64241

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery
Mechanical Engineering
2016-2017
UNIT- I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

PART A
1. Define fluids.
Fluid may be defined as a substance which is capable of flowing. It has no definite shape of its own, but
confirms to the shape of the containing vessel.
2. What are the properties of ideal fluid?
Ideal fluids have following properties
It is incompressible; It has zero viscosity; Shear force is zero
3. What are the properties of real fluid?
Real fluids have following properties
i)It is compressible; ii) They are viscous in nature; iii) Shear force exists always in such fluids.
4. Define density and specific weight.
Density is defined as mass per unit volume (kg/m3)
Specific weight is defined as weight possessed per unit volume (N/m3)
5. Define Specific volume and Specific Gravity.
Specific volume is defined as volume of fluid occupied by unit mass (m3/kg)
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of specific weight of fluid to the specific weight of standard fluid.
6. Define Surface tension and Capillarity.
Surface tension is due to the force of cohesion between the liquid particles at the free surface.
Capillary is a phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid surface relative to the adjacent general level of liquid.
7. Define Viscosity.
It is defined as the property of a liquid due to which it offers resistance to the movement of one layer of
liquid over another adjacent layer.
8. Define kinematic viscosity.
It is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density. (m/sec)
9. Define Relative or Specific viscosity.
It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity of fluid to dynamic viscosity of water at 20C.
10. Define Compressibility.
It is the property by virtue of which fluids undergoes a change in volume under the action of external
pressure.
11. Define Newtons law of Viscosity. (Nov/Dec 2012)
According to Newtons law of viscosity the shear force F acting between two layers of fluid is proportional
to the difference in their velocities du and area A of the plate and inversely proportional to the distance
between them.
12. What is cohesion and adhesion in fluids?
Cohesion is due to the force of attraction between the molecules of the same liquid.
Adhesion is due to the force of attraction between the molecules of two different liquids or between the
molecules of the liquid and molecules of the solid boundary surface.
13. State momentum of momentum equation?
It states that the resulting torque acting on a rotating fluid is equal to the rate of change of moment of
momentum
14. What is momentum equation? (Nov/Dec 2012)
It is based on the law of conservation of momentum or on the momentum principle It states that, the net
force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the change in momentum of flow per unit time in that direction.
15. Why is it necessary in winter to use lighter oil for automobiles than in summer? To
what
property does the term lighter refer?
The term lighter refers to the property called viscosity. In winter, if heavy oil is used for automobiles, the oil
becomes more viscous, and doesnt serve lubrication purpose. So lighter oil is used.
16. If the pressure on the fluid is increased from 75 bar to 140 bar, the volume of liquid decreases by
0.15%. Find the bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid.
K
dp
dV
4.33 x 109 N/m2
17. At a certain point in flowing caster oil, the shear stress is 2 N/m 2 and velocity gradient is 0.25/sec.
The mass density of the oil is 800kg/m3. Find the kinematic viscosity of oil in stokes.
du
dy
1
2
m2 / s
2
8 Ns / m
100
0.25
St.Josephs College of Engineering/St.Josephs Institute of Technology
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18. State Pascals law.

This law indicates that the pressure intensity at any point in a static liquid is equal in alldirections.
19. Does viscosity vary with pressure and temperature?(Nov/Dec 2013)
The value of of liquid or gas is practically independent of pressure for the range generally countered in
practice but it varies widely with temperature. The temperature has predominant effect on the viscosity of the
liquids. With the increase in temperature, the viscosity decreases rapidly.
20. State momentum of momentum equation?
It states that the resulting torque acting on a rotating fluids equal to the rate of change of moment of
momentum.
21. What is momentum equation?
It is based on the law of conservation of momentum or on the momentum principle. It states that, the net
force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the change in momentum of flow per unit time in that direction.
22. What is importance of kinematic viscocity?(NOV/DEC 2015)
Since the density is a strong function of pressure and temperature, so is the kinematic viscosity. It is
generally a preferred unit when we deal with motion of fluid under the influence of gravity and so forth
23.Define incompressible fluid. (NOV/DEC 2015)
Compressibility is the property by virtue of fluid do not undergoes change in volume under the action of
external pressure.
24. Calculate mass density and specific volume of 1 litre of liquid which weighs 7N. (APR/MAY 2015)
mass density = mass/volume = [7/9.810]/10-3 kg/m3
specific volume = volume/mass = 1/density
25. What is the use of control volume (APR/MAY 2015)
The region in which the mass crosses the system boundary is called control volume. A control volume is a
mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes.
PART B
1. The velocity distribution over a plate is given by u = (3/4)*y-y2 where u is velocity in m/s and at a
depth y in m above the plate. Determine the shear stress at a distance of 0.3 m from the top of plate.
Assume dynamic viscosity of the fluid is taken as 0.95N s/m2.
(du/dy)=(3/4)-2y
=0.1425 N/mm2
2. The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of the plate is 60 cm.
The thickness of the oil film is 12.5 mm. The upper plate, which moves at 2.5 m/s requires a force of
98.1 N to maintain the speed. Determine the dynamic viscosity of the oil and the kinematic viscosity of
the oil in stokes if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.95.
=/(du/dy) = 13.63 poise.
=Sx1000= 950 kg/m3
=(/)=0.0001435 m2/sec
3. A 400 mm diameter shaft is rotating at 200 r.p.m. in a bearing of length 120 mm. If the thickness
of oil film is 1.5 mm and the dynamic viscosity of the oil is 0.7 N.s/m 2 determine: (i) Torque required to
overcome friction in bearing (ii) Power utilised in overcoming viscous resistance.
U=(DN/60)= 4.19 m/s
=/(du/dy)
=1955.3 N/m2
Shear force F = 294.85 N
Torque, T= Fx(d/2)= 58.97 N-m
Power utilized P= (2NT/60)= 1235 W
4. A vertical cylinder of diameter 180 mm rotates concentrically inside another cylinder of diameter 181.2
mm. Both the cylinders are 300 mm high. The space between the cylinders is filled with a liquid. Determine
the viscosity of the fluid if a torque of 20 Nm is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 120 r.p.m.
U=(DN/60)= 1.13 m/s
=/(du/dy)
=1883.33
Shear force F = x A, =0.696 Ns/m2
5. A plate 0.05 mm distant from a fixed plate, moving at 1.2 m/s requires a force of 2.2 N/m 2 to
maintain this speed. Find the dynamic viscosity of fluid between the plates.
=/(du/dy) = 9.16x10-5 Ns/m2.

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6. Find the surface tension in a soap bubble of 40 mm diameter when the inside pressure is 2.5 N/m 2
above atmospheric pressure.
8
P=
, = 0.0125 /
7. Calculate the capillary rise in a glass tube of 4 mm diameter, when immersed in (i)water, and
(ii)mercury.the temperature of the liquid is 20oC and the values of the surface tension of water and
mercury at 20oC in contact with air are 0.073575 N/m respectively. The angle of contact for water is
zero that for mercury 1.30o. Take density of water at 20oC as equal to 998 kg/m3.
P=
, (i) h= 7.51 mm, (ii) h=-2.46 mm.
8. Determine the minimum size of glass tube that can be used to measure water level, if the capillary
rise in the tube is not to exceed 2 mm. Take surface tension of water in contact with air as 0.073575
N/m.
4
P =
, d= 100 mm,
9. A pipe (1) 450 mm in diameter branches in to two pipes (2 and 3) of diameters 300 mm and 200
mm respectively. If the average velocity in 450 mm diameter pipe is 3m/s. Find (i) Discharge through
450 mm diameter pipe; (ii) Velocity in 200 mm diameter pipe if the average velocity in 300mm pipe is
2.5 m/s.
(i)
Discharge Q1=A1V1, Q2=0.477 m3/s
(ii)
Q1=Q2+Q3, V3=9.55 m/s
10. In a three-dimensional in compressible fluid flow, the velocity components in x and y-directions
are: u=x2+y2z3; v=-(xy+yz+zx). Use continuity equation to evaluate an expression for the velocity
component w in the z-direction.
For 3D incompressible fluid, + + = 0, = 2; = ( + )

