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Telephony Services
Topics Overview
Question.
What is the largest network in the world?
PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network)
Key Global Telecom Indicators for the World Telecommunication Service Sector in 2014
(all figures are estimates)
Global
Developed Developing
Africa
nations
nations
Arab
States
Asia &
Pacific
CIS
Europe
The
Americas
6,915m
1,515m
5,400m
629m
410m
3,604m
397m
780m
1,059m
95.5%
120.8%
90.2%
69.3%
109.9%
89.2%
140.6%
124.7%
108.5%
1,147m
511m
636m
12m
33m
512m
70m
245m
256m
15.8%
40.8%
10.6%
1.3%
8.7%
12.7%
24.9%
39.2%
26.3%
2,315m
1,050m
1,265m
172m
92m
920m
138m
399m
577m
32.0%
83.7%
21.1%
19.0%
24.6%
22.8%
48.9%
63.8%
59.1%
N/A
11.5%
26%
43%
19%
21%
15%
12%
16%
711m
345m
366m
3m
12m
313m
40m
173m
163m
9.8%
27.5%
6.1%
0.4%
3.1%
7.7%
14.3%
27.7%
16.7%
via: mobiThCISinking
The Telephone
Bell tried to sell the patent rights to Western Union in 1876 for $100,000. Western
Union said the patent was worthless; whod want voice when the telegraph still
worked?
6
pair of
copper wires
local loop
1975
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRRnA6YF4KU
Telephony Terminology
Local loop connection of the end users device to the telephony
exchange
Device is without power when hook on cradle
Call information is signalled with 65V alternating current
When off-hook power supplied at around 60V by a current of 20
40mA
Dial plate cuts the local loop for well defined periods to indicate
dial information (~60ms cut, ~40ms closed in between try to dial
via cradle system is rather robust in detection
Telephone Company
Switch (1980s)
10
Telephony Terminology
Switch boards - routers in the telephony world
route of the call is fixed
every dialled digit switches the next relay in the switching
network
the (long distance) line was already occupied during call setup
11
Rotary Dial
Produces 10 pulses/sec (pause longer than 1/10 sec is interpreted by
central office as inter-digit separator)
ingenious governor and clutch mechanism regulates the rotational
speed
Gears
Governor
Return Spring
Wings
Finger Plate Wheel
When finger
wheel is
released, wings rotate and
fly apart due to centrifugal
force, contact cup and
generate friction, limiting
the speed of rotation
Cup
Clutch (only engages the governor
when the finger wheel is recoiling)
12
13
Circuit Switching
System Components
Access Line
Circuit Switch
Circuit Switch
TERMINALS
TRUNK
GROUPS
CrossConnections
B
Circuit Switch
Circuit Switch
13
14
Circuit Switching
Background: Almon Strowger / Automatic Switching
14
15
Manual Switch
Basic Components
Input/Output
Channels
Channel
Terminations
Manually Operated
Cross-Connections
15
Strowger Switch
Human operators intelligent & flexible
But expensive and not always discreet
Strowger invented automated switch in 1888
Each current pulse advances wiper by 1 position
User dialing controls connection setup
Decimal telephone numbering system
Hierarchical network structure simplifies routing
Area code, exchange (CO), station number
0
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
9
0
9
9
9
16
17
PSTN Evolution
Full Mesh
Office Switched
Office Switched
W/ Hierarchy
Started out with 2 phones connected by a copper wire. Each new phone meant
another wire to every other telephone. This problem was solved by creating a
switching office whereas all the copper lines go to a central location and a live
operator made physical patches to connect the users.
Telephony Equipment
Telephone set
PBX (Private Branch Exchange)
Advanced features and call routing
10s to 100s of telephone sets
Telephone Exchange = Local Exchange
20
PSTN Topology
local loop
Local
Exchange
subscriber line
Local
Exchange
Long distance
network
trunk
circuit
Local
Exchange
21
The N2 Problem
N = 1000
N(N 1)/2 = 499500
22
Circuit Switching
The PSTN
has traditionally used
circuit switching.
A circuit is an end-to-end
connection between two subscribers.
Capacity is reserved on all
trunk lines and switches along the way.
Capacity must be paid for even if it is not used.
23
Circuit Switching
trunks
circuits
local loop
subscriber
line
24
Local
Loop
(Analog)
Residential
Telephone
(Analog)
Local
Loop
(Digital)
Switch
(Digital)
Switch
(Digital)
Trunk Line
(Digital)
Switch
(Digital)
PBX
(Digital)
SS7 & IN
switch
switch
PBX
repeater
switch
MODEM
PC
29
Switch
Switch
30
Loop Start
Station
Switch
DC Current
Ringing
Switch
Switch
AC
31
2.
Telephone
network
Dial tone.
Telephone
network
Connection
set up
Dial number
3.
4.
Information
transfer
Connection
release
Pick up phone
Telephone
network
Telephone
network
5.
Telephone
network
6.
Telephone
network
Exchange voice
signals
Hang up.
32
33
34
Switch2
PSTN Phone
PSTN Phone
IAM
INVITE
100 TRYING
ACM
ANM
18X
200 OK
ACK
IAM
ACM
ANM
CONVERSATION
REL
RLC
BYE
200 OK
REL
RLC
35
channels
f
timeslot
s
t
36
DTMF signalling
Still in use on analogous lines and for signalling e.g. on voice menu
systems digital equipment uses out-of-band
Special codes for signalling other data (e.g. Pay card identification)
and for cost signalling between switching centres
Some people were able to produce the needed frequencies to switch
off payment or setup special connections (no cost, used by Telcos
for maintenance)
Hacking/Cracking started not with computer networks but with
automated telephony equipment challenge of the 70s was to setup
routes around the globe to call someone else in the same city (and
enjoy the delay because of the huge distances)
https://youtu.be/zb1r_uKOew4
The dial-up & cradle modem scene from
WarGames, wherein Matthew Broderick hacks
into what he thinks is a computer games
company. Note the size of the floppy disk he
loads! And the drive he puts it in!
37
Communication Systems
telephony protocol
38
39
Communication Systems
DTMF
voice frequency band to the call switching center frequencies
selected in a way that no clash with normal voice
multifrequency shift keying (MFSK)
40
Touchtone Dial
ABC
DEF
GHI
JKL
MNO
770
PRS
TUV
WXY
852
OPER
941
*
1209
8
0
1336
697
1477
Frequency (Hz)
On Time
Off Time
Dial
350 + 440
Continuous
Busy
480 + 620
0.5
O.5
Ringback, Normal
440 + 480
Ringback, PBX
440 + 480
Congestion (Toll)
480 + 620
0.2
0.3
Reorder (local)
480 + 620
0.3
0.2
Receiver Off-hook
0.1
0.1
No Such Number
200 to 400
42
Dial Pulse
DTMF
Analog Transmission
In-Band Signaling
09, *, # (12 Digits)
ISDN
Digital Transmission
Out-of-Band
Message-Based
Signaling
43
44
160 kbps =
2 B @ 64k each
D: 16 k
+ 16 k overhead
PRI: 23B+D
Primary Access
1.544 kbps =
23 B @ 64k each
D: 64k
+ 8 k framing
46
http://educypedia.karadimov.info/library/pulse_code_mod.swf
47
Quantizing Noise
100100111011001
Stage 1
Law (USAJapan)
Quantizing Stage
48
Duration
of Sample
(1/8000 sec.)
Box:
Codec Operation
Signal
Amplitude
0
Sample
Intensity of Sample
(125/255 or 01111101)
Time
49
Analog
Signal
Duration
of Sample
(1/8000 sec.)
Signal
Amplitude
In each sampling
period, the intensity
of the signal is
measured.
In pulse code
modulation, the
signal is measured
as one of 256
intensity levels.
One byte stores
one sample.
0
Sample
Time
Intensity of Sample
(125/255 or 01111101)
50
Box:
Codec Operation
Duration
of Sample
(1/8000 sec.)
Signal
Amplitude
Pulse Code
Modulation (PCM)
produces
8,000 one-byte
samples per second.
This is 64 kbps
of data.
0
Sample
Time
Intensity of Sample
(125/255 or 01111101)
51
ADC Recap
Box:
Codec Operation
http://www.howtodoit.org/conquest/swf/whatpcm.
swf
52
53
ISDN
Sample ISDN Topology
ISDN BRI
ISDN PRI
54
International calls are initiated by dialling 00, followed by country and city code
(if any). Phone number shortage crisis Why?
55
e.g.
USA
56
00 International
071 Regional area code
061 - 91 City area code!!
18 Free call and Low call
08 Mobile network
15 Premium rate service
112 or 999 Emergency service
11811 Directory enquiries (note similarity with 112 service)
(LEC)
SS7
(IXC)
408
PSTN
1+212+555+5644
(IXC)
(LEC)
212
555
555+5644
5644
5644
The first LEC receives a call, seeing 1 as the first digit and then passing the call on to the
IXC switch. The IXC then routes the call to the remote IXC responsible for 212
The 212 IXC looks at the office code and passes it on to the 555 LEC switch
The 555 LEC switch then checks the station code and signals the appropriate phone
58
59
Cheaper telecommunications
Less phone line rental
Less wiring required
Free phone calls in some situations
Video conferencing possibilities
Branch offices may not need a PABX
Use WiFi bridges to connect phone system
60
What is VOIP?
Routing of voice conversations over the Internet or through
any other IP-based network.
VoIP is a WAN technology. IP Phones are a LAN
technology
61
VOIP Service
Voice-Over-IP (VOIP)
Technology that enables network managers to route phone calls
and fax transmissions over the same network they use for data.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4JHPAM0JPw
62
PSTN
Internet
63
64
VoIP Standards
1.
65
VoIP Standards
H.323ITU-T
Session Initialization Protocol (SIP)IETF
Voice Coding Methods (ITU-T G
series, etc.)
Call Control/Session
Initialization (H.225, H.245, SIP)
Timing
(RTP)
Application Layer
Gateway/Gatekeeper
Control (GLP, MGCP)
Reliable/Unreliable
Transport services (TCP/UDP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
Packet Network Infrastructure
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Network interface Layer
66
What is H.323?
H.323 is a multimedia conferencing standard produced by the
ITU-T (Study Group 16 Questions 12-14)
Umbrella specification describing how to build systems using
other specifications (H.225, H.245, etc.)
Built around traditional telephony common-channel signaling
model
Currently the most widely-supported IP telephony signaling
protocol
67
H.323 Architecture
H.323 is actually a collection of standards. Each one is responsible for a
selected function or feature. For example, H.261, H.263 and H.264 are
video codecs. They are software algorithms that do the
compressing/encoding and the decompressing/decoding of the video
68
69
SIP
Cisco
SIP Phones
PingTel
70
71
72
QoS Parameters
Bandwidth
Delay
Jitter (Delay Variation)
Information Loss
Reliability
Security
73
Buffering
Traffic Shaping
The Leaky Bucket Algorithm
(a) A leaky bucket with water. (b) a leaky bucket with packets.
75
5-34
(a) Before.
(b) After.
Token bucket allows some burstiness (up to the number of token the
bucket can hold)
76
Digital Telephony
Digital Trunking
Exchange
Exchange
POTS:
Plain Old
Telephone
System
Analog Loop
POTS
ISDN:
Integrated
Services Digital
Network
ISDN
Digital Network
Exchange
L.E.
77
Telephone networks
78
What is Convergence?
79
PBX
PBX
CO
CO
Headquarters
Branch Offices
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
80
CO
PBX
CO
Headquarters
CO
Branch Offices
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
81
CO
Legacy PSTN
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Branch Offices
82
Vision of
Unified Communications and Collaboration
PC
Unified
Communications
& Real-time
Collaboration
PDA
Desk
Phone
Whatever
youre using
Blackberry
Mobile
Phone
Whatever
youre doing
Business
Applications
Integration
Wherever
you are
At your Desk
In the Air
Branch Office
On the Road
At Home
Head Office
84
85
Base station
antenna (3 sector)
1/3rd of cell is
covered by
each sector of
antenna
86
Cellular Telephony
Mobile Telephone Switching Office
Cellsite
G
PSTN
D
Channel
47
B
A
K
H
E
C
L
I
N
P
O
M
Handoff
87
SDH Dish
PDH Dish
BSC/ATM/Optical Cabin
Base Station Controller
Power Cabin
Eth/BTS/PDH/SDH Cabin
Generator Enclosure
88
SDH Radios
Dehumidifier
PDH Rack
SDH Mux
BTS/NodeB
89