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ABSTRACT: The paper reviews some specific features of testing quaternary and pre-quaternary sandclay deposits within the area of the city of Moscow and the Moscow Region. It results from revising
the current Russian regulations in order to harmonize them with their respective international counterparts. The paper presents correlations between cone penetration test parameters (Rf, qc, fs) and soil
composition and properties, including strength and stiffness parameters (C, , E) of sand loams. The
investigations showed considerable scatter of physical-mechanical parameters of quaternary and prequaternary genetically different soils.
1 INTRODUCTION
When processing sand-clay test data geotechnical engineers in Russia must face the fact that current
regulations in Russia do not take into account some regional soil properties (Ziangirov, et al. 2005).
The authors have repeatedly stressed the fact that Table 6 in the Moscow City Construction Regulations (MGSN 2.07-97. 1998) that were included unchanged into later version (MGSN 2.07-01. 2003)
for determining soil stiffness modulus (E, P) of upper lacustrine-boggy and lacustrine- glacial soils
(clays, clay and sand loams), offers only one equation:
E = 5 + 7.5q
(MPa) (1)
that describes composition and properties of soil, related to Moscow, Oka and Dniper glaciation period.
There is no doubt that extra research, updating and better accuracy of the above-mentioned and other regional features is required.
The processing of parallel cone penetration test (CPT) and plate load test (PLT) data in moraine
clays and clay loams enabled establishment of correlation for Epl = f(q) (with Epl, MPa as soil stiffness
modulus from plate load test data (Table 1)) (Ziangirov & Kashirsky, 2004, Kashirsky, 2005,
Kashirsky, et al. 2012).
The best relationship (Kashirsky et al., 2012) for clays and clay loams is:
Epl = 7.0 + 6.4qc
(MPa) (2)
The following equation is usually applied for high-plastic and low-plastic moraine clays:
Epl = 3.0 + 6.8qc
(MPa) (3)
309
Table 1. Dependencies of soil stiffness modulus and plate load test data (Epl, MPa) on specific CPT (qc ,
MPa) for moraine sand clays in Moscow city.
Soils
qc range (MPa)
Rf*, %
0.54.8
<2
47
45
(MPa) (4)
Ignatova (Ignatova, 2009) improved this relationship on the basis of extensive statistical data, and
proposed it in the following form:
E = 8.5 + 5qc
(MPa) (5)
The obtained relationships for deformation and strength parameters on plasticity index (Ip), liquidity
index (IL) and void ratio (e) enabled creation of soils parameters tables that could be included into prospective regulations and to become a database to be included into prospective regulations and to further become a normalized data base for pre-quaternary deposits of the Moscow Region (STO
36554501-020-2010. 2010, Ignatova, 2009, Ziangirov, & Kashirsky, 2005, Ziangirov, et al. 2007).
40
-0.57
0.24
-0.11
-1.81
-0.19
-0.22
40
1.64
1.81
1.71
0.02
1.71
1.70
40
1.08
1.52
1.33
0.09
1.31
1.30
13
9
16
12
0.21
11
11
13
26
49
37
0.21
34
33
At pressure
=0.1- 0.2
P
Reduced pressure
Form
triaxial tests.
Number of probes
40
40
40
min
0.38 0.71 0.26
Value of
max
0.55 1.00 0.48
parameter
aver
0.46 0.83 0.34
Variation coefficient 0.10 0.07 0.17
While * is 0.85
0.45 0.80 0.30
0.95
0.44 0.79 0.30
confidence level of design values
Stiffness modulus, Pa
for soils in situ.
Compression Total
c
tot
At overburden pressure
Moisture content at
liquid limit WL, fr. unit.