11. A 6m long pipe is inclined at an angle of 20o with the horizontal. The smaller section of the pipe
which is at lower level is of 100 mm dia and the larger section is of 300 mm dia. If the pipe is uniformly
tapering and the velocity of the water at the smaller section is 1.8m/s. Determine the difference of
pressures between two sections.
A1V1=A2V2,
P1-P2=18.44 N/m2
12. A 30 cm x 15 cm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.9,
the flow being upwards. The difference in elevation of the throat section and entrance section of the
venturimeter is 30 cm. The differential U tube mercury manometer shows a gauge deflection of 25 cm.
Calculate: (i) the discharge of oil. (ii) The pressure difference between the entrance section and the
throat section. Take Cd=0.98 and specific gravity of mercury as 13.6.
h=
+ 1
+ 2 = 3.53 m of oil
(i) Discharge Q= 0.1489 m /s, (ii) P1-P2=33.8 kN/m2

13. A vertical venturimeter 40 cm x 20 cm is provided in a vertical pipe to measure a flow of oil of
relative density 0.8. The difference in elevations of the throat section and the entrance sections in 1 m,
the direction of flow of oil being vertically upwards. The oil-mercury differential gauge shows
deflection of mercury equal to 40 cm. Determine the quantity of oil flowing the pipe. Neglect losses.
1
= 13.25 , 2 = 4.76
(i) H= 18.01 m, Cd=0.985; (ii) Q=0.146 m3/s

14. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameter 300 mm and 100 mm respectively is used
to measure the flow of water. The pressure intensity at inlet is 130 kN/m2 while the vacuum pressure
head at throat is 350 mm of mercury. Assuming that 3% head lost between the inlet and throat. Find
the value of coefficient of discharge for the venturimeter and also determine the rate of flow.
Differential head,
1 = 50
13.6
0.9
= 50 14.11 = 705.5
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= 0.64
= .
0 1
1 2 0 2
2; Q=137.414
15. An orifice meter with orifice diameter 15 cm is inserted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter. The pressure
difference measured by a mercury oil differential manometer on the two sides of the orifice meter
gives a reading of 50 cm of mercury. Find the rate of flow of oil of sp.gr 0.9 and Cd = 0.6.
=
= .
1 = 705.5
0
0 1
1 2 2 2
2 = 137414.25 cm3/s
16. A 45o reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet and outlet of the bend
being 600 mm and 300 mm respectively. Find the force exerted by water on the bend if the intensity of
pressure at inlet to bend is 8.829 N/cm2 and rate of flow of water is 600 liters/s.
Applying Bernoullis equ. P2=5.45x104 N/m2
Fx=Q[V1-V2cos]+P1A1-P2A2cos = 18811.4 N
Fy=-6322.2 N; FR=20890.9 N; =17o36
17. A 300 mm diameter pipe carries water under a head of 20 m with a velocity of 3.5 m/s. if the axis of
the pipe turns through 45o, find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force at the bend.
Fx=Q[V1-V2cos]+P1A1-P2A2cos
Fx = 4316.98 N
Fy= - 10420.4 N; FR= 11279 N; =67o28
18. A lawn sprinkle has 0.8 cm diameter nozzle at the end of a rotating arm and discharge water at the
rate of 10 m/s velocity. Determine the torque required to hold the rotating arm stationary. Also
determine the constant speed of rotation of the arm, if free to rotate.
Q=AV= 0.0005026 m3/s
Torque exerted by the nozzle A,= QVArA = 1.2565 N-m clockwise
Torque exerted by the nozzle B,= QVBrB=1.0052 N-m clockwise
Total torque = 2.26 N-m
19. Derive Eulers equation of motion.
20. Water flows at a rate of 200 litres per second upwards through a tapered vertical pipe . The
diameter of bottom is 240 mm and the top is 200 mm length is 5m ,the pressure at the bottom is 8 bar
and pressure at the top is 7.3 bar. Determine the head loss through the pipe. Express as the function of
exit velocity head.(NOV/DEC 2015).
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21. Determine the viscous drag torque and power absorbed on one surface of collar bearing of 0.2m
ID and 0.3 m OD with a oil film thickness of 1mm and viscosity of 30 centi-poise if it rotates at 500
rpm (NOV/DEC 2015)
22. The water level in the tank is 20m above the ground. The hose is connected to the bottom of
tank, and the nozzle is at the end of hose is pointed straight up. The tank is at sea level and the water
surface is open to atmosphere. In the line leading from the tank to the nozzle is a pump, which
increases the pressure of water. If the water jet rises to the height of 27m from the ground, determine
the minimum pressure rise applied by the pump to the water line. (APR/MAY 2015)
23.
A hollow cylinder of 150mm OD with its weight equal to the buyont forces is to be kept floating
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vertically in the liquid with a surface tension of 0.45N/m2. The contact angle is 60. Determine the
additional force required. (APR/MAY 2015)
UNIT II FLOW THROUG CIRCULAR CONDUITS

PART A
1. Mention the general characteristics of laminar flow.
There is a shear stress between fluid layers
No slip at the boundary
The flow is rotational
There is a continuous dissipation of energy due to viscous shear
2. What is Hagen poiseuilles formula?(Nov/Dec 2012)
P1-P2 / g = h f = 32 UL / 2gD
The expression is known as Hagen poiseuille formula.
Where P1-P2 / g = Loss of pressure head
U = Average velocity
= Coefficient of viscosity
D = Diameter of pipe
L = Length of pipe
3. What are the factors influencing the frictional loss in pipe flow?
Frictional resistance for the turbulent flow is
i. Proportional to vn where v varies from 1.5 to 2.0.
ii. Proportional to the density of fluid.
iii. Proportional to the area of surface in contact.
iv. Independent of pressure.
v. Depend on the nature of the surface in contact.
4. What is the expression for head loss due to friction in Darcy formula?
hf = 4fLV2 / 2gD
Where
f = Coefficient of friction in pipe; L = Length of the pipe;D = Diameter of pipe; V = velocity of the fluid
5. What do you understand by the terms a) major energy losses, b) minor energy losses
Major energy losses: This loss due to friction and it is calculated by Darcy weisbach formula and chezys formula.
Minor energy losses:This is due to
i. Sudden expansion in pipe.
ii. Sudden contraction in pipe. iii. Bend in
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pipe.
iv. Due to obstruction in pipe .
6. Give an expression for loss of head due to sudden enlargement of the pipe:
he = (V1-V2)2 /2g
Where
he = Loss of head due to sudden enlargement of pipe .
V1 = Velocity of flow at section 1-1, V2 = Velocity of flow at section 2-2
7. Give an expression for loss of head due to sudden contraction: (APR/MAY 2015)
hc =0.5 V2/2g
here, c = Loss of head due to sudden contraction;
V = Velocity at outlet of pipe.
8. Give an expression for loss of head at the entrance of the pipe:
hi =0.5V2/2g
Where,
hi = Loss of head at entrance of pipe; V = Velocity of liquid at inlet and outlet of the pipe.
9. Define the terms a) Hydraulic gradient line [HGL], b) Total Energy line [TEL] (NOV/DEC 2015)
a) Hydraulic gradient line:
Hydraulic gradient line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head and datum head of a
flowing fluid in apipe with respect the reference line.
b) Total energy line:
Total energy line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum head and kinetic head of
a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line.
10. What is sypon ? Where it is used?
Sypon is along bend pipe which is used to transfer liquid from a reservoir at a higher elevation to another
reservoir at a lower level.
Uses of sypon : 1. To carry water from one reservoir to another reservoir separated by a hill ridge.
2. To empty a channel not provided with any outlet sluice.
11. What are the basic educations to solve the problems in flow through branched pipes?
i. Continuity equation. ii. Bernoullis formula; iii. Darcy weisbach equation.
12. What is Dupuits equation?(Nov/Dec 2013)
L1/d15+L2/d25 +L3/d35 = L / d5
Where
L1, d1 = Length and diameter of the pipe 1, L2, d2 = Length and diameter of the pipe 2
L3, d3 = Length and diameter of the pipe 3
13. Define kinetic energy correction factor?
Kinetic energy factor is defined as the ratio of the kinetic energy of the flow per sec based on actual
velocity across a section to the kinetic energy of the flow per sec based on average velocity across the same
section. It is denoted by ().
14. What is Hydraulic mean depth?
It is the ratio of Cross-sectional area of the flow and Wetted perimeter, where wetted perimeter is the
perimeter of the pipe or the channel which remains in contact with the flowing fluid.
15. What do you understand by the transmission efficiency of a pipe?
= Power available at the end of the pie/ Power available at the entry of the pipe.
16. Obtain a condition for maximum efficiency and prove that it is 66.7%?.
H
hf
3 The maximum is given by (H-(H/3))/H = 66.7%
17. Differentiate Laminar & Turbulent Flow : Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
1) A flow is said to be laminar if Renolds 1) A flow is said to be turbulent if Renolds
number is less than 2000 is known as Laminar number is greater than 4000 is known as
flow.
Turbulent flow .
2)
Laminar flow is possible only at low 2)
Is the flow is possible at both velocities
velocities and high viscous fluids .
and low viscous fluid.
3) In such type of flow fluid particle moves
3) In that typeof flow fluid particle move in
in laminas or layers gliding smoothly over the a zig zag manner .
adjacent layer.
18. What do you meant by viscous flow?
A flow is said to be viscous if the Renolds number is less than 2000 (or) the flows in layers ie.
Re<2000.
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19. State the Relationship between Shear stress and pressure gradient.
The Relationship between Shear stress and pressure gradient, = ,indicates that the pressure gradient in
the direction of flow is equal to the shear gradient in the direction normal to the direction of flow.
20. What is an equivalent pipe? State the assumptions made in finding the equivalent length of a
compound pipe. (APR/MAY 2015)
A compound pipe consisting of several pipes of varying diameters and length may be replaced by a pipe
of uniform diameter is known as equivalent pipe.
a) The material of the pipe is same, and hence the co efficient is same
b) The minor losses are neglected.
PART - B
1. Derive an expression to find the loss of head due to friction in pipes.
It is also called as Darcys weibachs equation.
hf
4 flv 2
2 gd
Where, hf = head loss due to friction

