30.11.2016.

4WDvs.AWD:Theresadifference

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/Features/Magazine/4WDvs.AWD:TheresaDifference

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4WDvs.AWD:TheresaDifference
Detailingthetwosimilarbutdistinctivesystems
By:SueMead|Photographyby:TheManufacturer,MichaelShafferMay11,2016
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Whichisit:fourwheeldriveorallwheeldrive?Theanswerismorecomplicatedthanyoumightexpect.Isthesystemparttime,fulltime,orondemand?Reactiveor
predictive?Doesituseahydraulicclutch,anelectromagneticone,orsomethingelseentirely?Isitengagedusinglevers,twistingadial,pushingabutton,ordoesit
simplymagicallyshowupwhenneeded?
Inthelate80s,fourwheeldrivevehiclesweresimplermachines,oftenownedbyhunters,farmers,andrancherswhodidntmindputtingakneeinthedirttotwisttheir
truckshubstolockthefrontaxle,buttheincreasedpopularityofSUVsandcrossovershasledtothedemocratizationofallwheeldrive,givinglaypeopletheabilityto
tackletoughterrainaswellastheIKEAparkinglot.Funny,consideringthepurposebuiltrootsofthesedrivetrains.

History
In1893,EnglishengineerBramahJosephDiplocksfourwheeldrivesystemforatractionenginewasdesignedforchallengingroads,usingthreedifferentialsandfour
wheelsteering.ThefirstfourwheeldrivecarwithaninternalcombustionenginewastheSpyker60HPthatDutchbrothersJacobusandHendrikJanSpijkerdeveloped
asatwoseathillclimberin1903.ThencametheDernburgWagenbuiltbyDaimlerMotorenGesellschaftandotherMercedesBenzvehiclesthat,incollaborationwith
BMW,spawnedthemilitaryspecGseriesmodelsbeforethelegendaryWorldWarIIeraJeepbrought4WDtothemasses.OneoftheJeepsleversengagedfourwheel
drivewhiletheotherselectedhigh,neutral,orlowgears.Fourwheeldriveevolvedthroughoutthe1950sand1960s,withexternallockingfronthubsgivingthefree
wheelingoptionforimprovedfueleconomy.In1963,Jeepsfourwheeldrive,familyferryingWagoneergotanautomatictransmissionbeforegroundbreaking
improvementsweremadein1973toitsQuadraTracsystem,theindustrysfirstfulltimefourwheeldrive.

AroundthesametimeSubarusLeonemadeamarkonthepassengercarmapin1972byhavinglightduty,parttimefourwheeldrivesystemforadverseweather.In
1980,AMCshighridingEagleestablishedthesportutilityorcrossoverSUVclasswithpermanentautomaticallwheeldrive,andatthesametimeAudipioneeredthe
roadgoingQuattrowithpermanentallwheeldriveforimprovedgripandperformance.In1983,JeepsnewSelectTracsystemarrivedwithitssetitandforgetit
featurethatallowedtherigtobedriveninfourwheelhighathighwayspeedsondrypavementwithoutanyrealrepercussions.Thenextyear,theallnewJeepCherokee
introducedthenovelCommandTracsystemthatallowedshiftontheflycapability.
Startinginthemid90s,almosteveryautomakerintheU.S.broughtatruckbasedSUVtomarket,completewithbodyonframeconstructionandmechanical4WD.The
sensationalpopularityofSUVscausedmanyautomakerstotransitiontoconsumerfriendlyunibodyconstructionfortheevergrowingcollectionofcrossovers,available
ineverysizeandclass,andreallybegintoembraceAWDsystems.Allwheeldrive,whichalsotransferspowerbetweenbothaxlesandfromwheeltowheel,isamore
userfriendlyapproachthataffordsyoualmostallofthesametractionbenefitsas4WDwithlesshandwringing.