Parameter
Table 2. Main physico-mechanical parameters of Upper Jurassic clays (layer 12) within the area of the
1st stage neighborhood Yuzhny development in the town of Domodedovo
12
4
10
6
0.18
6
6
12
3
9
6
0.35
5
5
4
27
37
31
0.16
29
27
12
14
46
29
0.18
28
26
Increase factors (mk), obtained from compression test stiffness modulus in laboratory (Ec) and by
vertical static PLT of analogue soils within 11.7 to 22 m range (Epl) are given in Table 3 and exceed
times 1.52.0 those recommended in (3.23.3 Table. 3, 4, STO 36554501-020-2010. 2010).
Table 3. Results of increasing mk factor check-up for Jurassic clays (Layer12)
Parameter Values
Average
Ec *
6.2 5.1 6.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.5 8.8 5.2 4.9 7.2 4.8 6.1 8.8 5.3 5.8
Epl
23 32 28 30 31 30 31 28 29 27 29 30 27 30 28 30 28.9
mk**
3.7 6.3 4.2 5.6 6.2 6.5 6.3 6.2 3.3 5.2 5.9 4.2 5.6 4.9 3.2 5.7 5.2
* Accounting for factor mk=3.23.3 from Table. 3, 4 (STO 36554501-020-2010. 2010) and value = 18 to (?) 19 MPa.
** Per Code of practice 22.13330.2011.
Table 4 gives values of stiffness modulus, obtained by field and laboratory methods as well as scale
factors for transformation of cone penetration resistance into stiffness modulus of Upper Jurassic clay
soils and lower Cretaceous sands.
Analysis of Table 4 data shows that the mean scale factor from Upper Jurassic clays and clay loams
of the test site is 7.14 while for lower Cretaceous sands of various grain sizes from 2.96 to 3.03 with
mean value 3.0.
Simultaneous survey on the neighboring construction site of the 2nd neighborhood in Domodedovo
yielded the following stiffness parameters of Upper Jurassic deposits.
Table 4. Comparison of stiffness modulus, determined by different methods, and calibration factors for cone resistance of
Upper Jurassic soils in lower Cretaceous sediments of site 1, Yuzhny neighborhood in Domodedovo.
Layer
Triaxial
tests
CPT
PLT
CPT resistance qc
Scale factor
from CPT to
PLT
Epl / qc
21
24
28
48
24
3.35
7.16
31
27
26
46
22
27
3.79
7.12
311
Layer
15
Layer
15b
Layer
16
Layer
16b
Layer
17
25
40
27
45
37
51
29
51
33
56
38
54
15*
27
8.30
3.01
32*
37
13.21
3.03
30*
29
9.46
2.96
43*
33
14.37
2.99
37*
38
12.71
2.99
47*
48
16.72
2.99
Analysis of results in Table 5 for the 2nd neighborhood Yuzny in Domodedovo shows that the
transfer factors for Upper Jurassic clays and clay loams on the test site feature greater scatter than
those at the site of the 1st neighborhood and vary between 6.92 and 7.47 with 7.2 mean value, which is
close to the mean value in neighborhood 1.
But the obtained values of the transfer factor are less than the values in relationships (1) and (2) that
could result from the tests being carried out with 0.06 m2 test plates that give, as a rule, diminished
values of stiffness modulus (Epl).
3 SUMMARY
In view of the above statements the following conclusions could be drawn: for high-rise construction
on deep footings, sitting on pre-quaternary deposits, a thorough revision is required for current regulations for soils in construction activity areas, specific for each region (especially so for pre-quaternary
deposits). In our view the future belongs to regional regulations that should be developed on the basis
of strict compliance with mandatory requirements to high-rank regulations.
Table 5. Comparative table of stiffness modulus, measured by various methods, and of conversion coefficients for soil
CPT resistance of Upper Jurassic soils at site 2 of neighborhood Yuzhny in Domodedovo
Layer
Stiffness modulus, , P
Soil name,
geological index
Lab
tests
(what
tests?)
Triaxial
tests
CPT
PLT
CP
Recom22.1333 mended
0.2011 values
CPT resistance qc
Scale factor
from CPT to
PLT
k= Epl / qc
20
21
2.81
7.47
40
27
17
22
27
37
22
27
3.90
6.92
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