f- coefficient of friction in pipe material
l- length of pipe
v- velocity of liquid
g- acceleration due to gravity
d-diameter of pipe
2. Derive an expression for DarcyWeisbach formula to determine the head loss due to friction. Give
the expression for relation between friction factor f and Reynolds's number Re for laminar and
turbulent flow.
Answer is same as Q.No:1
3. A 30 cm diameter pipe of length 30 cm is connected in series to a 20 cm diameter pipe of length 20
cm to convey discharge. Find the equivalent length of pipe of diameter 25 cm, assuming that the
Friction factor remains the same and the minor losses are negligible. (Nov/Dec 2012)
L
L1
L2
5
5
D
D1 D2 5
L=73.09 m
4. An oil of viscosity 9 poise and specific gravity 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal pipe of 60 mm
diameter. If the pressure drop in 100 m length of the pipe is 1800 kN/m2, determine . i. The rate of flow
of oil. ii. The centre-line velocity, iii. The total frictional drag over 100 m length, iv. The power required
to maintain the flow, v. The velocity gradient at the pipe wall, vi.The velocity and shear stress at 8 mm
from the wall.
128QL
d 4
p1 p 2 r
max
x
L
2
Q
U
A
UD
Re
p1 p 2
Power P=Q(p1-p2)
5. A liquid with a specific gravity 2.8 and a viscosity 0.8 poise flows through a smooth pipe of unknown
diameter, resulting in a pressure drop of 800 N/m2 in 2 km length of the pipe. What is the pipe diameter
if the mass flow rate is 2500kg/h.
p1 p 2
128QL
d 4
6. The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given by

=
8
being boundary layer
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thickness. Calculate the following: i.Displacement thickness, ii. Momentum thickness, and iii. Energy
thickness.
u
dy
U
Displacement thickness *= 1
0
Momentum thickness =
U 1 U dy
0
Energy thickness e =
u u2
0 U 1 U 2 dy
7. For
the
velocity
profile
in
laminar
boundary
layer
as = .
Find the thickness of the boundary layer and shear stress, 1.5 m from the leading edge of a plate. The
plate is 2 m long and 1.4 m wide is placed in water, which is moving with a velocity of 200 mm/sec. Find
the total drag force on the plate if for water 0.01 poise.
Re
UL
0
d u
u
1 dy
2
dx 0 U U
U
3U
Shear stress=
2
L
Drag forceFD= 0 bdx

0
8. In a pipe of diameter 350 mm and length 75 m water is flowing at a velocity of 2.8 m/s. Find the head
loss due to friction using darcy-weisbach formula. Assume kinematic viscosity of water as 0.012 stroke.
=/
Head loss due to friction hf
4 flv 2
2 gd
9. The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m 3/sec. The diameter of the pipe is
suddenly enlarged from 200 mm to 400 mm. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is 11.772 N/cm 2.
Determine (i) loss of head due to sudden enlargement (ii) pressure intensity in the large pipe and (iii)
power lost due to enlargement.
Q= A1V1=A2V2
He=
(V1 V2 ) 2
2g
2
p1 V1
p 2 V2
he
w 2g
w 2g
Power lost due to enlargement =wQhe
10. A horizontal pipe carries water at the rate of 0.04 m3/s. Its diameter which is 300 mm reduces
abruptly to 150 mm. Calculate the pressure loss across the contraction. Take the co-efficient of
contraction = 0.62.
2
V 1
Head loss due to contraction hc= 2
1
2 g Cc
p1 V1
p 2 V2
hc
w 2g
w 2g
11. A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges freely in to
the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length from the tank, the pipe is 150mm
diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 300 mm. The height of the water level in the tank is
8m above the center of the pipe. Considering all losses of head which occur, i. Determine the rate of
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flow. ii Draw HGL and EGL. Take f = 0.01 for both sections of the pipe.
Head loss at the entrance of pipe hi
0.5V 2
2g
Head loss due to friction in pipe 1 h f 1
4 fL1V1
2 gd1
Head loss due to sudden enlargement He=

Head loss due to exit h0
(V1 V2 ) 2
2g
4 fL2V2
2 gd 2
V2
2g
By continuity equation Q= A1V1=A2V2

2
p1 V1
p 2 V2
losses
w 2g
w 2g
12. Two reservoirs are connected by a pipeline consisting of two pipes, one of 15 cm diameter and length
6 m and the other of diameter 22.5 cm and 16 m length. If the difference of water levels in the two
reservoirs is 6 m, calculate the discharge and draw the energy gradient line .Take f=0.04
4 fL1V1
2 gd1

0.5V 2
2g
2
(V1 V2 ) 2
2g
4 fL2V2
2 gd 2
V2
2g
Discharge Q= A1V1=A2V2
13. Three pipes of diameters 300 mm, 200 mm and 400 mm and lengths 450 m, 255 m and 315 m
respectively are connected in series. The difference in water surface levels in two tanks is 18 m.
Determine the rate of flow of water if coefficients of friction are 0.0075, 0.0078 and 0.0072 respectively
considering : (i) Minor losses also and (ii)Neglecting minor losses.
0.5V 2
2g

2
V
2g
4 fL1V1
2 gd1
1
Cc
(V1 V2 ) 2
2g
10
4 fL2V2
2 gd 2
4 fL3V3
2 gd 3
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V2
2g
Discharge Q= A1V1=A2V2
14. A piping system consists of three pipes arranged in series; the lengths of the pipes are 1200 m, 750
m, and 600 m and diameters 750 mm, 600 mm and 450 mm respectively. (1) Transform the system to an
equivalent 450 mm diameter pipe and (2) Determine an equivalent diameter for the pipe 2550 m long.
L
L
L1
L2
5
35
5
5
D
D1 D 2
D3
15. A pipe of 0.6 m diameter is 1.5 km long. In order to augment the discharge, another line of the same
diameter is introduced parallel to the first in the second half of the length. Neglecting minor losses. Find
the increase in discharge, if friction factor 4f = 0.04. The head at inlet is 300 mm.
Head loss due to friction hf
4 flv 2
2 gd
2
4 fL1V1
2 gd1
4 fL2V2
2 gd 2
Discharge Q= AV
Q=Q1+Q2
Q1=Q2=Q/2
16. Two sharp ended pipes of diameters 50 mm and 100 mm are connected in parallel between two
reservoirs which have a difference of level of 10 m. If the co-efficient of friction for each pipe is (4f) 0.32,
calculate the rate of flow for each pipe and also the diameter of a single pipe 100 m long which would
give the same discharge, if it were substituted for the original two pipes.
hf=hf1=hf2
2
4 fL1V1
2 gd1
4 fL2V2
2 gd 2
For parallel pipes Q=Q1+Q2

