can present
the program better and they can create good situation, the hosts have to play the
requested songs which are asked by the callers because the callers will be more
appreciated so they will join into the program continuely.
h. Genre (G)
Genre refers to clearly demarcated types of utterances, such as poems,
proverbs, riddles, sermons, prayers, lectures, and editorials. In the dialogues
happened inside the program, the genre is entertainment, greeting, fact, argument,
information, farewell and joke.
C. Speech Community
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Speech community can be divided into four main types based on the
number of languages; they are bilingual, diglossia, monolingual, and multilingual.
Generally, bilingual community recognizes two languages that bear an official
status, national, regional. Diglossia describes societal or institutionalised
bilingualism, where two varieties are required to cover all the communitys
domains (Holmes, 2001.p.30). Then, monolingual society essentially recognizes
only one language. And the last, multilingual is a community that officially
recognizes more than two languages.
D. Code Switching
lasts
only
for
few
sentences,
or
even
single
phrase
16
restrictive definition of code-switching. She defines code-switches as, "multiword sequences, which remain lexically, syntactically, and morphologically
unadapted to recipient language patterns (http://callhavid.wordpress.com). Codeswitching occurs when speakers shift from one language or variety of language to
another language, usually in the course of a single conversation, email or letter.
For example, speakers might switch back and forth from Urdu to English, or from
Scots to English, or indeed from Urdu to Scots. Code switching describes the
process of people moving between registers, dialects, and languages in the course
of a conversation.
17
switching in which disticnt language varities are associated with disticnt activities
or situation. The second type is methaporical code switching which occurs within
a single situation. The third type is conversational code switching. There is no
change of situation or topic here, which may happen in the situational and
methaporical code switching.
Poplack (in Romaine 1989:122) says that there are three forms of
conversational code switching, tag switching, intersentential switching, and
intrasentential swtching. Tag switching involves the insertion of a tag in one
language. Then, intersentential switching involves a switch at a clause or sentence
boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or another. The last
one is intrasentential switching is for some linguist considered as code mixing.
Here, this research uses the theory of Poplack because the whole data obtained in
this research are included into those forms, intrasentential switching;
intersentential switching; and tag switching.
E. Code Mixing
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any given time which language they are speaking (1992:16). It seems that the
langguage used in conversation is difficult to detect. The use of two langguages or
more does not deal with the change of situation, topic, and participants.
From the definitions above, it can be seen that almost of those definitions
have the same limitation understanding of code mixing. It is the process where a
fluent bilingual uses two or more languages in talking to another by putting
elements of one code into another without any change at all in the situation.
Hudson says that code mixing as the condition where there is a fluent bilingual
talking to another fluent bilingual change language without any change at all in
the situation (1996:53).
F. Communication
1. Definition of Communication
If we are talking about communication, there are many definitions of
communication. For example, communication is the exchange of thoughts,
messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behaviour
(http://www/answers.com/topic/com). Next, communication is the transmission of
the information, ideas, emotion, performance, etc by using words, pictures,
numbers and graphics, etc as it said by Berelson and Steiner (1964) in Mulyana
(2000, p.62).
Based on the definitions above, it can be concluded that communication
gives information to the people and it happens among two people or more. On the
19
other hand, communication not only happen between two people or more but it
can happen between only one person when a man is talking with himself under his
awareness or not. For example, when we are thinking in order to find the answers
of the others questions and when we are delirious while we are sleeping.
2. Communication Process
In the communication process, there are some elements inside the process.
Those are source, process of encoding, message, channels, process of decoding,
receiver, and potential for feedback and the chance of noise (Dominick, 1996:6).
It will be explained further one by one below:
a. Source
Source initiates the process by having thought or an idea that he or she wishes to
transmit to some other entity. Source can be single individuals, groups, or even
organizations.
b. Process of encoding
Encoding refers to the activities that a source goes through to translate thoughts
and ideas into a form that may be perceived by the senses. Encoding in a
communication setting can take place one or more times, for example, in a face-to
face conversation, the speaker encodes thoughts into words.
c. Message
Message is the actual physical product that the source encodes. For example,
when we talk, our speech is the message.
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d. Channels
Channels refer to the ways in which the message travels to the receiver. Sound
waves carry spoken words, light waves carry visual messages.
e. Process of decoding
Process decoding consists of activities that translate or interpret physical messages
into a form that has eventual meaning for receiver. For example, a reporter sits on
city council meeting and takes notes.
f. Receiver
Receiver is the target of message-its ultimate goals.
g. Potential for feedback
Feedback refers to those responses of the receiver that shape and alter the
subsequent messages of the source.
h. Chance of noise
Noise is anything that interferes with the delivery of message.
3. Type of Communication
There are some types of communication. According to Mulyana (2000:72),
those types are:
a. Intrapersonal communication
It is a communication which happens in person himself. It means that we
communicate with ourselves under our awareness or not, for example, when we
are thinking in order to find the answers of the others questions and when we are
delirious while we are sleeping.
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b. Interpersonal communication
It is a communication between a person and the others and it happens face
to face. That communication will enable a person can catch the reaction of the
others directly in verbal or nonverbal communication. For example, the
communication happens between a teacher and a student.
c. Group communication
It is a group of people who has the same purposes, have interaction each
other to get that purposes and consider them as the member of the group. For
examples, family, lectures, conferences etc.
d. Public communication
It is the communication between speakers with a lot of people, for
example, speech.
e. Organizational communication
This communication happens inside the organization which has formal and
informal situation and also happens in the bigger link than group communication.
f. Mass communication
This communication uses mass media such as newspaper, magazine, radio
or television and held by a company to give the information to the people.
G. Mass Communication
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transmits public messages that are directed at large, heterogeneous, and scattered
audiences (Dominick, 1996. p.17).
H. Mass Media
Mass media is a term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media
specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience (typically at
least
as
large
as
the
whole
population
of
nation
state)
23
conveyed only at a glance, while in printed media, the conveyed message can be
examined and repeatedly read in every chance.
Finally, it can be said that mass media plays an important role, because
mass media is capable of acting as a bridge in distribution of information.
Moreover, if there will be no communication medias in our surroundings, the
people will get difficulties in communicating with the other in their daily lives.
I. Television
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television, it can add our knowledge and experiences in our lives so we will not be
a stammer about technology.
J. Video Jockey
This research focuses on the MTV Global Room television program. That
program is one of the programs in Global TV. MTV Global Room itself is a
program which presents the video clips from Indonesian artists and foreign artists.
Sometimes, it invites Indonesian artists as its guests. Then, the hosts usually
create a topic to discuss with the viewers by calling into the program. At first,
MTV Global Room is usually presented from Monday until Friday at 11.30 am
until 12.30 pm but the broadcasting time is changed from 2 pm until 3 pm. It is
25
changed because there are new programs. Moreover, the broadcasting days are
still from Monday until Friday.
MTV Global Room program is hosted by Indonesian VJ. Next, it is
usually presented by different hosts everyday. Firstly, the hosts are Daniel
Mananta, Catherine Sharon Gasnier, Rianti Rhiannon Cartwright, Mike Muliardo.
They are senior hosts. It means that they have been as the hosts of MTV Global
Room program for a long time. Then, the junior hosts are, such as, Franda,
Millane Fernandez, and Marissa Nasution join into that program. They are the
new hosts in Global TV. Therefore, the old and the new hosts are combined to
present the program now.
Most of the hosts of MTV Global Room can speak English well.
Sometimes the hosts switch codes from Indonesian language into English or
switch codes from English into Indonesian language when they present the
program. Therefore there will be variety of codes used by them in presenting the
program.
Even though MTV Global Room was finished few years ago but there are
some viewers who still remember about that program. It can be proved from the
result of the interview with them. In this research, the researcher has interviewed
five persons and all of them ever watched this program. Most of them like this
program because they can request songs from Indonesian artists or foreign artists.
The viewers can learn English too. It can be seen when the hosts mix or switch the
language from Indonesian language to English. Besides, they like to watch this
program since it also invites famous group bands in Indonesia so they can have
26
conversation by phone with those group bands. Moreover, this program usually
gives free gifts (compact disks, cassettes and t-shirts) for the viewers if they can
answer the quiz. It means that MTV Global Room program is popular and
watched by a lot of people.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY RESEARCH
A. Type of Research
The source of data is a subject from which all the data are obtained
(Arikunto, 2006:129). While data are all of the information or explanations related
to the purpose of the research (M.Amirin, 1990:130). The data of this research can
be divided into two kinds of data, those are primary and secondary data. Firstly,
primary data is the data obtained from the objects directly in the field. The
researcher gets primary data by recording the program (MTV Global Room).
Secondly, secondary data is the supported data. It is obtained from books, internet
27
28
and interview. The researcher takes the source of data from MTV Global Room
program in Global TV.
In this research, the researcher uses some equipments in order to get the
data. Those equipments are below:
a. Television set is to display the picture of the program.
b. A tape recorder is a media to record the sound of the program from television.
In this case, tape recorder is as a bridge in recording the sound from the television
into the cassettes.
c. Cassettes are used in order to save the sound of the program from the television.
They are used inside in the tape recorder.
d. Papers are used as to make transcriptions of the whole dialogues program.
29
The researcher uses some ways to collect the data, such as:
a. Watching television
In this case, the researcher watches the program from one of television
private station which is Global TV.
b. Recording
The researcher gets the data by recording the program (MTV Global
Room) in television. The researcher uses tape recorder and cassettes to record the
program.
c. Transcribing the recording of the program (MTV Global Room) into papers.
d. Selecting the dialogues created by the hosts which are contained the forms of
code switching.
e. Classifying the data based on the forms of code switching (intrasentential
switching, intersentential switching, and tag switching).
f. Giving a code on each classified data.
The data are given some codes to make the analysis easier. The data
coding will be based on the order of the data number, the forms of code switching,
and the date of recording. The example is below:
data number 1 / MTV GR / Intra.S / A21 07
1
MTV GR
30
Intra.S
A21 07
g. Interviewing
The researcher has interviewed two broadcasters from Karavan FM radio
station (Reza Olivia and Billy Bundchen) and one of the lecturers in English
Department, Faculty of Letters, namely Miss Sarah Pearsall, M.TESOL.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter will discuss about two points in order to answer the problem
statements. The first point is the process of classifying the data to find out the
forms of code switching used by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room. The whole data
that have been obtained before will be analyzed and classified into three forms of
conversational code switching, those are intrasentential switching, intersentential
switching and tag switching.
The data are all the utterances created by the hosts which consists of those
forms. After finding those forms, the second point is to discuss about the reasons
of the hosts in using those forms when they are presenting MTV Global Room
Program. For the futher explanation, it will be discussed more below:
1.1.Intrasentential Switching
Intrasentential switching involves, arguably, the greatest syntactic risk, and
may be avoided by all but the most fluent bilinguals (Poplack in Romaine,
1989:122). It takes place within sentences or clauses or words boundaries with no
apparent change in topic, interlocutor or setting. Intrasentential switching is for
some linguist considered as code mixing.
31
32
characteristics of the hosts language consist of hybrid form. The use of hybrid
form here is mixing between English words with Indonesian affixes. For the
further explanation, it will be given some data below:
a. data number 1 / MTV GR / Intra.S / A21 07
VJ Daniel
Suharta
: Samsons
This datum example was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 21st, 2007. In this part, the host uses this term ngerequest,
when he wants to ask one of the callers (Suharta) about the request songs. The
word, ngerequest, is mixed together with, nge-. Here, the form of nge is a non
standard word in Indonesian language and it is also a kind of informal Indonesian
language. He uses the word ngerequest because that word is more familiar to the
viewers ears than the word minta. All of the hosts often use the word ngerequest
when they want to ask the callers about their request songs. This word is also part
of broadcasting language so it is more popular and familiar. Similar data can be
seen in data number 3 / MTV GR / Intra.S / A21 07, data number 4 / MTV GR /
Intra.S / A22 07, data number 12 / MTV GR / Intra.S / A22 07, data number
13 / MTV GR / Intra.S / A22 07, data number 14 / MTV GR / Intra.S / A22
07, data number 19 / MTV GR / Intra.S / S3 07, data number 20 / MTV GR /
Intra.S / S3 07.
33
: Nah kita kenalan dulu, udah ada Raya, Juno, and Olive. Nah
Olive ini yang gantiin Mikuni dulu. Waktu Agustus 2005 mereka
juga udah jadi MTV Exclusive Artist.
VJ Franda
The next data was taken from the recorded from MTV Global Room
program on August 22 nd, 2007. In this data, the word ditake is mixed together
with di- (di was a prefix in Indonesian language). Here, di-, in Indonesian
language is as the function of affix to build passsive verb. VJ Franda uses the
word ditake than diambil when she wants to give her comment and express her
surprise that Park Drive is as MTV Exclusive Artist again in August 2007 because
they have been MTV Exsclusive Artist in August 2005. She also wants to have
closer relationship with the guest star.
This eight example datum was taken from the second recorded of MTV
Global Room program on August 22nd, 2007. In this data, the word
direpackaged is mixed together with di-. Here, di-, in Indonesian language, is as
34
the function of affix to build passsive verb. The host uses the word, direpackaged
when he tells the viewers about Park Drives second album. Here, he likes to use
the word, direpackaged than didaur ulang because that word (direpackaged)
gives deep meaning as album repackaged. He also wants to explain that Park
Drives second album actually is repackaged and mixed from the first album.
They choose some songs and arrange them again from the first album then insert
those songs into the second album.
: Oh, jadi lagu lagu lama diarranged dan dimixed lagi? Dan
loe sendiri loe yang ngerequest vokal loe?
The datum above was taken from the second recorded of MTV Global
Room program on August 22nd, 2007. The word diarranged is mixed together
with di-. Here, di-, in Indonesian language, is as the function of affix to build
passsive verb. In this part, the host creates the term, diarranged, when he asks the
guest about the process of making their second album. He wants to know about
that new album contains some old songs which those songs are arranged again.
He likes to use the term, diarranged than disusun because this word is more
familiar and commonly used in music industry.
35
The next data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room program on
August 22nd, 2007. In this data, the word dimixed, is mixed together with di- (di
was a prefix in Indonesian language). Here, di-, in Indonesian language is as the
function of affix to build passsive verb. He uses the term, dimixed, when he
wants to ask the guest about the process of making their second album.
He also wants to know about the new album which contains some old songs
and new songs. In that album, the old and new songs are mixed together. He likes
to use the term, dimixed because this word is more familiar and commonly used
in industry music than the word dicampur. Because of the situation is informal,
the host use popular and commonly words.
Park Drive
36
The next data above was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 22 nd, 2007. In this data, the word mengcompose, is mixed
together with meng-. Here, meng-, in Indonesian, was an affix. This affix function
is as a prefix. Here, the host uses the word mengcompose than mengarangnya
when he asks the guest about their first album. He wants to know whether do they
make their new albums by themselves or colaborate with the others. The host
prefers to use that word because it is commonly used in music industry.
ST 12
This data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room program on
August 21st, 2007. Here Millane creates that term, music directionnya, when she
is asking the guest about their flow of songs in making their first album. In this
data, the word music directionnya is mixed together with nya, (suffix as
possesive). She prefers to use music directionnya than aliran musiknya because
that word is familiar and commonly used in music industry and the guest also has
known what she is asking to them. It can be seen from their answer, semua ada
jadi gado gado (ST 12).
37
: Ya, tapi dua tahun sekali. Nah nanti kita bakal ngomongin tentang
album repackage albumnya Park Drive dan kita bakal tahu sampai
sejauh mana sih album ke 2 karena udah ada progressnya.
Park Drive
: Amin, ada materi baru Park Drive tapi belum masuk rekaman.
VJ Daniel
This next data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 22nd, 2007. In this data, the word progressnya is mixed
together with nya, (suffix as possesive). VJ Daniel uses the word progressnya
when he wants to explain the viewers about the progress of Park Drives second
album
process.
He
likes
to
choose
that
word,
progressnya
than
perkembangannya since that word can be understood by the guest. It can be seen
from the answer of the guest, Amin, ada materi baru Park Drive tapi belum
masuk rekaman (Park Drive).
Moreover, he will discuss more about that second album with the guest
after the commercial brake. It can be seen from his sentences, Nanti kita bakal
ngomong lebih banyak lagi. So, we have to break. Dont go anywhere from MTV
Global Room. So stay tune. Kita sekarang mau istirahat dulu. Jangan kemana
mana., okay? Tetap di MTV Global Room!. He also hopes that the viewers will
38
not change the television channel if they want to know more about the progress of
Park Drives second album.
Park Drive
The next data was taken from the second recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 22 nd, 2007. Here, Daniel uses that term, repackagenya when
he wants to tell the viewers that the word repackagenya is about Park Drives
second album. In this data, the word repackagenya is mixed together with nya,
(suffix as possesive). The host also wants to have closer relationship therefore he
likes to use the word repackagenya than album daur ulang because this word is
simpler, familiar and commonly used in music industry. It can be seen that the
word is not only used by the host but the group band also. It means the word,
repackage, has been more popular and known than album daur ulang. Similar
data can be seen in data number 9/ MTV GR / Intra.S / A22 07, data number 15
/ MTV GR / Intra.S / A22 07 .
39
Park Drive
This data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room program on
August 22 nd, 2007. Here the host creates that term, ngerangenya, when he asks
the guest about the way in making their first album. The word ngerangenya, is
mixed together with nge and nya. There is no affix nge- in Indonesian. The
form of nge is a non standard word in Indonesian language and it is also a kind
of informal Indonesian language and nya is suffix as possesive. He prefers to use
ngerangenya than menyusunnya because that word is familiar and the guest has
known what Daniel asked to them. It can be seen from their answer, Dalam
album pertama itu featuring Adrian. Terjadi juga ga sengaja dan dia juga bukan
artis siapa gitu tapi dia punya ide yang asyik banget (Park Drive).
40
Franda
41
VJ Millane
This datum above was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 21st, 2007. In this part, VJ Daniel creates intersentential code
switching. He speaks in English when he opens the program and greets the
viewers, Welcome back to MTV Global Room. He also says to them that there
will be guest star in that program, and now we have guest. Most of the hosts
usually use English when they want to greet the viewers. It happens because it is
one of their ways to attract them and make the program is more interesting.
Then, he switches the code from English to Indonesian language, Selamat
42
datang di MTV Global Room, sekarang kita udah punya bintang tamu yang
sangat terhormat disini dan mereka datang jauh-jauh dari Bandung. Langsung
aja tepuk tangan buat ST 12 (Guest). Disini sudah ada Pepeng, Pepep, dan
Charly Van Houtten. He switches the code from English to Indonesian in order to
explain more about the guest. He mentions the members of the group band and
they are from Bandung. By switching the code into Indonesian, hopefully the
viewers will more understand about what he has said before in English. Here, the
host not only greets the viewers but he also introduces the guest star. The data
which have the same characteristics are below:
data number 1 / MTV GR / Inter.S / A21 07 , data number 3 / MTV GR / Inter.S
/ A21 07, data number 5 / MTV GR / Inter.S / A21 07, data number 7 / MTV
GR / Inter.S / A22 07, data number 9 / MTV GR / Inter.S / A22 07, data
number 12 / MTV GR / Inter.S / S3 07, data number 14 / MTV GR / Inter.S / S3
07.
The sixth data above was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 21st, 2007 in Global TV. At first, VJ Daniel speaks in English
43
that he has CD from ST 12 band, We have CD from ST 12. Then he switches the
code into Indonesian language, Oh ya kita juga punya CD dari ST 12. Langsung
saja kita mau bagi bagiin CD dari ST 12. By switching the code, the viewers
will more understand that he will give free CD to the viewers. Therefore, they will
feel more enthuastics to join into the program.
Here, he persuades the viewers if they want to get free CD from ST 12,
they have to call into the program first. But, he does not tell that he has quiz
because it is one of his tricks to invite them in joining the program. Then, he will
give CD from that group band to the viewers who can answer the quiz. The data
which have the same characteristics can be seen in data number 2 / MTV GR /
Inter.S / A21 07, data number 15 MTV GR / Inter.S / S3 07.
This fourth data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 21st, 2007. At first VJ Daniel speaks in English when he
knows that one of the members of ST 12 group band has died because of sick, Im
very sorry to hear that. Then, he switches the code into Indonesian language,
Aku turut berduka cita dengan meninggalnya Iman. By swtching the code, he
44
wants to express his deep condolence about the died of Iman and to show his
solidarity as the same artists even though he is not a singer.
That data above was recorded from MTV Global Room program on
August 22, 2007. At first, VJ Daniel speaks in English when he wants to have
break time, So, we have to break. Dont go anywhere from MTV Global
Room. So stay tune! Then he switches the code into Indonesian language, Kita
sekarang mau istirahat dulu. Jangan kemana mana! Tetap di MTV Global
Room! By switching the code, the viewers will know that the program is not end
but the host only has break time and he will continue to present the program
again. So it is hoped that the viewers will watch until in the end of the program.
: Thank you so much for calling. Buat Nita makasih udah telepon
kesini ya.
45
This data was recorded from MTV Global Room program in Global
television on September 3, 2007. In this part, VJ Marissa speaks in English first
when she wants to express her thanks to one of the callers. Then, she switches the
code into Indonesian language in order to tell the other viewers that one of them
namely Nita has joined into the program. By mentioning the name, she can
express her deep thanks to Nita and she wants to respect her who has joined into
the program. Similar data can be found in data number 10 / MTV GR / Inter.S /
A22 07.
This data above was recorded from MTV Global Room program in Global
television station on September 3, 2007. When Marissa opens the program again
after the commercial brake, she speaks in English, Today, we have guest. They
are J-Rocks. Then, she switches the code into Indonesian language, Hari ini kita
punya bintang tamu, salah satu grup band di Indonesia dan mereka adalah JRocks. By switching the code into Indonesian language, the viewers will know
more about the guest. She hopes that they will watch the program and join into
program.
46
: Hi guys yang pasti in MTV Global Room bareng kita berdua and
all about the requests, jadi buat kamu semua yang pengen request
langsung aja request ke MTV Global Room@Global TV.co.id,
okay? Pastinya dibawah situ juga ditulis apa faxnya. Dan buat
requests kita ada Natasha Bedingfield with Soulmate, Samsons
with For You, Dotrie with Home and ST 12 with Rasa Yang
Tertinggal.
The data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room program on
August 21st, 2007. In this conversation, VJ Millane inserts an English tag after she
speaks in Indonesian language. Here, she wants to confirm to the viewers about
the way in requesting songs. If the viewers want to request songs, they can send
emails to MTV Global Room@Global TV.co.id. She also mentions some songs
which can be requested by the viewers. The data which have the same
characteristics can be seen in data number 4 / MTV GR / TS / A21 07, data
number 6 / MTV GR / TS / A22 07, data number 7 / MTV GR / TS / S3 07.
47
: Absolutely. We have some emails today. Nah hari ini kita punya
beberapa email yang udah masuk dan kita langsung baca aja email
yang udah masuk (Email: Hai VJ MTV! Gue Ami dari
Tangerang. Gue mo request lagu dari Natasha Badingfield with
Soulmate. Salamnya buat VJ aja deh. Makasih udah bacain. Habis
itu ada email satu lagi.
VJ Millane
VJ Daniel
: Nih ya Hai, dari Arya, Okay? Halo VJ, Arya mau bilang,
selamat siang deh buat all course kamar bedah di RS WS and
semua cowok cowok yang koas di seantero Makassar. About
song ya, gue pengen Natasha Badingfield. Selamet ya yang buat
jaga. Yang lagi diskusi bagi bagi ilmu dan tetap semangat.
Thanks VJ.
VJ Millane
VJ Daniel
VJ Millane
That data above was recorded from MTV Global Room program on
August 21, 2007 in Global TV. In this conversation, VJ Millane inserts English
tag after she speaks in Indonesian language when she wants to play a song which
48
is requested by one of the callers (Ulum in Tegal, Central Java). Here, the caller
requests song by sending an email. This word or this tag serves as an agreement to
play song. It means that VJ Millane agrees to play song which has been requested
before by the caller (Ulum). The data that has the same characteristic can be found
in data number 3 / MTV GR / TS / A21 07.
The datum above was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 21, 2007. The host creates English tag when he is speaking in
English before he answers the telephone. Here, he reminds the viewers to call into
the program because he has free CD (compact disk) from the guest (ST 12). It can
be seen from his utterance, Langsung saja kita mau bagi bagiin CD dari ST 12.
So kalau kamu anak nongkrong, telepon kesini! Call us right now, okay?.
Therefore, the viewers have to call into the program soon if they want to get free
CD from ST 12. The similar data can be found in data number 9 / MTV GR / TS /
S3 07, data number 10 / MTV GR / TS / S3 07.
49
The data above was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 22, 2007. VJ Marissa creates English tag after she speaks in
Indonesian language. Here, she wants to make sure to the viewers that the way to
request songs in MTV Global Room program is very easy because the viewers can
send their emails to MTV Global Rooms website (MTV Global Room.co.id) or
they can send their requesting songs by using fax. So, it will be faster and cheaper
than using letters.
50
51
Suharta
: Samsons
This datum example was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 21st, 2007. In this part, the host uses this term ngerequest,
when he wants to ask one of the callers (Suharta) about the request songs. The
word, ngerequest, is mixed together with, nge-. Here, the form of nge is a non
standard word in Indonesian language and it is also a kind of informal Indonesian
language. He uses the word ngerequest because that word is more familiar to the
viewers ears than the word minta. All of the hosts often use the word ngerequest
when they want to ask the callers about their request songs. This word is also part
of broadcasting language so it is more popular and familiar.
Park Drive
52
The next data was taken from the second recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 22nd, 2007 in Global TV. Here, Daniel uses that term,
repackagenya when he wants to tell the viewers that the word repackagenya is
about Park Drives second album. The host also wants to have closer relationship
with the guest and the viewers. Therefore he likes to use the word repackagenya
than album daur ulang because this word is simpler, familiar and commonly
used in music industry. It can be seen that the word is not only used by the host
but the group band also. It means the word repackage has been more popular and
known than album daur ulang.
ST 12
This data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room program on
August 21st, 2007. Here Millane creates that term, music directionnya, when she
53
is asking the guest about their flow of songs in making their first album. In this
data, the word music directionnya is mixed together with nya, (suffix as
possesive). She prefers to use music directionnya than aliran musiknya because
that word is familiar and commonly used in music industry and the guest also has
known what she is asking to them. It can be seen from their answer, semua ada
jadi gado gado (ST 12).
The next data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room program on
August 22nd, 2007. He uses the term, dimixed, when he wants to ask the guest
about the process of making their second album. He also wants to know about the
new album which contains some old songs and new songs. In that album, the old
and new songs are mixed together. He likes to use the term, dimixed because this
word is more familiar and commonly used in industry music than the word
dicampur. This word is also part of broadcasting language and it is usually used
to create the word mencampur.
54
VJ Millane
This datum above was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 21st, 2007. In this part, VJ Daniel creates intersentential code
switching. He speaks in English when he opens the program and greets the
viewers, Welcome back to MTV Global Room. He also says to them that there
will be guest star in that program, and now we have guest. Most of the hosts
55
usually use English when they want to greet the viewers. It happens because it is
one of their ways to attract them and make the program is more interesting.
Then, he switches the code from English to Indonesian, Selamat datang di
MTV Global Room, sekarang kita udah punya bintang tamu yang sangat
terhormat disini dan mereka datang jauh-jauh dari Bandung. Langsung aja tepuk
tangan buat ST 12 (Guest). Disini sudah ada Pepeng, Pepep, dan Charly Van
Houtten. He switches the code from English to Indonesian in order to explain
more about the guest. He mentions the members of the group band and they are
from Bandung. By switching the code into Indonesian, hopefully the viewers will
more understand about what he has said before in English. The similar data
examples can be found in data number 3 / MTV GR / Inter.S / A21 07, data
number 5 / MTV GR / Inter.S / A21 07, data number 7 / MTV GR / Inter.S /
A22 07, data number 9 / MTV GR / Inter.S / A22 07, data number 12 / MTV
GR / Inter.S / S3 07, data number 14 / MTV GR / Inter.S / S3 07.
56
The sixth data above was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 21st, 2007 in Global TV. At first, VJ Daniel speaks in English
that he has CD from ST 12 band, We have CD from ST 12. Then he switches the
code into Indonesian language, Oh ya kita juga punya CD dari ST 12. Langsung
saja kita mau bagi bagiin CD dari ST 12. By switching the code, the viewers
will more understand that he will give free CD to the viewers. Therefore, they will
feel more enthuastics to join into the program.
Here, he persuades the viewers if they want to get free CD from ST 12,
they have to call into the program first. But he does not tell them that he has quiz
because it is one of his tricks to invite them in joining the program. Then, he will
give free CD from that group band to the viewers who can answer the quiz. The
similar examples can be seen in data number 2 / MTV GR / Inter.S / A21 0 and
data number 15 / MTV GR / Inter.S / S3 07.
57
This fourth data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 21st, 2007. At first Daniel speaks in English when he knows
that one of the members of ST 12 group band has died because of sick, Im very
sorry to hear that. Then he switches the code into Indonesian, Aku turut berduka
cita dengan meninggalnya Iman. By swtching the code, he wants to express his
deep condolence about the died of Iman and to show his solidarity as the same
artists even though he is not a singer.
58
That data above was recorded from MTV Global Room program on
August 22, 2007. At first, Daniel speaks in English when he wants to have break
time, So, we have to break. Dont go anywhere from MTV Global Room. So
stay tune! Then he switches the code into Indonesian,
: Thank you so much for calling. Buat Nita makasih udah telepon
kesini ya.
This data was recorded from MTV Global Room program in Global
television on September 3, 2007. In this part, VJ Marissa speaks in English first
when she wants to express her thanks to one of the callers. Then, she switches the
code into Indonesian language in order to tell the other viewers that one of them
namely Nita has joined into the program. By mentioning the name, she can
express her deep thanks to Nita and she wants to respect her who has joined into
the program. Similar example can be found in data number 10 / MTV GR / Inter.S
/ S3 07.
59
This data above was recorded from MTV Global Room program in Global
television station on September 3, 2007. When Marissa opens the program again
after the commercial brake, she speaks in English, Today, we have guest. They
are J-Rocks. Then, she switches the code into Indonesian language, Hari ini kita
punya bintang tamu, salah satu grup band di Indonesia dan mereka adalah JRocks. By switching the code into Indonesian language, the viewers will know
more about the guest. She hopes that they will watch the program and join into
program.
60
confirm, as an agreement to play song, to remind the viewers and to make sure.
These reasons are going to be explained below:
a. To confirm
In presenting the program, the hosts not only have conversation with the
guests star but they also tell the viewers about the songs which can be requested,
the way in sending emails or requesting songs, to read emails which have been
sent by the viewers, and to give quiz. The example will be given below:
data number 1 / MTV GR / TS / A21 07
VJ Millane
: Hi guys yang pasti in MTV Global Room bareng kita berdua and
all about the requests, jadi buat kamu semua yang pengen request
langsung aja request ke MTV Global Room@Global TV.co.id,
okay? Pastinya dibawah situ juga ditulis apa faxnya. Dan buat
requests kita ada Natasha Bedingfield with Soulmate, Samsons
with For You, Dotrie with Home and ST 12 with Rasa Yang
Tertinggal.
The data was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room program on
August 21st, 2007. In this conversation, VJ Millane inserts an English tag after she
speaks in Indonesian language. Here, she wants to confirm to the viewers about
the way in requesting songs. If the viewers want to request songs, they can send
emails to MTV Global Room@Global TV.co.id or they can send by using fax.
She also tells the viewers that there are some songs which can be requested by
them. The data which have the same characteristics can be seen in data number 4 /
61
: Absolutely. We have some emails today. Nah hari ini kita punya
beberapa email yang udah masuk dan kita langsung baca aja email
yang udah masuk (Email: Hai VJ MTV! Gue Ami dari
Tangerang. Gue mo request lagu dari Natasha Badingfield with
Soulmate. Salamnya buat VJ aja deh. Makasih udah bacain. Habis
itu ada email satu lagi.
VJ Millane
VJ Daniel
: Nih ya Hai, dari Arya, Okay? Halo VJ, Arya mau bilang,
selamat siang deh buat all course kamar bedah di RS WS and
semua cowok cowok yang koas di seantero Makassar. About
song ya, gue pengen Natasha Badingfield. Selamet ya yang buat
jaga. Yang lagi diskusi bagi bagi ilmu dan tetap semangat.
Thanks VJ.
VJ Millane
62
VJ Daniel
VJ Millane
That data above was recorded from MTV Global Room program on
August 21, 2007 in Global TV. In this conversation, VJ Millane inserts English
tag after she speaks in Indonesian language when she wants to play a song which
is requested by one of the callers (Ulum in Tegal, Central Java). Here, the caller
requests song by sending an email. This word or this tag serves as an agreement to
play song. It means that VJ Millane agrees to play song which has been requested
before by the caller (Ulum). The data that has the same characteristics can be
found in data number 3 / MTV GR / TS / A21 07.
The datum above was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 21, 2007. The host creates English tag when he is speaking in
63
English before he answers the telephone. Here, he reminds the viewers to call into
the program because he has free CD (compact disk) from the guest (ST 12). It can
be seen from his utterance, Langsung saja kita mau bagi bagiin CD dari ST 12.
So kalau kamu anak nongkrong, telepon kesini! Call us right now, okay?.
Therefore, the viewers have to call into the program soon if they want to get free
CD from ST 12. The similar data can be found in data number 9 / MTV GR / TS /
S3 07 and data number 10 / MTV GR / TS / S3 07.
The data above was taken from the recorded of MTV Global Room
program on August 22, 2007. VJ Marissa creates English tag after she speaks in
Indonesian language. Here, she wants to make sure to the viewers that the way to
request songs in MTV Global Room program is very easy because the viewers can
send their emails to MTV Global Rooms website (MTV Global Room.co.id) or
they can send their requesting songs by using fax. So, it will be faster and cheaper
than using letters.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. CONCLUSIONS
This chapter presents the conclusions of the analysis in order to answer the
problem statements. The conclusions will be explained below:
1. The forms of code switching used by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room in Global
TV.
There are three forms of code switching used by the hosts of MTV Global
Room program. Those forms are inter-sentential code switching, intra-sentential
code switching and tag switching.
2. The reasons of using those code switchings by MTV VJ of MTV Global Room
in Global TV.
There are some different reasons of using those code switchings by the
hosts of MTV Global Room program in that data. Those reasons are:
2.1 Intrasentential Switching.
The hosts create intrasentential switching in presenting the program
because of the familiar and simpler words and the use of jargon.
64
65
B. RECOMMENDATIONS
After finishing the research, there are some suggestions which can be
presented to be benefits for:
1. The Students of English Department
The result of this research can be used as reference in studying
Sociolinguistics, especially about code switching.
2. Other Researchers
This result of this research can be used as reference and will give more
information to the other researchers who have the same topic or approach.
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