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    19 views7 pages

    Study Material - 4 PDF

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    vijay

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    of 7
    NATIONAL SCHOOL OF BANKING BODMAS When an expression involves all (or some of) the signs +, -, x, +, brackets and ‘of’, the operations inside the brackets are to be carried out first, followed by ‘of operation, then multiplication or division and lastly, addition or subtraction. This whole thing can be summarised as an acronym ‘BODMAS' rule, where ‘B’ stands for bracket, ‘O' for of, ‘D' for division, ‘M' for multiplication, ‘A’ fot addition and ‘S’ for subtraction. Study the following rules for simplifying expression. 1) I an expression contains brackets, the expression within the brackets shold be simplified first. 2) If the expression involves ‘of’, multiplication (or division), addition and/SUbtraction, then ‘of should be performed first, followed by multiplication or division. Them"proceeding from the left to the right, addition and subtraction are carried out in the order in which the sign of addition and subtraction are given. It should be noted that if the expression contains ‘of’ and ‘division’, always do ‘of’ first and then do division, in order to get the%cotrect answer. 3) If the expression involves all the four operations, then multipliéation and division are carried out first in the order in which they are given from left to right\This order also applies to the operations of addition and subtraction, which are carried out(later Study the names of the brackets given below () is circular bracket () Is curly bracket [J is square bracket When a bracket is preceded by plus (+) sign, the bracket is removed without making any change in the expression When a bracket is preceded by minUS (-) sign, the bracket is removed by changing ‘+ to ~’ and to #' within the bracket, When there is a bracketWithin’a bracket, the innermost bracket is to be removed first, followed by the next innermost @ntese on. Violation of the aboVeltyle leads to the wrong answer, This can be explained by taking the following simple example. Anish has five motes, each of rupees fifty and rupees ten. Find the total amount he has, Solution » Fdllowing BOBMAS rule, 5 x SDpf 5 10 = 250 + 50 00 But if we do addition before multiplication, the answer is as follows 5 x 55 x 10 = 2750, which is wrong. Mlustrative Examples 1 5% — (2/5 of 5/6 + (7 + 7/4) = Solution :- 5 % — (2/5 of 5/6 + (7 + 7/4) 5% — (215 of 5/6 + 4) 5 % — (215 x 516 + 4) 5% — (13 + 4) 5% - 13/3 11/2 - 13/3 = 76 4 = 1% 1 42 Web oth- 25x25 + tea? Solution : wehotw-2sxet 378 Oo hes hx Me 2/5 x 7/3 + 15/8 Ye + 1B - 2/5 x 7/3 = 15/8 CY hx 8 - 2/5 x 7/3 x 8/15 = 4-112 (225 900-112 788 ~ 225 © 225 © 113 = 355 Sa Tae ae 441 (2+ (TMH? Solution :- 1s 434 @e1s +7 Solving the brackets fro nermost to the outermost, we get t+ 34 (2+ V7) = 1-(s[t43 41 = 15/7)]} t-te +1 718)), (4+ 7/15))) 3 + (67/15))) +3 x 15/67) + 45/67)) 12/67)) 2 TZ of 168 + 3% of 612 = 3 % of 7+ 2% Of B42 Solution 7% of 168 + 3 % of 612 2% of? + 2% of B+2 BMOf7+2%OLB+2 7% of 168 + 3 % of 612 3% of? = 7S of 16843 % of 612-2 % of 8-2 = 23/9 of 168 + 13/4 of 612 - 5/2 of 8-2 = 28/9 168 + 19/4 x 612-512 x 8-2 = 29x56 413% 153-5 4-2 15/4 x? = 1288 + 1989 - 22 18/4 x? = 9277-22 15/4 x? = 9255 2 = 9285. 