Q=AV
4 flv 2
Loss of head in a single pipe hf
2 gd
17. For sudden expansion in a pipe flow, workout the optimum ratio between the diameter of the pipe
before expansion and the diameter of the pipe after expansion, so that the pressure rise is maximum.
(Ans : D1 D 2 1 2 )
18. Water is supplied to the inhabitants of a college campus through a supply main. The following
data is given:
Distance of the reservoir from the campus = 3000 m, number of inhabitants = 4000,
Consumption of water per day of each inhabitant = 180 litres. Loss of head due to friction = 18m,
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Co efficient of friction for the pipe, f=0.007; If half of the daily supply is to be pumped in 8 hrs,
Find the size of the supply main.
Total consumption per day Q=no.of inhabitants x consumption of water per day of each habitant/16
4 flv 2
2 gd
Q=AV
A=/4 d2
19. The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m3/s. The diameter of the pipe which is
20 cm is suddenly enlarged to 40 cm. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is 11.772 N/cm 2.
Determine the loss of head due to sudden enlargement and pressure intensity in the large pipe.
Discharge Q= AV
A=
d2
(V1 V2 ) 2
2g
Head loss due to friction in pipe h f

2
4 fL V
2 gd
p1 V1
p 2 V2
loss
w 2g
w 2g
20. Water leaks through a horizontal crack 40mm wide and 2.5mm deep in a wall of thickness 100mm.
Find the rate of leakage of water through the crack if the difference of pressure between the two ends
of the crack is 0.03 N/cm2. Take viscosity of water as 0.01 poise.
Maximum velocity Umax=
1 p1 p 2 2
b
12
L
Water leakage Q= UmaxX clearance area

21. Water flows through a 10 cm diameter, 30 m long pipe at a rate of 1400 lpm. What percent of head
would be gained by replacing the central one third length of pipe by another pipe of 20 cm diameter?
Assume that the changes in the sections are abrupt and take f = 0.008 for all pipes. Neglect entrance
and exit losses but consider all other losses.
L
L1
L2
5
5
D
D1 D2 5
4 flv 2
2 gd
22. Two reservoirs are connected by a pipeline 600m long. For the first 300m, its diameter is 15cm
that reduces suddenly to 7.5cm for the remaining portion. Water discharges into the side of the lower
reservoir below the water surface. If the difference in the water level between the two reservoirs is
80m, estimate the discharge considering all losses. Assume Cc= 0.867 and 4f = 0.0268.
0.5V 2
2g
4 fL1V1
2 gd1
2
V
2g
1
Cc
2
4 fL2V2
2 gd 2
V2
2g
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23. An oil of specific gravity 0.80 and kinematic viscosity 15 x 10-6 m2/s, flow in a smooth pipe of 12cm
diameter at a rate of 150 litre/min. Determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. Also calculate
the velocity at the center line and velocity at the radius of 4cm. What is the head loss for a length of
10m? what will be the entry length? Also determine the wall shear. (NOV/DEC 2015)
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24. Describe moodys chart. (APR/MAY 2015)
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2016-2017
25. Oil at 27 C (=900 kg/m3 and = 40 centi-poise) is flowing steadily in a 1.25 cm diameter, 40m
long. During the flow, the pressure at inlet and exit of pipe is 8.25 bar and 0.97 bar. Determine the flow
rate of oil through the pipe if pipe is (a) horizontal (b) inclined 20 upward (c) inclined 20 downward
(APR/MAY 2015)
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UNIT III DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

PART A
1. What are the types of fluid flow?
Steady & unsteady fluid flow,
Uniform & Non-uniform flow, One dimensional, two-dimensional &
three-dimensional flows, Rotational &Irrotational flow
2. Name the different forces present in fluid flow
Inertia force;viscous force; Surface tension force; Gravity force
3. When in a fluid considered steady?
In steady flow, various characteristics of following fluids such as velocity, pressure, density, temperature etc
at a point do not change with time. So it is called steady flow.
4. Give the Eulers equation of motion?(Nov/Dec 2012)
(dp/p)+gdz+vdv=0
5. What are the assumptions made in deriving Bernouillies equation? (NOV/DEC 2015)
1.The fluid is ideal; 2.The flow is steady; 3.The flow is incompressible; 4.The flow is irrotational.
6. What is bernouillies equation for real fluid?
(p1/g)+(v12/2g)+z1=(p2/g)+(v22/2g)+z2+hl
wherehl is the loss of energy (p/g)-Pressure energy. (v2/2g)=Kinetic energy.
z-Datum energy.
7. State the application of Bernouillies equation?
It has the application on the following measuring devices.1.Orifice meter; 2.Venturimeter.; 3.Pitot tube.
8. State the methods of dimensional analysis.
1. Rayleighs method; 2. Buckinghams theorem
9. State Buckinghams theorem. (Nov/Dec 2012)
It states that if there are n variables in a dimensionally homogeneous equation and if these variables contain
m fundamental dimensions (M,L,T), then they are grouped into (n-m), dimensionless independent -terms.
10. State the limitations of dimensional analysis.
1. Dimensional analysis does not give any due regarding the selection of variables.
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2.The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis.

3.The values of coefficient and the nature of function can be obtained only by experiments or from
mathematical analysis.
11. Define Similitude
Similitude isdefined as the complete similarity between themodel and prototype.
12. State Froudes model law
Only Gravitational force is more predominant force. The law states The Froudes number is same for both
model and prototype.
13. What are the factors influencing the frictional lossin pipe flow?
Frictional resistance for the turbulent flow is,
1. Proportional to vn where v varies from 1.5 to 2.0, 2. Proportional to the density of fluid.
3. Proportional to the area of surface in contact, 4. Independent of pressure, 5. Depend on the nature of
the surface in contact.
14. What are the factors to the determined when viscous fluid flows through the circularpipe?
Velocity distribution across the section; Ratio of
maximum velocity to the average velocity;
Shearstressdistribution; Drop of pressure for a given length.
15. What are the advantages of dimensional and model analysis? (APR/MAY 2015)
a. The performance of hydraulic structure or hydraulic machine can be easily predicted, in advance, from
its model.
b. The merits of alternative designs can be predicted with the help of model testing. The most economical
and safe design may be, finally adopted.
16. Define mach number and state its application. (NOV/DEC 2015)
Machs number is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force of a flowing fluid to the elastic
force. It is used in Aerodynamic testing ,Under water testing of torpedoes,Water hammer problems
17. Write the similitude that exist between model and prototype (APR/MAY 2015)
Similitude is defined as the similarity between the model and its prototype in every respect, which means
that the model and prototype have similar properties or model and prototype are completely similar. There
are three types of similarities exists between the model and prototype, Geometric Similarity, Kinematic
Similarity, Dynamic Similarity
18. Define Froude's number.
Froudes number is defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force of a slowing fluid to the gravity
force.
19. What is Mach number? Mention its field of use.
Machs number is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force of a flowing fluid to the elastic
force. It is used in Aerodynamic testing, Under water testing of torpedoes,Water hammer problems
20. Distinguish between a control and differential control volume.
The region in which the mass crosses the system boundary is called control volume. A control volume is a
mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes.
The control volume in which the conservation of mass equation is applied is called a differential control
volume.
PART - B
1. The resistance R experienced by a partially submerged body depends upon the velocity V,
length of the body l, viscosity of the fluid , density of the fluid and gravitational acceleration g,
obtain a dimensionless expression for R.
Solution:
, 2
The resistance R is a function of density , the viscosity , length of body l, velocity v, and
acceleration due to gravity g,
= , , , ,
Dimension of variable involved in given problem
Variables
Dimensions
= 2 2
MLT-2
ML-3
ML-1T-1
17
LT-1
LT-2
2016-2017
Total number of variable involved in process n= 6

Number of fundamental dimensions involved in process m= 3
Number of dimensionless number of -terms= n-m= 3
1 = 1 . V b1 . c1 . R
2 = 2 . V b2 . c2 .
3 = 3 . V b3 . c3 . g
2. Using Buckinghams theorem, show that the velocity through a circular orifice is given by
= 2 , . Where H=Head causing flow, D=Diameter of the orifice, =Co-efficient of

viscosity, =Mass density & g=Acc. due gravity.
Solution:
= , , , ,
Variables
Dimensions
V
LT-1
ML-1T-1
ML-3
G
LT-2
Total number of variable involved in process n= 6
Number of fundamental dimensions involved in process m= 3
1 = 1 . b1 . g c1 . v
2 = 2 . b2 . g c2 . D
3 = 3 . b3 . g c3 .
3. The discharge Q of a centrifugal pump depends upon the mass density of fluid (), the speed of
the pump (N), the diameter of the impeller (D), the manometric head (Hm) and the viscosity of fluid
().Show that = 3 2 2 , 2 .
Solution:
Q = f N, D, g, H, ,
Variables
Dimensions
D
T-1
ML-3
L3T-1
LT-2
ML-1T-1
Total number of variables n = 7