4WD
Fourwheeldrivesystemsaretypicallydesignedformoderatetosevereoffroaddriving,withalowrangesetofgearsaswellasamanualorautomatic2WDto4WD
transfercase.Vehicleswith4WDareoftendesignedwithspecialattributes:ahighergroundclearance(andsometimesheightadjustablesuspension),goodapproachand
departureanglestoclimbanddescendgradesandnavigateoverobstaclesstrongersuspensionsystemsandmultiterraintiresandextratractionaidssuchasdifferential
lockers,crawlcontrol,uphillstartcontrol,anddisconnectingswaybars.Somefourwheeldrivesystems,liketheoneundertheGelndewagen,haveacenterdifferential
thataugmentsthefrontandreardiffstolockthefrontandreardriveshafts,forcingthemspinatthesamespeed.Thedifferentialscanbecontrolledelectrically,
mechanically,orhydraulicallyandcansendtorquetowhicheverwheelwillmakethemostofit.FourwheeldrivemadeitintoalmostalltrucksandmostSUVsinthe
past,andalmostalltruckmakersstillhave4WDmodels,buttheyrebecomingmoreandmorerare.WhilemostSUVstodayareunibodyratherthanbodyonframeand
havefulltimeAWDsystems,afewcontinuetohavetraditional4WDsystems,includingtheToyota4Runner.

AWD
Allwheeldriveisatypeoffourwheeldrivethatsendspowerandtorquetobothaxles,transferringtorquefromanaxleorwheelwithlesstractiontoonewithmore.
AWDsystemsareengineeredtoenhanceonroadadhesionandperformanceforallweathertractionandlightbackcountryuse.Oneofthemostcommonallwheeldrive
setupsincludesadifferentialbetweenthefrontandreardriveshafts,notunlikesome4WDsystemsofyesteryear.SomevehicleshavefulltimeAWDthatsendspowerto
allfourwheelsallthetime,whileothers,suchastheJeepCherokee,useondemandorparttimeAWDsystemsthatdecouplethefrontandrearaxlesandoperatemostly
in2WD.TorquebiasingonanaxleisoftenaccomplishedbyusingbrakebasedtractioncontrolwhentheAWDsystemdetectswheelslipordifferencesinwheelspeed,
thebrakesbitedownandmanagethetorquesplit.NearlyalloftodaysAWDsystemsworkwithoutanyinputfromthedriver,controlledinsteadbyendlesslinesof
computercodesusinghighlysophisticatedalgorithmsthatexaminesteering,throttle,andbrakeinputstocontrolvariousclutchesandbrakeactuationsinordertoimprove
grip.DynamaxsAWDsystemonthenewKiaSportagehasallofthis,plussensorsthatreadtheroadaheadforice,potholes,andflooding.

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Thisistheunderbodyofa2015JeepWranglerUnlimited.Highlightedinredarethecomponentsofits
fourwheeldrivesystem.
Can4WDandAWDcoexist?
Allwheeldrivecontinuestogrowinpopularitythepenaltyfordrivingfourwheelscomparedtotwoisnotsogreatwhenitcomestofuelefficiency,andconsumers
understandthebenefitsthatcomewithsuchsystems.Somebuyersmaystillwanttoshiftgearstogaintheadvantagesthat4WDaffordsoverAWD,suchasabroader
rangeofabilityfortowingandhaulingheavyloadsupslipperyslopesandoverroughterrain,butformostbuyersAWDprovidesthegreatestbenefitatthelowestcost.

WhatwillmainstreamAWDlooklikeinthefuture?Perhapsindividualelectricmotorsateachwheel,notunlikethethevehicleFerdinandPorschebuiltwaybackin1899
had?Maybesomeday,butnotjustyet.NextgenAWDsystemswillbeevolutionaryratherthanrevolutionary.AresearchprojectinitiatedbyJaguarLandRoveris
lookingintoanAWDsystemthatwillenableavehicletoidentifythelocationandseverityofroadhazardssuchaspotholesandmanholecoverstowarndriversand
adjustthesettingsofyourvehicleforsafer,smoothertraveloverobstaclesandalertauthorities.AWDsystemsoftomorrowwillbuildoncurrenttechnologiesforbetter
handlingandincreasedcontroltomakevehiclesmorecapableonandoffroad,andonlythehardestofhardcoreoffroaderswillhavetoworryaboutputtingakneeinthe
dirtagain.

Showmore

SueMead
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Articlesfromthisauthor.

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