4/15 = 217 x4 = 968 30- (2x6+15=3)+8x3+6 Solution : 30-(2x6+15+3)+8x3+6 Let us remove the bracket first, then wee Now = 30-17+8x9=6 © 0-17 +8x% oS 30-1744 = 17, ) becomes (12 + 5) = 17. SIMPLE INTEREST When we need money but do not have enough to meet our requirements, we borrow it. The sum borrowed is said to be the principal. The excess of the money we return after a certain period over the sum borrowed Is known as the interest. ¢.9 Mr. Shah borrowed Rs.10,000 from a bank for business. After one year, he pays a sum of Rs.1,000 to the bank in consideration for the sum of money used by him at the rate of 10% per annupf”In this, ‘connection, we explain : Principal The sum borrowed is called Principal. With reference to the above eXample, Principal = Rs.10,000. Intere A certain sum of money paid to the lender besides the*principal is called Interest. It is the charge paid for using the principal. In thél@bove example, it is Rs. 1,000. Amount The principal together with the interest is called the Amount i.e, Amount = Principal + Interest 0,000 + 1,000 = Rs.11,000 Rate of interest The interest we have to pay for using Rs.100,for! year Is said to be the rate of interest. Time It is the period of time in years for whiéhptincipal is used and is denoted by “ in the formula. Formula simple mtarants, Pap Aer te e Amount=A= P +S, 0x51 Therefore, Pt TxR When money is borrowed af'8imple interest, the interest charged is the same irrespective of the Period involved i.e. if simple interest for 1 year is 1,000, for 2 years with the same rate per cent, it will be 2 x 1,000 = 2,000,ahd’so on. Hence, for 10 years it will be 10 x 1,000 = 10,000 i.e. if S.1. on a certain sum is Rs,600 if” years, the S.1. on that sum for one year will be Rs.600/3 = Rs.200 and so on. When the amolints for two different periods are given, the difference in the amounts is the Interest for theidifference in the two time periods. With that interest, get the principal and then the rate 32: Mlustrative Examples 1. Aman borrows Rs.4,000 from a bank for a period of 3 years at the rate of 15% p.a. What is the amount to be repaid to the bank 7 Solution :- P = Rs.4,000, T = 3 years, R = 15% Simple Interest = PTA/100 = 4,000 x 3 x 15 = Rs.1,800 TOO Amount Principal + interest Rs.4,000 + Rs.1,800 = Rs.5,800. 2. What is the simple interest on Rs.4,450 at 9% from 11 March, 1996 to 23 May;.1998 7 Solution P = Rs.4,450, R = 9% T = 11" March, 1996 to 23 May, 1996 Here we have find out the exact number of days from 11” March, 1996)t0 23° May, 1996, Rule : (a) To obtain the interest for the period between two specified dates) count only one of the dates. (b) Change the days to years. To do so, divide by 365, whether jt is an ordinary year or a leap year. Number of days in March = 20, number of days in Aprih= Total number of days = 20 + 30 + 23 = 73. Simple interest = 4,450 | 73. 9 100 * 365 “4 S..= 4,450 x9 = Rs, 80.10. 100 x 5 0, number of days in May = 23. 3. A sum of money trebles itsel 16 yoars"At simple interest. What is the rate of interest ? lution Let the sum be Rs. 100/- P = Rs.100, T = 16, A = Rs.990\\(Since sum trebles in 16 years) Now, Simple interest = A —(Ps=IRs.300 — Rs.100 = Rs.200 Rs. 200 = 100 x 16 xr 100 r= 20016 = 12 696 4. On what sum will GiMple interest amount to Ris. 200 after 8 months at 5% per annum ? Solution : S | =9RSH200, T = 8/12 year = 2/3 years, R = 5% P £100 %.S0 TR YoO x 200 = 100 x 200 x 3 = Rs.6,000/- 213 x 5 2x5 Thus, the sum is Rs. 6,000/- 33: PROFIT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT Prot d Loss ‘The price at which a shopkeeper buys goods is called the Cost Price (C.P.). The price at which he selis the goods is called the Selling Price (S.P.) If he sells the goods at a price higher than C.P.., he makes a ‘profit’ or ‘gain’ whereas if he sells the goods at a price lower than the C.P., he makes a loss. Study the following example, ‘A shopkeeper bought a cupboard for Rs.1,000/- and sold it for Rs.1,200. In this egampl@, the cost price of the cupboard is Rs. 1,000 and its selling price is Rs.1,200. Since the selling'price is more than the cost price, the shopkeeper has made a profit, which is given by the fotmula Profi SP.-CP. Profi 1,200 - 1,000 = Rs,200 Percentage of profit or loss is calculated on the cost price by thefollowing formula. Prot per cont =

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