Number of fundamental dimensions m = 3
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1 = 1 . N b1 . c1 . Q
2 = 2 . N b2 . c2 . g
3 = 3 . N b3 . c3 . H
4 = 4 . N b4 . c4 .
4. A pipe of diameter 1.m is required to transport an oil specific gravity 0.9 and viscosity 3 x 10-2
poise at the rate of 3000 liters/s. Tests were conducted on a 15 cm diameter pipe using water at
20oC. Find the velocity and the rate of flow in the model. Viscosity of water at 20oC is 0.01 poise.
Given:
Sp.gr of oil,SP =0.9
1
Viscosity of oil, = 0.03 poise = 0.03 10 /2 = 0.003 Ns/2
Rate of oil flow, Q = 3000 / sec = 3 3 /
Diameter of prototype, DP = 1m
Diameter of model, Dm = 15cm = .15m
1
Viscosity of water at 20oC = 0.01 poise = 0.01 10 = 0.001 /2
Solution:
Velocity of flow in the model,Vm
The dynamic similarity for pipe flow will be obtained if Reynolds number is same for both the
model and protype
. . . .
=
900 1 102
1
=

1000 3 10
0.15
=2
= 2
3000 10 3
Velocity of prototype =
= 2 = 3.82
1
4
= 2 3.82 = 7.64
= .
. 15 2 7.64 = 0.135 3
4
= 135
5. A model of submarine is scaled down to 1/20 of the prototype and is to be tested in a wind
tunnel where free stream pressure is 2 MPa and absolute temperature is 50oC. The speed of the
prototype is 7.72 m/s. Determine the free stream velocity of air and the ratio of the drags between
model and prototype. Assume kinematic viscosity of sea water as 1.4 x 10-6 m2/s and viscosity of air
as 0.0184 cP.
Given:
=
1
20
VP = 1.4 x 10 -6 m2/s ,
Solution:
To find: Vm ,
p = 2.0MPa = 2 x 106 N/m2 ,
t = 50c , Vp = 7.72 m/s ,
= 0.0184 x 10-3 2
2 106
=
=
= 21.57 /3
287 (50 + 273)
0.0184 103
=
=
= 8.53 107 2 /
21.57
Since the submarine has to overcome the viscous resistance, there has to be dynamic similarity
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2016-2017
between model and prototype. This implies equality of Reynolds number.
.
.
=
. .
= 94.04 /
.
Free stream velocity of air = 94.07 m/s

2
2

2
.
=
.
3
Assume of sea water 1025 kg/m
Ratio of drag forces

21.57 1 94.07 2
=
= 0.00781

1025 20 7.72
6. A ship model of scale 1/50 is towed through sea water at a speed of 1 m/s. A force of 2 N is
required to tow the model. Determine the speed of the ship and the propulsive force on the ship, if
prototype is subjected to wave resistance only.
Solution:
=
1
50
= 50 = 7.07
= 1 7.07 = 7.07
2
2
2
=
=
= 50 7.07 2 = 2499.245
= 2499.245 = 2 2499.245
= 4998.49N
7. In an airplane model size 1/10 of its prototype the pressure drop is 7.5 kN/m2. The model is
tested in water. Find the corresponding pressure drop in the prototype. Take density of air is 1.24
kg/m3, density of water is 1000 kg/m3, Viscosity of air is 0.00018 poise and viscosity of water is
0.01 poise.
Given:
Linear scale ratio Lr = 40, pressure drop in model = 7.5/2 ,Density of air m = 1.24
kg/m3, density of water 1000 kg/m3
Viscosity of air 0.00018 poise, viscosity of water 0.01 poise, density of air p=1.24 kg/m3
Viscosity of air p= 0.00018poise.
Solution:
Since in the problem pressure and viscous force are involved. Therefore for dynamic similarity
between model and prototype, Euler number and Reynolds number should be considered. Making
Reynolds number equal. We get
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2016-2017
. . . .
=

Substituting the value we have
1.24
0.01
=
40
= 2.755
1000
0.00018
Now making the Euler number equal .we get
1000
= 2.755
= 78.24
1.24

= 78.24 2 = 6121.5

7.5 1000
=
=
2 = 1.225 2
6121.5
6121.5
Hence the pressure drop in the prototype = 1.225 2
8. Using Buckinghams theorem, show that the drag FD of a supersonic aircraft is given by:
FD L2 V 2 (Re, M) . Where, Re VL = Reynolds number, M V c = Mach number, =
fluid density, c = sonic velocity = K , V = velocity of aircraft, K = bulk modulus of fluid,
= chord length, L2 = wing area = chord x span, = a functional notation.

Solution:
= , , , ,

Variables
Dimensions
FD
MLT-2
LT-1
ML-1T-1
ML-3
MLT-2

1 = 1 . b1 . V c1 . FD
2 = 2 . b2 . V c2 .
3 = 3 . b3 . V c3 . K
9. The pressure difference P in a pipe of diameter D and length l due to turbulent flow depends
on the velocity V, viscosity , density and roughness K. By using dimensional analysis, obtain an
expression for the pressure difference P .
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Solution:
= , , , , ,
Variables
Dimensions
LT-1
ML-3
ML-1T-2
ML-1T-1
1 = D1 . V b1 . c1 . P
2 = D2 . V b2 . c2 .
3 = D3 . V b3 . c3 .
4 = D4 . V b4 . c4 . k

=
,
,
2

10. The resisting force (R) of a supersonic flight can be considered as dependent upon the length of
the air craft '', velocity 'v', air viscosity '', air density '' and bulk modulus of air is 'k'. Express the
functional relationship between these variables and the resisting force.
Solution:
= , , , ,
Variables
Dimensions
MLT-2
LT-1
ML-1T-1
ML-3
ML-1T-2
1 = 1 . V b1 . c1 . R
2 = 2 . V b2 . c2 .
3 = 3 . V b3 . c3 . K
= 2 2
, 2

11. Check the following equations are dimensionally homogeneous
(i) Drag force = Cd
1
U2 A
2
22
(ii) F=
Q (U1 - U2 )
g
2016-2017
( P1A 1 - P2 A 2 )
(iii) Total energy per unit mass = V2/2 + gz + p/

=
= 2 =

2 = 2
=
=
2
2

2 = 2
=
=
(iv) Q = 8/15 cd tan(/2) (2g) H(5/2).

3
=
3 3
=
12. Consider force F acting on the propeller of an aircraft, which depends upon the variable U, ,
, D and N. Derive the nondimensional functional form F U2D2 f ((UD / ),(N D / U)).
Solution:
2 3
2 2
=
,
,
= , , , , ,
Variables
Dimensions
ML-3
LT-1
ML2T-2
T-1
ML-1T-1
1 = 1 . U b1 . Dc1 . F
2 = 2 . U b2 . Dc2 . T
3 = 3 . U b3 . Dc3 . N
4 = 4 . U b4 . Dc4 .
13. An object of diameter 900 mm is to move in air at 60 m/s. Its drag is to be estimated from tests
on a half scale model in water. The drag on the model is 1140 N. Estimate the speed of the model
and drag on the full scale object. Given, air = 1.2 kg/m3, air = 1.86 105 Ns/m2, water =
1.01103 Ns/m2, water = 1000 kg/m3
Given:
= 60
= = 1.86 105 2
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= = 1.2 /3
Model half size tested in water: = = 1.01 103 /2
= = 1000 3
1
=
=2
1
2
Solution:
Speed of the model:
1.01 103 1.2 60

=
=
2 = 7.819

1.86 105 1000
Drag of the full scale object,(FD)P:
=
2
=

0.5 2
2 2
=
=

0.5 2
2 2
2 2

=
2 2
1.2
60 2
= 1140
2 2
10000
7.819 2
= 322.2
14. It is desired to obtain the dynamic similarity between a 30 cm diameter pipe carrying linseed oil
at 0.5 m3/s and a 5 m diameter pipe carrying water. What should be the rate of flow of water in lps?
If the pressure loss in the model is 196 N/m2, what is the pressure loss in the prototype pipe?
Kinematic viscosities of linseed oil and water are 0.457 and 0.0113 stokes respectively. Specific
gravity of linseed oil = 0.82.
Given :
Dm = 30 cm
Qm = 0.5 m3/s
Dp = 5 m
Model fluid linseed oil
Prototype fluid water
Pressure loss in model Pm =196 N/m2
Kinematic viscosity of oil,m =0.457 strokes =0.457 x10-4 m2/s
Kinematic viscosity of oil,p = 0.0113 strokes =0.0113 x10-4 m2/s
Specific gravity for model,Sm =0.82
Specific gravity for prototype, Sp = 1.12
Solution:
Discharge of model Qm =Am x Vm
0.5 = 4 0.3 2
= 7.07
By dynamic similarity,
=

