CIVE1620: Matrices - Lecture 6

09/04/2009

Determinant with unknowns

School of Civil Engineering

Linear Equations & Matrices

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Calculate the value of x that satisfies

CIVE 1620: Engineering Maths 1.1

Linear Equations & Matrix Algebra

3 3

x 2 2 1
1

Manipulate to get many zeros, expand

Lecture 6

2 x

Determinant with unknowns

Cramers Rule
Homogeneous equations
Adjoint Matrix

(see notes)
3x 3 x 1

x 3

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Determinant with unknowns: Example

Linear Equations & Matrices

Calculate the of k that satisfies

3

2
c1 3c 2

6 3

Calculate

r3-2r4
r4-2r1

Linear Equations & Matrices

k 4

1 3k 2

k 4

2 1

4 1

2 0

1 1

6 6

1 3k

c3 2c 2

4x4 Determinant

4
2

2 1

11

11

2 0
0
0

3k 2

Expand column 4

2 3k 2

k 4

16 k

11

11

k 16
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

4x4 Determinant continued

4
1

r3+3r1
1

Linear Equations & Matrices

Solution of 2x2 from earlier

11

11

11

a1 x b1 y c1

a1

b1

c1

a2 x b2 y c2

a2 b2

c2

a1b2 a2b1 x

b1c2 b2c1

Expand column 3
2

1
66
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equations & Matrices

11

11

11

33

a1

b1

a2 b2

b1

c1

c1

b2

c2

c2 b2

b1

First variable wanted,

first column replaced

a1b2 a2b1 y

a1c2 a2c1

a1

b1

a2 b2

a1

c1

a2

c2

Second variable wanted,

second column replaced

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices - Lecture 6

Cramers Rule

09/04/2009

Linear Equations & Matrices

Consider the set of three equations in three

unknowns written in matrix form:

Cramers Rule
For this:

Linear Equations & Matrices

a1

b1

c1

d1

a2

b2

c2

d2

a3

b3

c3

d3

The solution can be found by

a1

b1

c1

d1

a2

b2

c2

d2

a1

b1

c1

d1

b1

c1

a1

b1

c1

a1

d1

c1

a3

b3

c3

d3

a2

b2

c2 x

d2

b2

c2

a2

b2

c2 y

a2

d2

c2

a3

b3

c3

d3

b3

c3

a3

b3

c3

a3

d3

c3

There is a unique solution when the determinant

is not zero i.e. when
a1

b1

c1

a2

b2

c2

a3

b3

c3

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Second variable wanted,

second column replaced

First variable wanted,

first column replaced
a1

b1

c1

a1

b1

d1

a2

b2

c2 z

a2

b2

d2

a3

b3

c3

a3

b3

d3

Third variable wanted,

third column replaced

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Cramers Rule

Linear Equations & Matrices

If can calculate determinants easily can

calculate solution.
Number of variables must equal equations
Only when there is a unique solution
NOT very efficient when more that 3
variables

Example of Cramers Rule

Solve this using Cramers Rule
12 5

40

12 5
1

12 5
1

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equations & Matrices

x
y

40 5

12 5

12 5

12

40

40 5

40 45

12

40

85

108 40

68

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Homogeneous Equations

Linear Equations & Matrices

This system of 3 equations with 3 unknowns

Homogeneous Equations

Linear Equations & Matrices

This set of equations is Homogeneous

a1

b1

c1

d1

a1

b1

c1

a2

b2

c2

d2

a2

b2

c2

a3

b3

c3

d3

a3

b3

c3

Has a solution only when the determinant is

non zero
a1

b1

c1

a2

b2

c2

a3

b3

c3

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

17

It has an obvious solution

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
(this is also known as the trivial solution)

But does it have any other solutions?

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices - Lecture 6

09/04/2009

Homogeneous Equations
a1

b1

c1

a2

b2

c2

a3

b3

c3

Linear Equations & Matrices

A homogeneous system of n equations in n

unknowns has a solution different from the obvious
one, if and only if the determinant of the coefficient
matrix is zero.
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equations & Matrices

a11

Definition
A12

A13

A21

A22

A23

A31

A32

A33

a12

a13

a21 a22

a23

a31 a32

a33

a22

a23

a21 a23

a21 a22

a32
a12

a33
a13

a31
a11

a31
a11

a32
a12

a33
a13

a31 a33
a11 a13

a31 a32
a11 a12

a32

a33

a21 a23

a21 a22

a33
a13

Linear Equations & Matrices

Multiply A by its Adjoint i.e. A (adj A)

13

3 9 8

2 4 5

41

41

41

45 32

41

1 2

3 6

So no unique solution
x

x 2y

3x 6 y

2y

An Example of the Adjoint Matrix

Linear Equations & Matrices

4 7 3

Calculate the Adjoint of A

3 9 8
2 4 5

adj A

9 8

3 8

3 9

4 5
7 3

2 5
4 3

2 4
4 7

4 5
7 3

2 5
4 3

2 4
4 7

9 8

3 8

13
23
29

14

3 9
T

13
1

23 15

23
14
2

29

Properties of the Adjoint Matrix

23
14
2

29
23
15

45 32

7 15 16

23
15

3 12 18

Linear Equations & Matrices

The determinant of A is

A adj A

7 15 16

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Properties of the Adjoint Matrix

A adj A

3 6

Determinant

a32
a12

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

4 7 3

1 2

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Adjoint Matrix

adj A

Linear Equations & Matrices

2x2 example
0

If the determinant is zero there are other,

non-trivial, solutions

A11

Homogenous Equations

A adj A

41

41

41

3 12 18

41

0
A I

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices - Lecture 6

09/04/2009

Properties of the Adjoint Matrix

Linear Equations & Matrices

Todays lecture:
Thus a matrix multiplied by its adjoint is
equal to its determinant multiplied by the
identity.

A adj A

A I

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

0
0

Determinant with unknowns

Cramers Rule
Homogeneous equations
Adjoint Matrix

20