=
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0.3 0.0113 104
= 7.074
5
0.457 104
= 0.011
Discharge of prototype, Qp = Ap x Vp
= 5 2 0.011
4
=
= 0.21 3
, =
3
=
2
= 2
Pressure drop scale ratio,
=
2
=
2
=
1.12
0.011
0.82
7.074
= 3.302 106
Pressure drop on the prototype,
=
= 3.302 106 196
= 6.47 104 2
15. A model of a hydro electric power station tail race is proposed to built by selecting vertical scale
1 in 50 and horizontal scale 1 in 100. If the design pipe has flow rate of 600 m3/s and the allowable
discharge of 800 m3/s. Calculate the corresponding flow rates for the model testing.
Given:
(Lr) v =50
(Lr) H =100
QP =600 m3/s
Qmax =800 m3/s
Solution:
Discharge scale ratio, Qr = (Lr) H x [(Lr) v] 3/2
=100 x 503/2
= 35355.34
We know that, discharge scale ratio,
600
35355.34 =
, = 0.01697 3
The allowable discharge of model
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800
35355.34
= 0.02262 3
= 22.62 /
16. Model of an air duct operating with water produces a pressure drop of 10 kN/m2 over 10 m
length. If the scale ratio is 1/50. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and density of air is 1.2 kg/m2.
Viscosity of water is 0.001 Ns/m2 and viscosity of air is 0.00002 Ns/m2. Estimate corresponding
drop in a 20 m long air duct.
=
Given:
1
50
0.001
=
0.0002
1.2
=
1000
= 10 103 2
Solution:
. . . .
=
1.2
0.001
=
50
=3
1000
0.00002
=
2
1.2
1
2 = 10 103
= 1.332 3
1000
3 2
17. The power developed by hydraulic machines is found to depend on head H, flow rate Q, density , speed
N, runner diameter D, and acceleration due to gravity G. obtain suitable dimensionless parameters to
correlate experimental results. (APR/MAY 2015)
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18. Obtain a relation using dimensional analysis for the resistance to uniform motion of a partial submerged
body in a viscous compressible fluid. (APR/MAY 2015)
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UNIT IV PUMPS
PART A
1. What is meant by Pump?
It is defined as the hydraulic machine in which converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy, which
is mainly in the form of pressure energy.
2. What is Euler equation of motion? How will you obtain Bernoullis equation from it?
This is the equation of motion in which the forces due to gravity and pressure are taken in to consideration.
Bernoullis equation is obtained by integrating the Eulers equation of motion.
3. Mention main components of Centrifugal pump.(Nov/Dec 2012)
Casing; Impeller; Suction pipe, strainer & Foot valve; Delivery pipe & Delivery valve
4. What is the slip in reciprocating pump?
Slip is the difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge of the pump. Slip= Qth-Qact.
5. What is meant by Priming?
The delivery valve is closed and the suction pipe, casing and portion of the delivery pipe up to delivery valve
are completely filled with the liquid so that no air pocket is left. This is called as priming.
6. What are the main parts of reciprocating pump?(Nov/Dec 2012)
A cylinder with a piston, Piston rod, connecting rod and a crank, Suction pipe, Delivery pipe. Suction valve
and Delivery valve.
7. How will you classify the reciprocating pump?
The reciprocating pump may be classified as,
1. According to the water in contact with one side or both sides of the piston.
2. According to the number of cylinders provided.
Classification according to the contact of water is
(1) Single acting (2) Double acting.
According to the number of cylinders provided they are classified as,
1. Single Cylinder pump.2. Double cylinder pump, 3. Triple cylinder pump.
8. Define Mechanical efficiency.
It is defined as the ratio of the power actually delivered by the impeller to the power supplied to the shaft.
9. Define overall efficiency.
It is the ratio of power output of the pump to the power input to the pump.
10. Define speed ratio, flow ratio.
Speed ratio: It is the ratio of peripheral speed at outlet to the theoretical velocity of jet corresponding to
manometric head.
Flow ratio: It is the ratio of the velocity of flow at exit to the theoretical velocity of jet corresponding to
manometric head.
11. Mention main components of Reciprocating pump.
Piton or Plunger; Suction and delivery pipe; Crank and Connecting rod
12. Define Slip of reciprocating pump. When the negative slip does occur?
The difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge is called slip of the pump.
But in sometimes actual discharge may be higher then theoretical discharge, in such a case coefficient of
discharge is greater then unity and the slip will be negative called as negative slip.
13. Why negative slip occurs in reciprocating pump?
If actual discharge is more than the theoretical discharge the slip of the pump will be negative. Negative slip
occurs only when delivery pipe is short, Suction pipe is long and pump is running at high speed.
14. What is indicator diagram?
Indicator diagram is nothing but a graph plotted between the pressure head in the cylinder and the distance
traveled by the piston from inner dead center for one complete revolution of the crank.
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15. What is meant by Cavitation?

It is defined phenomenon of formation of vapor bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of
the liquid falls below its vapor pressure and the sudden collapsing of theses vapor bubbles in a region of high
pressure.
16. What are rotary pumps?
Rotary pumps resemble like a centrifugal pumps in appearance. But the working method differs. Uniform
discharge and positive displacement can be obtained by using these rotary pumps; It has the combined
advantages of both centrifugal and reciprocating pumps.
17. What is an air vessel?
An air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the top portion and liquid at the bottom of the
chamber. At the base of the chamber there is an opening through which the liquid may flow into the vessel or
out of the vessel.
18. What is the purpose of an air vessel fitted in the pump?
1. To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate.
2. To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional resistance in the suction and delivery
pipes, and 3. To run the pump at a high speed without separation.
19. What is the relation between Work done of a Pump and Area of Indicator Diagram?
Work done by the pump is Proportional to the area of the Indicator diagram.
20. What is the work saved by fitting a air vessel in a single acting, double acting pump?
Work saved by fitting air vessels in a single acting pump is 84.87%,
In a double acting pump the work saved is 39.2%.
21. Define coefficient of discharge of reciprocating pump?
It is defined as the ratio of actual discharge to theoretical discharge of reciprocating pump.
Cd=Qa/Qth.
22. List the losses in centrifugal pump. (NOV/DEC 2015)
(i) Mechanical friction losses between the fixed and rotating parts in the bearings and gland and packing.
(ii) Disc friction loss between the impeller surfaces and the fluid.
(iii) Leakage and recirculation losses. The recirculation is along the clearance between the impeller and the
casing due to the pressure difference between the hub and tip of the impeller.
23. What is meant by NPSH? (NOV/DEC 2015)
The Negative Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is defined as the absolute pressure head at the inlet to pump,
minus the vapour pressure head (in absolute units) plus the velocity head. NPSH = Absolute pressure head at
inlet of the pump vapour pressure head (absolute units) + velocity head
24. Define manometric efficiency and Mechanical efficiency (APR/MAY 2015)
Manometric efficiency is the ratio of the manometric head to the head imparted by the impeller to the
water
= / r
Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of the power available at the impeller to the power at the shaft of the
centrifugal pump
= / t
25.What are the operating characteristic curves of centrifugal pump. (APR/MAY 2015)
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PART - B
1. Explain about working principle of centrifugal pump.
Main parts: Impeller ,casing,Suction pipe, Delivery pipe

Working principle
2. A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.118m3/s at a speed of 1450 rpm against a head of 25m. The
impeller diameter is 250mm. Its width at outlet is 50mm and the manometric efficiency is 75%.
Find the vane angle at outer periphery of the impeller.
Tangential Velocity
Discharge Q D2 B2 V f 2
Manometric Efficiency
Vane Angle
tan 1
mano
gH m
Vw2 u 2
V f2
u 2 Vw2
3. A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.12 m3/sec at a speed of 1450 rpm against a head of 25m.
The impeller diameter is 250mm, its width at outlet is 50mm and manometric efficiency is 75
percent. Find the vane angle at the outer periphery of the impeller.
Tangential Velocity
Discharge Q D2 B2 V f 2
Vane Angle
tan 1
mano
gH m
Vw2 u 2
V f2
u 2 Vw2
4. Two geometrically similar pumps are running at the same speed of 1000rpm. One pump has an
impeller diameter of 0.30m and lifts water at the rate of 20 litres per second against a head of 15m.
Determine the head and impeller diameter of the other pump to deliver half the discharge.
30
Using equation
N1 Q1
H
3/ 4
m1
N 2 Q2
H
3/ 4
m2
u2
2016-2017
D2 N
60
Find H m1
Hm Hm

Using equation
DN
DN
1
2
Find D2
5. The diameter and width of a centrifugal pump impeller are 300 mm and 60 mm respectively.
The pump is delivering 144 litres of liquid per second with a manometric efficiency of 85 per cent.
The effective outlet vane angle is 30. If the speed of rotation is 950 rpm. Calculate the specific
speed of the pump.
V f2
D N
1
Find tan
, u2 2
u 2 Vw2
60
Here N
120 mano Vw2 D2
D22 D12
6. The centrifugal pump has the following characteristics. Outer diameter of impeller = 800 mm;
width of the impeller vane at outlet = 100 mm. angle of the impeller vanes at outlet = 40.The
impeller runs at 550 rpm and delivers 0.98 m3/s under an effective head of 35 m. A 500 kW motor
is used to drive the pump. Find the manometric, mechanical and overall efficiencies of the pump.
Assume water enters the impeller vanes radially at inlet.
gH m
Manometric Efficiency mano
Vw2 u 2
Mechanical Efficiency mech
W
g
Vw2 u 2
1000
SP
WH m
Overall Efficiency overall 1000
SP
7. The impeller of a centrifugal pump having external and internal diameters 500 mm and 250 mm
respectively, width at outlet 50 mm and running at 1200 r.p.m. works against a head of 48 m. The
velocity of flow through the impeller is constant and equal to 3.0 m/s. The vanes are set back at an
angle of 40 at outlet. Find: (i) Inlet vane angle (i) Work done by the impeller on water per second
(iii) Manometric efficiency.
D N
u1 1
60
Vf
tan 1
u1
mano
gH m
Vw2 u 2
W
gQ
Vw2 u2
Vw2 u2
g
g
8. Explain about working principle of Reciprocating pump. (Nov/Dec 2013)
Workdone
31
2016-2017
Working Principle.
9. Explain about rotary positive displacement pumps. (Nov/Dec 2013)
Working principle..
10. The diameter and stroke length of a single acting reciprocating pump are 150mm and 300mm
respectively, the pump runs at 50rpm and lifts 4.2 lps of water through a height of 25m. The
delivery pipe is 22m long and 100mm in diameter. Find (i) Theoretical power required to run the
pump (ii) % of slip and (iii) Acceleration head at the beginning and middle of the delivery stroke
Q
ALN
Cd act
Theoretical Discharge Qtheo
60
Qth
Slip= Qtheo Qact
Q Qact
%slip= theo
100
Qtheo
11. The diameter and length of a suction pipe of a single acting reciprocating pump are 10Cm and
5m respectively. The pump has a plunger diameter of 15cm and a stroke length of 35cm. The center
of the pump is 3m above the water surface in the sump. The atm. Pressure head is 10.3m of water
and the pump runs at 50rpm. Find (i) pressure head due to Acceleration at the beginning of the
suction stroke. (ii) maximum pressure head due to Acceleration and (iii) pressure head in the
cylinder at the beginning and end of the suction stroke.
2N
Angular speed
60
l
A
Pressure head has s 2 r cos
g as
l
A
has (max) s 2 r
g as
Pressure head at the beginning= has(max) + has
12. Show from first principles that work saved in a single acting reciprocating pump, by fitting an
air vessel is 84.8 percent.
Work done per stroke= W1 W2
32
2
2
4 fl A
1
4 fl A
l
r 2 L
r
3 d fg a
d fg a
The percentage of work saved per stroke
2 1
2
3 84.8%
2

3
2016-2017
2
13. A double acting reciprocating pump running at 60 rpm is discharging 1.5 m3 of water per
minute. The pump has a stroke length of 400 mm. The diameter of the piston is 250 mm. The
delivery and suction heads are 20m and 5m respectively. Find the power required to drive the pump
and the slip of the pump.
2ALN
Theoretical Discharge Qth
60
2 g ALN hs hd
Power Required P= P
60000
14. What is Air vessel and write the expression for workdone by the reciprocating pump fitted with
Air vessel.
Closed chamber containing compressed air in the top portion
1
4 fl A
W 2 L
r
d 2g a
15. A single acting reciprocating pump has a bore of 200 mm and a stroke of 350 mm and runs at 45
rpm. The suction head is 8 m and the delivery head is 20 m. Determine the theoretical discharge of
water and power required. If slip is 10%, what is the actual flow rate?
Q
ALN
Cd act
Theoretical Discharge Qtheo
60
Qth
Slip= Qtheo Qact
Q Qact
%slip= theo
100
Qtheo
16. A double acting reciprocating pump has a bore of 150 mm and stroke of 250 mm and runs at 35
rpm. The piston rod diameter is 20 mm. The suction head is 6.5 m and the delivery head is 14.5 m.
The discharge of water was 4.7 l/s. Determine the slip and the power required. (Nov/Dec 2012)
2ALN
Theoretical Discharge Qth
60
2 g ALN hs hd
Power Required P= P
60000
17. In a single acting reciprocating pump with plunger diameter of 120 mm and stroke of 180 mm
running at 60 rpm, an air vessel is fixed at the same level as the pump at a distance of 3 m. The
diameter of the delivery pipe is 90 mm and the length is 25 m. Friction factor is 0.02. Determine the
reduction in accelerating head and the friction head due to the fitting of air vessel.
2
Power saved= gQ h f withoutairvessel h f withairves sel

3
f LV 2 A
Without air vessel=

r
d 2g a
2
f LV
With air vessel=
d 2g
18. In a reciprocating pump delivering water the bore is 14 cm and the stroke is 21 cm. The suction
lift is 4 m and delivery head is 12 m. The suction and delivery pipe are both 10 cm diameter, length
of pipes are 9 m suction and 24 m delivery. Friction factor is 0.015. Determine the theoretical power
required. Slip is 8 percent. The pump speed is 36 rpm
2
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2016-2017
Power Required= gQ h f withoutairvessel h f withairves sel

3
f LV 2
Without air vessel=
d 2g
r
a
f LV 2
With air vessel=
d 2g
19. The dimensionless specific speed of a centrifugal pump is .006. Static head is 32 m. Flow rate is 50l/s.
The suction and delivery pipes are each of diameter 15cm. The friction factor is 0.002. Total length is 60 m.
other losses equal 4 times the velocity head in the pipe. The vanes are forward curved at120. The width is
one tenth of diameter . There is a 7 % reduction in flow areadue to blade thickness . The manometric
efficiency is 80%. Determine the impeller diameter if inlet is radial (NOV/DEC 2015)
34
2016-2017
20. Explain about performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps. (NOV/DEC 2015)
21.A centrifugal pump running at 920 rpm and delivering 0.32 m3/s of water against a head of 28 m , the
flow velocity being 3m/s . If the manometric efficiency is 80% . Determine the diameter and width of
impeller. The blade angle at outlet is 25. (APR/MAY 2015)
35
2016-2017
22. Discuss the working of lobe and vane pumps. (APR/MAY 2015)
UNIT V TURBINES
PART A
1. Define hydraulic machines.
Hydraulic machines which convert the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy.
2. Give example for a low head, medium head and high head turbine.
Low head turbine Kaplan turbine, Medium head turbine Modern Francis turbine
High head turbine Pelton wheel
3. What is impulse turbine? Give example. (APR/MAY 2015)
In impulse turbine all the energy converted into kinetic energy. From these the turbine will develop high
kinetic energy power. This turbine is called impulse turbine. Example: Pelton turbine
4. What is reaction turbine? Give example. (APR/MAY 2015)
In a reaction turbine, the runner utilizes both potential and kinetic energies. Here portion of potential energy
is converted into kinetic energy before entering into the turbine.
36
2016-2017
Example: Francis and Kaplan turbine.

5. What is axial flow turbine?
In axial flow turbine water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine shaft. Example: Kaplan turbine
6. What is mixed flow turbine?
In mixed flow water enters the blades radially and comes out axially, parallel to the turbine shaft. Example:
Modern Francis turbine.
7. What is the function of spear and nozzle?
The nozzle is used to convert whole hydraulic energy into kinetic energy. Thus the nozzle delivers high
speed jet. To regulate the water flow through the nozzle and to obtain a good jet of water spear or nozzle is
arranged.
8. Define gross head and net or effective head.
Gross Head: The gross head is the difference between the water level at the reservoir and the level at the
tailstock.
Effective Head: The head available at the inlet of the turbine.
9. Define hydraulic efficiency. (Nov/Dec 2012)
It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the runner to the power supplied by the water jet.
10. Define mechanical efficiency.
It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power developed by the turbine runner.
11. Define volumetric efficiency. (NOV/DEC 2015)
It is defined as the volume of water actually striking the buckets to the total water supplied by the jet.
12. Define overall efficiency.
It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power available from the water jet.
13. How will you classify the turbines?
a. According to the type of energy at inlet.b. According to direction of flow through runner.
b. According to the head at the inlet of turbine.d. According to the specific speed of the turbine.
14. Differentiate between the turbines and pumps.
The hydraulic machines, which convert the hydraulic energy in to mechanical energy, are called turbines.
The hydraulic machines, which convert the mechanical energy into pressure energy by means of centrifugal
force is called centrifugal pump.
15. Define specific speed of the turbine. (APR/MAY 2015)
Specific speed is the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensions, bladeanglesetc.,
with the actual turbine but of such a size that it will develop unit power when working under unithead.
16. What are the functions of draft tube? List the most commonly used draft tubes.
a) It allows the turbine to be set above tail-water level, without loss of head, to facilitate inspectionand
maintenance.
b) It regains, by diffuser action, the major portion of the kinetic energy delivered to it from therunner.
Most commonly used draft tubes:
(1) The straight conical or concentric tube, (2) The elbow type.
17. State and concise on Euler turbine equation (NOV/DEC 2015)
Eulers turbine equation plays a central role in turbo machinery as it connects the specific work and
geometry and velocities in the impeller
18. Define plant efficiency of turbines.
Efficiency of a plant is the percentage of the total energy content of a power plant's fuel that is converted into
electricity.
19. Why does a Pelton wheel not possess any draft tube?
In case of Pelton wheel the available head is converted into kinetic energy before entry to runner buckets and
the turbine operate under atmospheric pressure conditions. The velocity of the water leaving at the turbine
exit is small, therefore the exit of the runner is above the tail race level and there is no need for draft tube.
20. What are the different types of draft tubes?
Conical draft tube, Simple elbow tubes, Moody spreading tubes, Elbow draft tubes with circular inlet and
rectangular outlet.
37
2016-2017
PART -B
1. Derive an expression for maximum hydraulic efficiency in an impulse turbine. (Nov/Dec 2013)
2. Compare radial flow and axial flow turbo machines.
3. A Pelton wheel, working under a head of 500 m develops 13 MW when running at a speed of 430 rpm.
If the efficiency of the wheel is 85%, determine the rate of flow through the turbine, the diameter of the
wheel and the diameter of the nozzle. Take speed ratio as 0.46 and coefficient of velocity for the nozzle as
0.98.
4. A Pelton wheel works under a gross head of 510 m. One third of gross head is lost in friction in the
penstock. The rate of flow through the nozzle is 2.2 m3/sec. The angel of deflection of jet is 165. Find the (i)
power given by water to the runner (ii) hydraulic efficiency of Pelton wheel. Take CV = 1.0 and speed ratio
= 0.45
38
2016-2017
5. A 137 mm diameter jet of water issuing from a nozzle impinges on the buckets of a Pelton wheel and the
jet is deflected through an angle of 165 by the buckets. The head available at the nozzle is 400m. Find: (a)
Force exerted on the buckets and (b) Power developed. Assume Cv as 0.97, speed ratio as 0.46 and reduction
in velocity while passing through the buckets as 15%.
6. A Pelton turbine is required to develop 9000 KW when working under a head of 300 m the impeller may
rotate at 500 rpm. Assuming a jet ratio of 10 and an overall efficiency of 85% calculate (i) Quantity of water
required, (ii) Diameter of the wheel, (iii) No of jets, (iv) No and size of the bucket vanes on the runner.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
7. A pelton wheel turbine develops 3000kW power under a head of 300m. The overall efficiency of the
turbine is 83%. If the speed ratio = 0.46, Cv = 0.98 and specific speed is 16.5, then find diameter of the
turbine and diameter of the jet.
39
2016-2017
8. A pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10m/s with a jet of water flowing at the rate of 700 lps under
a head of 30m. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle of 160deg. Calculate the power given by the
water to the runner and the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Assume coefficient of velocity as 0.98.
9. A reaction turbine works at 450 r.p.m. under a head of 120 m. Its diameter at inlet is 1.2 m and the flow
area is 0.4 m2. The angles made by absolute and relative velocities at inlet are 20 and 60 respectively with
the tangential velocity. Determine:
(i)the volume rate of flow, (ii) the power developed, and (iii)
the hydraulic efficiency. (Nov/Dec 2012)
10. The velocity of whirl at inlet to the runner of an inward flow reaction turbine is 3.15 H m/s and the
velocity of flow at inlet is 1.05 H m/s. The velocity of whirl at exit is 0.22 H m/s in the same direction as
at inlet and the velocity of flow at exit is 0.83 H m/s, where H is head of water 30 m. The inner diameter of
the runner is 0.6 times the outer diameter. Assuming hydraulic efficiency of 80%, compute angles of the
runner vanes at inlet and exit.
40
2016-2017
11. A hub diameter of a Kaplan turbine, working under a head of 12m, is 0.35 times the diameter of the
runner. The turbine is running at 100rpm. If the vane angle of the runner at outlet is 15deg. And flow ratio
0.6, find (i) diameter of the runner, (ii) diameter of the boss, and (iii) Discharge through the runner. Take the
velocity of whirl at outlet as zero.
12. A Kaplan turbine develops 24647.6kW power at an average head of 39m. Assuming the speed ratio of 2,
flow ratio of 0.6, diameter of the boss equal to 0.35 times the diameter of the runner and an overall efficiency
of 90%, calculate the diameter, speed and specific speed of the turbine.
41
2016-2017
13. Discuss about draft tube and its types. Discuss about Kaplan turbine with a neat sketch. (APR/MAY
2015)
42
2016-2017
43
2016-2017
14. A Francis turbine developing 16120 kW under a head of 260m runs at 600rpm. The runner outside
diameter is 1500mm, width 135mm, flow rate 7m3/s. The exit velocity of draft tube outlet, whirl velocity is 0
at exit. Neglect blade thickness. Determine overall and hydraulic efficiency and rotor blade angle at inlet.
Also find guide vane outlet angle. (APR/MAY 2015)
44

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CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

UNIT- I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

4.33 x 109 N/m2

St.Josephs College of Engineering/St.Josephs Institute of Technology

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

18. State Pascals law.

=/(du/dy) = 9.16x10-5 Ns/m2.

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

, (i) h= 7.51 mm, (ii) h=-2.46 mm.

For 3D incompressible fluid, + + = 0, = 2; = ( + )

(i) Discharge Q= 0.1489 m /s, (ii) P1-P2=33.8 kN/m2

(i) H= 18.01 m, Cd=0.985; (ii) Q=0.146 m3/s

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

St.Josephs College of Engineering/St.Josephs Institute of Technology

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

St.Josephs College of Engineering/St.Josephs Institute of Technology

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

UNIT II FLOW THROUG CIRCULAR CONDUITS

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

Where, hf = head loss due to friction

6. The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given by

being boundary layer

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

Drag forceFD= 0 bdx

Head loss due to friction hf

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

Head loss due to friction in pipe 1 h f 1

Head loss due to sudden enlargement He=

By continuity equation Q= A1V1=A2V2

Head loss due to friction in pipe 1 h f 1

Head loss due to sudden enlargement He=

Head loss due to exit h0

Head loss due to friction in pipe 1 h f 1

Head loss due to sudden enlargement He=

St.Josephs College of Engineering/St.Josephs Institute of Technology

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

Head loss due to friction in pipe 2 h f 2

Head loss due to friction in pipe 3 h f 3

Head loss due to exit h0

Head loss due to friction in pipe 1 h f 1

Head loss due to friction in pipe 2 h f 2

Head loss due to friction in pipe 1 h f 1

Head loss due to friction in pipe 2 h f 2

For parallel pipes Q=Q1+Q2

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

Head loss due to sudden enlargement He=

Head loss due to friction in pipe h f

Water leakage Q= UmaxX clearance area

St.Josephs College of Engineering/St.Josephs Institute of Technology

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

St.Josephs College of Engineering/St.Josephs Institute of Technology

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

24. Describe moodys chart. (APR/MAY 2015)

St.Josephs College of Engineering/St.Josephs Institute of Technology

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

St.Josephs College of Engineering/St.Josephs Institute of Technology

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

UNIT III DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

2.The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis.

St.Josephs College of Engineering/St.Josephs Institute of Technology

CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery