Sample Response - DIS

Answering My Question AAA
AAA - Lecture 1 Globalization
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 1 - PERSONAL QUESTION
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 2
Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the interviewers questions.
Globalization has become a hotly debated topic.
1.'Sceptics' believe that the idea of globalization is overrated and that current levels of
interconnectedness are not unprecedented. (a) Some sceptics focus instead on processes of
regionalization (b) which are intensifying activity within major financial and trade groups.
2.'Hyperglobalizers' take an opposing position, arguing that globalization is a real and powerful
phenomenon that threatens to erode the role of national governments altogether. (c)
3.A third group, the transformationalists, believes that globalization is transforming many aspects of
the current global order - including economics, politics and social relations - but that old patterns still
remain. According to this view, globalization is a contradictory process, (d) involving a multidirectional
flow of influences that sometimes work in opposition.
A. General Question
1.Which arguments do you agree to more? And why?
I agree to the third position, the transformationalist idea. There are two grounds for my conviction. One
of them is a positive one. I think the idea is more plausible than the other two because it is moderate.
When facing uncertainty, a moderate position is usually a better option to be adopted. This is
especially the case if the magnitude of the uncertainty is similar to that of globalization, the
intensification of worldwide social relations and interdependence. Though the passive approach might
not guarantee correct answers, dire circumstances demand careful approaches.
The other ground for my agreement to the idea suggested in 3 is rather negative one, meaning that the
opinions suggested in 1 and 2 is relatively worse than the option that I chose. I think the importance
of regionalization given in 1 is irrelevant in the discussion of the current importance and the future of
globalization. If regionalization can work and be considered as a catalyst of globalization, it would
stimulate the process of globalization. The examples supporting this idea include many regional
economic and trade liberalization agreements.
In the beginning phase, the European Union was considered as a way of maximizing regional interests
exclusively. However, it caused many political leaders around the world to benchmark the united
economic and political system. Furthermore each regional entities including EU itself are increasingly
getting more aware of the possibility of mutual benefit by coexisting and cooperation with other groups
such as EU and ASEAN rather than pursuing exclusively selfish regional interests. However, the heavier
importance might lie in that the regionalization trend can also work as the barricade of globalization. If
processes of regionalization which are intensifying activities within major financial and trade groups
aren't guided well, people would have reasonable doubts against globalization. The most recent
example is the conflicts surrounding the euro zone and Greek economic crisis. The implication of
regionalization trend in the discussion of globalization is double-edged. Therefore, it just gives us
indecisive and irrelevant understanding for globalization.
A different logic can be applied to the idea suggested in 2. While 1 is irrelevant and indecisive, 2 is too
decisive and so far-fetched. I think this is because hyperglobalizers put too much emphasis on the
economic aspect of globalizing world. The beginning phase of globalization was all about economics
and capitalism promoted by neo-liberalism, an economic theory that emphasizes the efficiency of
private enterprise, liberalized trade and relatively open markets to promote globalization. (W) However,
since the Asian economics crisis, people began to realize that too much dependence on market is the
cause of the plague and after subsequent economic crisis that have been more disastrous and more
frequent, people began to ask for government intervention, which can be a political movement.
Possible assumptions of hyperglobalizers might be that government is a rigid structure that can't be
changed by people's political will and what is big and powerful trend now will be what we should follow
even in the long run. Those two assumptions were ok but they should be revised now in order for
hyperglobalizers to come up with a better solution.
In his book, Principles of Economics, Harvard economist N. Gregory Mankiw said the distinction
between perception and reality should be taken seriously in order to be a good economist. That advise
is good not only to future economists but also to any thinker. When we face uncertainty and our vision
is blurred, we have to cast doubts to your perception for reality and be humble enough to take a
moderate stance following the golden mean. This is how I came to the conclusion supported by
transformationalists.
[Further study]
Regionalization is the tendency to form regions, or the process of doing so.
Regionalization can be observed in various disciplines:
In globalization discourse, it represents a world that becomes less interconnected, with a stronger
regional focus.
In politics, it is the process of dividing a political entity or country into smaller jurisdictions
(administrative divisions or subnational units) and transferring power from the central government to
the regions; the opposite of unitarisation.
See Regionalism (politics) =

In politics, regionalism is a political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular region or
group of regions, whether traditional or formal (administrative divisions, country subdivisions, political
divisions, subnational units). Regionalism centers on increasing the region's influence and political
power, either through movements for limited form of autonomy (devolution, states' rights,
decentralization) or through stronger measures for a greater degree of autonomy (sovereignty,
separatism, independence). Regionalists often favor loose federations or confederations over a unitary
state with a strong central government. Regionalism may be contrasted with nationalism.
[, regionalism] -
.
.

,
.
,
.
[etc]
- In geography, it has two ways: the process of delineating the Earth, its small areas or other units into
regions and a state of such a delineation.
- In sport, it is when a team has multiple "home" venues in different cities. Examples of regionalized
teams include a few teams in the defunct American Basketball Association, or the Green Bay Packers
when they played in both Green Bay and Milwaukee.
- In linguistics, it is when a prestige language adopts features of a regional language, such as how, in
medieval times, Church Latin developed regional pronunciation differences in the different countries it
was used, including Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, England, Germany, and Slavic countries.
2.Why do you think there are so many cacophonies or conflicts in the debate about globalization?
- The speed of the change in various fields of society can't be the same. Cultural lag, as an example,
refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social
problems and conflicts are caused by this lag. Though differences are not always sufficient conditions
for conflicts to happen, they are necessary condition. If you see conflicts, there are always some
discrepancies.
I believe that conflicts about globalization is generally from meeting too many people with too many
different beliefs and ideas from too diverse regional and ethnic backgrounds before getting the ability
to deal with and harmonize the differences.
1. Culture or civilizations
The 1st round of differences happens in the field of religion and/or culture. Many praise the virtue of
diversity. However, prerequisite of diversity is difference and I define diversity as harmonized
differences. Before being harmonized, the diversity can be the source of conflicts within and between
many societies. Huntington, one of the most popular political scientists, posited in his book, The Clash
of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (CCRV henceforth), that while the age of ideology
had ended with the victory of capitalism and liberal democracy, the world had only reverted to a normal
state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of
conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines.
Unless we are equipped with some harmonizing capacities for those differences, whether it is
toleration or willful ignorance, meeting people who are from different civilizations where people believe
in different gods ordering their followers to wear unique clothes would almost inevitably end up
increasing the chances of fights.
2. The fight has its second half. It generates from the lag between politics and economics and/or the
discrepant emphasis on between freedom and equality. Almost 15 years past after CCRV was
published. But 15 years is a long time in politics. Capitalism or the Neo-liberal version of it seemed to
get a total victory over any other type of economics system. But (again) perception in the short run is
one thing and reality from the long term perspective is another.
Economics crises (Yes, plural!!) have gone more frequent, the effect has been ever more serious but,
more importantly, the damage has been distributed differently. The poorer you are, the more
proportionally serious damage you get in the advent of economics crises. To add insult to injury, rich
people can gain or, at least seem to gain, profit from the crises. This reality or perception opens the
door to political intervention in market igniting another fierce ideological conflicts. (~FTA)
B. For underlined parts
1. What do you think about (a)?

- I partially agree to the point of sceptics suggested in (a) in that people have a tendency of
subjectively perceiving recent changes more importantly than objectively calculating and comparing
relevant information. The sceptics might use many colonies supported by Western countries as an
example of globalization though they are very primitive one.
However, that notion might lose its insight if the magnitude of globalization now and that in the 19th
and 20th century are compared. It wouldn't be so difficult to tell the different size of globalization now
and then. More importantly, while the power of globalization was adopted reluctantly by the fear of
persecution the empires would have put on the colonies, the value of globalzation now can be said to
be acknowledged voluntarily and supported purposefully even by the former colonies.
I think these two factors make globalization an irreversible process and significantly different from
globalization 100 or 200 years ago. Though the optical illusion argument is understandable, it doesn't
hold the insight we should have to deal with the unprecedented process named globalization.
2. Is (b) against globalization?
Yes and no.
My answer would be yes if (b) would prevent nations from moving toward globalization. I would say no if
(b) would stimulate, or at least wouldn't stop, the ongoing process of globalization. The choice
between the positive and the negative answer would depend on the relationship between globalization
and regionalization.
The sceptics opinion is based on the assumption that nations striving for regionalization would know
where and how to stop the process from going to the irreversible movement of globalization. This is
hard to follow.
Of course some would say the same logic can be applied to criticize people of assuming that
regionalization is a process prepared for globalization. Wrong assumptions leads to wrong conclusions.
Since none of the two positions is based on invincible grounds, we should decide a relatively better
answer.
In order to decide the more likely relationship between the two, let's think about the motive or the
driving force of globalization and regionalization. Regionalization is for lowering or eradicating national
boundaries whether it is political and economic. Since it is done gradually, most cost-benefit analyses
are based on long-term, and sunk cost for the process is huge, it is safe to say that regionalization is
almost irreversible. The default is more and bigger regionalization.
I am not talking about reglionalization automatically moving toward globalization. What I trying to say is
the effort and the energy of reversing the process is so big that globalization would be relatively more
natural and easier process.
In the long run, we would be wiser to guess that this trend can lead to the initiation of globalization.
No one would say globalizaion would and should be done globally at once and so quickly.
If we define globalization the intensification of worldwide social relations and interdependence,

regionalization is likely to help it rather than impedes it. The existence of many conflicts might be the
exception that proves the rule. Slow and gradual process of regionalization helps each nation maximize
the benefit and minimize the costs of globaization.
3. What do you think the role of governments in the globalized world should be? (c)
There hardly is a disagreement to the idea that globalization is driven by economic concerns though
that is not the only driving force.
Hyperglobalizers think that globalization would erode the role of national government because it is a
mainly economic process. I have the exactly opposite stance with the reason. I think globalization will
and can emphasize the role of national government because it is economic.
Globalization has been boosted not only by global trade but also by technical advance. This leaves
most societies with more serious inequality issues. This changes have been to people with different
situations very differently. This is why I think governments and politics have its roles. No one in a
society says inequality caused by sudden changes should be solved only by individual efforts.
Government is there for helping people left behind though it is not the only purpose.
Regardless of the size of human communities - national and global - economy and politics are and
have been balanced against each other. In the globalized era, each national government's role is more
important than it used to be. It is guiding the better life minimizing the number of people lagging
behind the process of globalzation.
4. What are possible examples of (d)?

- Anti KORUS-FTA - Occupy Wall Street
5. TA's pop-up and follow-up questions.
AAA Lecture 2 - GLOBALIZATION? WESTERNIZATION?
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 2
Economists since Adam Smith have noted that businesses of a certain type tend to congregate
geographically, attracting workers with skills in that business, which draw in more businesses looking
for employees with experience. There may not have been any particular reason to prefer one place to
another before the industry developed, but as it has become concentrated in one place any new
entrants elsewhere are at a disadvantage, and will tend to move into the hub if possible, further
increasing its relative efficiency.
General Question
1.What are the examples of western standards as global standards?
One of the most important and popular example is neo-liberalism which is focused on opening markets
and limiting government intervention in the market. Though controversial and not necessarily just
system of running market, the idea has gain the status of global standard.
2.Pros and cons of western standards as global standards.
Western standards as global standards can be positive if it is the outcome of development. One of the
unrefutable examples might be that of science. No one would say science is bad because it is a
western product. This, I think, is because its origin is western but it is about the natural world and the
product of the developed world in the West. (~Genetic fallacy)
A better example of western but positive global standards might be democracy. This example can be
more satisfactory than science in that while science is about objectively describing the world,
democracy is a standard set by the western world and its thinkers which can be considered but is
adopted universally.
Negative sides of western standards as global standards begins when we think about culture or
culture industry. Many experts keep saying that the most important and endangered species is cultural
diversity.
Though it is so difficult to say that there is a hierarchy when we think about culture and its value,
culture is usually determined by money if it is traded in market. It is often said that culture is one thing
and culture industry is another.
Hollywood blockbuster has been the pinnacle of successful movies and western style music is the
textbook foreign musicians imitate or change slightly to evade the accusation of copying and pasting.
In economics and economic policies, neo-liberalism has been the standard from the western world.
However, lowering government intervention has been even pulling minimum social security network and
the growth rate of many developing and underdeveloped nation has become stagnant right after they
adopted neo-liberal policies. Some would say there might be hundreds of causes that we can attribute
the failure of the situation. Almost no one would dispute that the adopted western and global
economics standard is the most visible factor to explain the negative consequence.
Discarding good things in the name of nationalism and/or patriotism can be not only not helpful but
also disastrous for the future of the country. But we also have to understand that blind acceptance is
as bad as blind rejection.
~ Ref Eq
~ Genetic Fallacy
3.What if you were in the situation of governments officials who have to take western standards and
had to confront with national disputes?
Government officials frequently face too diverse opinions in this global world. This happens because of
two causes : diverse political and economic belief and the lack of social schemes for unexpected
negative results.
1.Diverse political and economic belief
Nothing is perfect or nothing is considered perfect in democracy. If I am a government official, the

question I have keep asking myself is not to make people believe what I do but to set a decent social
sphere where we can discuss what is the right thing to do. The discussion can end up following the
western standard if we follow the rules of the game in spite of the diversity.
There are public hearing where government officials invite experts, lawmakers, and citizens. This would
be what I focus. Though I admit that this isn't sufficient, no one would argue that this isn't a necessity.
- logic v persuasion - politics
2.The lack of social schemes for unexpected negative results.
As I said, the legitimacy of the process doesn't suffice. The result from the decision might put some
people in a dire situation. People in this situation would recognize that their situation is so terrible that
they have nothing to lose. This is the cause of the uncontrollable social cost. If their behavior can be
attributed to the negative expectation, the solution lies in how to change the perception. For example,
the common denominator of nations showing steady growth is the social schemes for compensating
the loss of people who happen to be losers by changes. (The changes caused by globalization might
be one example.) The examples of the schemes are job training programs and unemployment
insurance.
By combining the legitimate process of deciding and adopting good standards and coming up with
compensation plans, governmnent officials can decrease the likelihood of those conflicts.
- Cost of job training and benefiting steady social growth
Questions About The Passage

1.Summarize the passage above.
2.Will a society with the phenomenon explained in the passage be better off after the geographical
congregation? (GC) What is your rationale?
Intro - [W] - Path dependence (PD) explains how the set of decisions one faces for any given
circumstance is limited by the decisions one has made in the past, even though past circumstances
may no longer be relevant. In economic development, it is said that a standard which is first-to-market
can become entrenched (like the QWERTY layout in typewriters still used in computer keyboards).
Experts called this "PD", and said that inferior standards can persist simply because of the legacy they
have built up. Economic debate continues on the significance of PD in determining how standards
form.
TS - Given intellectual flexibility to apply the implication of PD to the situation of GC, we can
understand the situation surrounding GC better. For entrepreneurs, choosing business sites takes
cognitive loads necessary when finding typing system or other business path and method.
TS - Though it would be very hard to evaluate cost and benefit of a society in terms of GC as it is
mainly about business and economics, that would be a good beginning step. The evaluation depends
on two factors : the reason why those regions attract businesses and the possibility of monopolizing.
I think an economic aspect of society can get better off by geographical congregation if and only if
those sites become popular because they survive intense competition as a business site. Free and fair
competition and the results from it can maximize the benefit of the society if we follow mainstream
economics. However, problems can arise because competitiveness is not a necessary condition for a
place to be an beneficiary of GC. If application of PD to this case is adopted, inferior places can
persist as a good business site as easily as worse standards can last just because they have built up
a history. Our hope that good products and options "should" win a competition is one thing. And reality
that bad things can be winners sometimes is another. If the hope and the reality don't go together,
society and especially economic and business aspect of it not only can't get better off but also might
get worse off.
However, this is half the truth related to GC. Even if it became standards because of the efficiency it
has brought, there are more things to discuss before calculating cost and benefit of GC socially. This
is linked to the second point : the possibility of monopolizing. It is possible that this congregation can
limit cognitive ability when market participants make decisions. Even if an option for a business is
good for now, that doesn't necessarily mean that they will be good later on. Even in most nations with
liberal market policies, there are certain regulations against monopoly regardless of the origin of
market power certain companies exert. This isn't necessarily because some governmental agencies
are suspicious against market dominance, the result of past schemes promoted by some
entrepreneurs to monopolize markets but possibly because they believe current leaders should face
competition in order for consumers to be beneficiaries of the competition in the long run. If the
popularity of the region will continue not because it continuously win harsh competitions but just or
mainly because of the irrational aspect of business people as consumers in market for getting
business site, geographical congregation can result in society getting worse off.
Conclusion
Whether GC is good or not depends on how it becomes the leader in a market and the possibility of
monopolizing. The invisible hand can work. However that is not the case in monopolized markets and
this would make society worse off. Though economic development is possible through decent
processes, it would be a logical fallacy to say that this means a society is better off. However,
economic development and better business can work as a necessary condition for social development.
With economics development, we go beyond. Without it, we can't help getting stuck with it.
- Mono vs Quality in cycle (Causal chain)

3.If the author of the passage has an opinion on cultural diversity, what would the opinion be like
assuming that he or she would apply the idea of the passage to make his or her opinion?
The GC (Geographical congregation) is related to market monopoly. Though business people are
usually seller, they can be consumers when trying to buy and build factories and stores. The passage
describes a situation in which certain places "can" get to have monopolized power without a
competitive edge.
Even if economists generally don't allow markets to be monopolized, there are exceptions. Very special
examples such as natural monopoly set aside, some economists might acknowledge it if a product
monopolizes certain markets because of its superior quality. If this notion is all the author has in any
competition field whether it is a market of commodities or that of different cultures, his or her point
might be against cultural diversity or artificial support of it. His idea doesn't have to be against cultural
diversity itself. As history of the rise and the fall of big companies, nothing lasts forever. Therefore the
author might think that invisible hands even in the market of cultures leads to rises and falls of certain
cultures which can be describes as cultural diversity.
However, it is possible that the author might think that there is a limitation when applying the idea of
the passage to the field of culture. It is usually argued that we should be more careful when we try to
apply the market rationale to culture. Many people think culture is a subject not of trade but of
exchange. Global institutions such as UNESCO share this intuition which can be proven by The
UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, adopted by 185 Member States in 2001. In order
for exchange to be possible, diverse things should exist as we don't usually trade or exchange the
same things. This is how cultural diversity can exist. Though culture can be considered one type of
commodities as the term, culture industry, shows us, it might have to be recognized as a different
commodity.
The author finished the passage with a word, efficiency. Economists defined efficiency as an output
divided by input. This is well applied to other businesses. However, we should be as careful as we are
when we think about the uniqueness of culture. This notion is shared by 185 member states of UN.
4.What have the Koreans gained and lost from following western or American standards?
- If cost-benefit analysis is applied to the modern history of Korea, I think gain is significantly bigger
than loss. However, this doesn't mean that we haven't lost anything.
- Economics growth vs social development.

- Confucianism in the 21st century ~ As long as it is related to the concern for community. Unstable
situation. Lack of family value. Or the lag.
AAA Lecture 3 Cultural Relativism
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 2 - PASSAGE 1
A person views a film with a knowledge of the world and of other media products. She/he does not
leave her/his histories, whether social, cultural, economic, racial, or sexual at the door. An audience
member from a marginalized group -- for example, people of color, women, the poor -- tends to have an
oppositional stance when participating in mainstream media, because it seldom reflects their
experiences faithfully.
From this viewing standpoint, an alternative reading of a film can occur. This reading comes from
something in the film that appears amiss.* When things appear strange to the viewer, she/he may
then bring other viewpoints to bear on the watching of the film and may see things other than what the
film-makers intended. The viewer, that is, will read against the grain of the film.
1. , ,
.
If two numbers, A and B, are compared, there are 3 possibilities. Either A or B is bigger than the other.
Or they are exactly the same. This can be applied to a group of people encountering with a culture.
Either they like the culture or hate it. The third possibility is that they have a neutral stance. I think one
of the most important factors that drive the difference is whether people want to identify with the
message the culture is sending.
(Hall's Theory of encoding and decoding is a theory of reception theory, developed by Stuart Hall.
According to the theory,) [I think] audiences can have three different reactions to a media text, whether
it be a film, documentary or newspaper: Dominant Reading (dominant-hegemonic), Opposition Reading,
and Negotiated Reading.
1.Dominant, or Preferred, Reading (dominant-hegemonic) is describing how the director/creator wants

the audience to view the media text. I think dominant reading is possible if the targeted audience (in
this case, the minority) want to identify with the mainstream society. A typical example of this is Asianamericans trying to identify themselves with WASP society in the US. Evaluation judgement set aside,
this has been one of the most typical and possibly the most successful example of minority identifying
the mainstream society.
2. Opposition Reading is witnessed when the audience rejects the preferred reading, and creates their
own meaning of the text. In the US, many African Americans possess a negative stance against the
depiction of the ideal success promoted by the mainstream media. Some think that going to prep
school is blindingly following the white life style betraying the black brotherhood. Some would think
that following the mainstream lifestyle is denying the identity of the race. ~ Feminist version
3. Negotiated Reading is a compromise between the dominant and opposition readings, where the
audience accepts parts of the director's views, but has their own views on parts as well.
I think this happens more frequently than the others. This is because it would be very difficult for
general audience to catch the intended meaning of producers as in the case of hegemonic reading or
to have a strong ethnic and nationalistic orientation as in the case of oppositional reading. While there
are positive reasons for audience to read in the two previous cases, negotiated reading is possible
because of the negative cause, the absence of specific preferences. This is why I think the negotiated
reading might be more frequent than the others.
- Proud to be gay
- consciousness / intentions
2. , , alternative
reading . (Adding unnecessary reasons)
I have two examples. One is foreign and the other is Korean.
First example is Saving private Ryan. When most viewers thought that it was promoting patriotic
sentiments, I couldn't disagree to the points more. I thought the grain of the film most viewers must
felt is the saving part while I also got the sacrificing the rescuing team part. Whether my alternative
reading was intentional or not or conscious or not, I thought my idea was part away from what most
thought the film maker, Spielberg, intended.
Second example is , the Korean movie. This example is from my friends. I read an interview of the
director, . He specifically said that the title was intended to express the ironical aspect of
friendship. The intended reading of the director was that friendship is very malleable, easy to be
broken, and frequently swayed by other not so admirable motivations. However, many Korean audience
blindly accepted the title without critical assessment.

ACTUAL INTERVIEW 3
[1] Red is popular in China and Denmark, but represents death or witchcraft in Korea and many other
countries. Japanese hardly stick chopsticks vertically in a bowl of rice, because that is done at
Japanese funeral dinners to mark the dish belonging to the dead person. Russians give only odd
numbers of flowers to others as even numbers are for funerals and the dead. They never shake hands
or kiss over a threshold before stepping inside, as doing so will offend the host.
[2] U. S. TV commercials directly address the audience, whereas Korean and Taiwanese commercials
use more drama related to family events. As compared to U. S. commercials, Korean ones less
frequently use a person to lecture the audience and tend not to present straight, single facts. They
often play with shapes and names instead of direct messages. Commercials of Taiwan, although more
westernized than Korea, frequently link the product to Chinese values and use symbols and
metaphors. These are in contrast with U. S. commercials that use credible sources and users of
products to convey the specific benefits of products directly to consumers. U. S. commercials provide
data-based arguments with explicit conclusions of why the consumer should buy the product.
[3] In communicating with people in foreign countries, messages encoded in one culture must be
decoded in another. When messages are communicated cross-nationally between similar cultures, the
decoding effect of the receiver produces results more nearly like those intended in the original
message encoding by the sender. Conversely, when messages are communicated cross-nationally
between highly dissimilaror distantcultures, the decoding effect of the receiver may not produce
the intended results. Cross-cultural studies suggest that countries which share a similar
historical/cultural heritage and similar communication styles have less cultural distance between
them. On the other hand, countries which have a different cultural background and different
communication styles are shown to have more cultural distance between each other. After all, the
concept of cultural distance is quite useful in that it refers to relative degrees of similarity or
dissimilarity among countries in general.
1.What are examples related to cases in [1] & [2]?
1 - Touching the head of Thai children. Initiating hand-shaking

2 - Star based commercials vs information-based
2. [1], [2] ,
[3] .
"The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place." - George Bernard
Shaw
1. Defining the terms

The main concepts used in passage [3] are the decoding effect, the receiver, message, the sender
and cultural distance. And I will begin by defining the concepts.
The receiver, message and the sender are the primary elements of communication. Message is what
the sender expect the receiver to understand as she or he intends.
As far as I understand, the decoding effect is explaining the result of the communicated message.
From time to time, messages are understood or decoded not in the way the senders intends. This can
be the decoding effect.
Cultural distance is related to how a culture is similar and different with another. This is linked to
decoding effect. The more effective and more similar to the intention of the sender decoding can be,
the less cultural distance.
Since the main concepts are defined, I would like to begin answering the questions.
[1] Culture
The examples in 1 are individual and related to superstitions while those in 2 can be not so individual
but are more linked to economics and business.
In order for us to use the main concepts in [3] for the cases in [1], we should accept the idea that
behaviors such as following our own traditions or respecting others' can be interpreted by or influence
other people. I agree to this because I agree to the psychological research that more than half of the
communication is non-verbal rather than verbal. When we do things meeting people with differences,
we can think that we are sending messages to them. They can be the receiver of the communication
and cultural difference can be a very important factor to determine the decoding effect.
I don't think message senders should be extremely careful about potentially being misunderstood too
much worrying that others would judge us. I also think message receivers should be open-minded
when they think about superstitions and cultural differences. However, there might be some limitation.
We also have to think that the tolerance should be shown unless the differences harm people and are
against certain universally adopted values such as human rights in general.
[2] Business
The cases in [2] is business and economics. My main point here is that the mixture of global and local
is what matters. Many businesses fail because so-called business experts don't take into account the
behavioral and cognitive differences that can possibly be attributed to cultural differences.
I think the power of marginal thinking should be acknowledged. Marginal thinking is putting more
emphasis on comparing marginal cost and marginal benefit rather than on overall, total, and average
cost and benefit. Putting additional and marginal cost for differentiated and targeted audience for
making sophisticated commercial or marketing strategy is usually a better one. Unless message
senders are careful about decoding effect, the receiver would misinterpret the message, the sender
will be the victim of cultural distance.
George Bernard Shaw once said that the single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it
has taken place. I think this can be applied to the cases with some adjustment. The single biggest
problem in 'business' communication is the illusion that it has taken place 'as was intended.' Taking
into account the subjective (or intersubjective) value is a short cut or better way of success in
business. Nothing guarantees success. What we have to ask which one is with higher batting
averages.
3.TA's pop-up and follow-up questions.

AAA Lecture 4 Multicultural Society
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 2
For years, it was thought that the United States was and should be a "melting pot" - in other words,
that people from all over the worlds would come and adopt the American culture as their own.
But really it happens with the immigrants? The different national features really mix to alloy a new
American culture, when it is obvious that several kinds of features survive in their original state. It is
sure that some peculiarity will disappear. However it might be that from this no melting pot will come
into being, since the cast away of old customs for the sake of new ones is neither a melting and nor
an alloy.
More recently, some people have compared the United States to a mosaic, a picture made of many
different pieces. America's strength, they argue, lies in its diversity and in the contributions made by
people of many different cultures. America needs to preserve and encourage this diversity, while
making sure that everyone has equal opportunity to succeed.
1. Summarize each passage above.
2.Which one do you prefer among many analogies such as the melting pot and a mosaic? What is your
alternative? What is your rationale?
I prefer a mosaic analogy to the others in that it is more realistic and a better description of the world.
The contrast between is and ought can be helpful here. When we make decisions, we have to tell the
difference between what is there and what should be there.
(In economics, the former is discussed in positive economics using statistics and mathematics to
describe the real world while the latter is dealt with by normative economics largely depending on
broader disciplines such as ethics and philosophy.)
I think the melting pot analogy has a relative power to show us what is ideal rather than what is real.
Though I just partially agree to the idea of a melting pot since it doesn't give differences a positive
regard I think they deserve, I also can't deny the possibility of the analogy as a harmonizing principle
of society with differences.
However, putting too much emphasis on ideal pictures seems to have made people exhausted. While
saying that we have to give up the melting pot project might be an overstatement, depending only on
the principle without any revision is the evidence of indolence. After having spent several decades of
melting and disappointment, people seem to suggest the idea of a mosaic society as a realistic goal.
As far as I guess, I think a mosaic looks like a chaotic situation on a micro level, which can't be ideal.
However, it can look harmonious if we take a macro insight. If social principles symbolized by a mosaic
can help us minimize micro problems and this results in harmonized society from the macro
perspective (at least in the long-run), this would have a relative value compared to the others in that it
is realistic and approachable one. (~Long-term vs short-term)
Unless taking the realistic perspective means giving up the ideal result of social integration and can
and will decrease the likelihood of the positive result, I am in favor of the principle and the analogy.
- Salad bowl
3.What are the implications that the passage has for Korea when facing similar problems America has
dealt with.
Though the history of the US and Canada is shorter than ours, their history of having dealt with
diversity is way longer than ours leaving us with some important lessons. Recently, the analogy or the
symbol by which Canadian and the US policy toward racial diversity was represented has been shifted
from a melting pot toward a mosaic.
This might be an indication that harmonizing differences is proven to be so hard that they can't help
but comprise with the reality. The question I want to ask when thinking about the implication of
western societies' experience of racial and ethnic conflicts is whether Korea is ready to harmonize
diversity preventing it from becoming the source of conflicts. The answer is rather negative than
positive.
I am not saying that the perfect scheme should be ready before we tolerate any difference. However,
adopting and trying to adopt differences with good will but without decent preparation is not only bad
but also irresponsible.
Government should be very careful about the sunk cost effect of policies related to immigration. Once
you legislate them, it is almost impossible to return to a previous situations as can be seen in the
western world.
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 3
Immigration through marriage is rising rapidly. The policy towards them is inadequate. It says that
Korea is "becoming a multicultural society," but the insufficient money it has budgeted for this is used
mostly for "assimilation projects." Various agencies and organizations show off how they do "their
part" to "construct a multi-cultural society" and compete to get their Korean language classes in the
media. They even boast about how they are turning foreign women into "exemplary Korean daughtersin-law" through "Korean traditional cultural education" that includes putting them in traditional Korean
clothes and showing them how to bow to their in-laws.
In an era when minjok continues to mean less of what it used to, is there really a need to absolutely
"Koreanize" others who have different cultural backgrounds? Is it really appropriate in an age of
democracy and plurality to teach women from Vietnam and the Philippines, where traditionally women
enjoyed higher status than in Joseon-era Korea, where neo-Confucianism was all the rage, about old
customs full of patriarchal ideology, while referring to such customs with grand names such as
"traditional etiquette" and "traditional culture"?
It is important that foreign women and their children are taught Korean, but it is a matter of human
rights that they continue to maintain their cultures and languages. Their children are Koreans, but they
also have the right to culturally be Vietnamese and Filipinos. If Korea wants to be a society of diversity,
we need to systematically guarantee their cultural and linguistic individuality in the way that is done in
Scandinavia, where children of immigrants also learn their native languages at school and at least
some of their academic classes are taught in those languages.
The validity of the concept of minjok, first accepted a century ago, has expired. The Korea will not be
monopolized by one minjok. Instead it will be a place where there is a diverse mixture and meeting of
culture and language. If Korea is going to move smoothly towards being a "rainbow society," we need
to simultaneously get rid of the idea we are going to make everyone 'the same' and instead give them
the opportunity to acclimate to Korean society while able to maintain their individuality.
1. Summarize the passage above. What is your opinion about the points of the author?
2. What do you think about the underlined terms, ideas, and questions above?
Assimilation projects ; the concept of minjok ; a "rainbow society"
1) Assimilation projects
I also have a criticism against the assimilation project the author has. Assimilation projects is a policy
trying to help marriage immigrants getting accustomed to Korean lifestyle. Though government helping
them is better than ignoring them, what I am worried is that their effort is not good enough.
Government officials showing off how they are turning foreign women into "exemplary Korean
daughters-in-law" through "Korean traditional cultural education" is a sign that they are ignoring
important phenomena such as acculturation.
Acculturation is the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous
firsthand contact ; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups
remain distinct. While acculturation is describing natural cases, it doesn't necessarily exclude the
possibility of actively promoting it.
The premise of teaching them is that Koreans are superior to the marriage immigrants. Or the public
officials might appear to think so. What I want is that we should promote assimilation project not only
for them but also for us. They should learn about us as much as we should learn from them. The ratio
doesn't have to be perfectly 50 : 50 since most of us might not live in their countries.
However, putting them in traditional Korean clothes and putting ourselves in traditional Vietnamese
clothes will lead to active acculturation making people believe that we are not so condescending
anymore.
2) The concept of minjok
However, I have a idea slightly different from the author about the second part beginning with the
concept of minjok. As I said, as long as the education is mutual, I think there would be no harm in
Koreans learning traditional Vietnamese culture and Vietnamese being taught what traditional Korean
life would be like.
I understand why people have such a negative sentiment against nationalism. However, the history of
abuse doesn't necessarily justify totally denying certain things such as nationalism.
Let me introduce narrative conception of identity - Storytelling Beings. Alasdair MacIntyre says that the
story of my life always embedded in the story of those communities from which I derive my identity. I
am born with a past ; and to try to cut myself off from that past, in the individualistic mode, is to
detach my present relationships.
He offers as an example "the young German who believes that being born after 1945 means that
what Nazis did to Jews has no moral relevance to his relationship to his Jewish contemporaries." This
is a type of moral blindness to him.
Even in an era when minjok continues to mean less of what it used to, unless we are using our history
to ostracize people with differences and absolutely "Koreanize" others who have different cultural
backgrounds but if we are willing to learn from each other, emphasizing the past and nations is not
necessarily bad.
3) Rainbow society
My next opinion is related to a rainbow society. Vagueness of the idea set aside, I think the idea can
be realized through slightly modifying the current scheme Korean bureaucrats have promoted as I
suggested previously.
First of all, while I agree to the author's speculation that Korea will be a place where there is a diverse
mixture and meeting of culture and language, I think the previous schemes of Korean bureaucrats after
modification aren't going to make everyone 'the same'.
Secondly, marginal cost of coming up with new schemes is sure to be bigger than marginal benefit. At
least the author doesn't give us how to achieve the ideal status suggested with the metaphor of
rainbow.
3.What are examples of success and failure of cultural and ethnic "exchange"? How can we achieve
our version of "rainbow society"?
3.1.S and F
Failures - Too many
Success - Rare
If I have to take an ideal perspective, I cannot answer the question because many Northen European
nations, once known as successful cases, are experiencing terrorism and ultranationalism.
In this backdrop, I think Canada stands as a relatively better example though not an ideal one. One of
the reasons that can explain Canadian success is the symbol by which Canadian policies for
harmonizing diversity is represented. The Salad Bowl Concept. It suggests the integration of the many
different cultures of United States residents combine like a salad, as opposed to the more prolific
notion of a cultural melting pot.
3.2.How to achieve our version of "rainbow society"?

1) Acculturation - based on a false assumption.
2) Reflective equilibrium
Not only in philosophy but also in other fields where differences exist.
Reflective equilibrium is a state of balance or coherence among a set of beliefs arrived at by a process
of deliberative mutual adjustment among general principles and particular judgments. The term
'reflective equilibrium' was coined by John Rawls and popularized in his celebrated A Theory of Justice
as a method for arriving at the content of the principles of justice.
Rawls argues that human beings have a "sense of justice" which is both a source of moral judgment
and moral motivation. In Rawls's theory, we begin with "considered judgments" that arise from the
sense of justice. These may be judgments about general moral principles (of any level of generality) or
specific moral cases. If our judgments conflict in some way, we proceed by adjusting our various
beliefs until they are in "equilibrium," which is to say that they are stable, not in conflict, and provide
consistent practical guidance. Rawls argues that a set of moral beliefs in ideal reflective equilibrium
describes or characterizes the underlying principles of the human sense of justice.
AAA LECTURE 5 - GLOBALIZATION VS NATIONALISM (1)
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 2
In globalization discourse, perspectives on nationalism are ambivalent.
On the one hand, the experience of "one world" calls for solidarity within the ecological community of
mankind seem incompatible with a nationalist world view. States and nations are perceived as things
from the past, and the missionary, imperialist tendencies of Western nationalism, most recently of the
US, are readily recalled.
On the other hand, perceived dehumanizing tendencies of economic globalization, domination by

private interests and a non-transparent global "governance without government" recommend (national)
self-determination as a counterforce which enables emancipation and social justice.
1.Introduce two opposing perspectives on nationalism in the era of globalization in your own words.
2-1.Which perspective do you think is a better explanation for nationalism in the 21st century?
2-2.What makes you think so?
I think the latter description focused on the (national) self-determination seems more plausible.
Though states and nations are perceived as things from the past, that doesn't necessarily mean that
the necessity of nations and states would be vanished right away. Even if the missionary, imperialist
tendencies of Western nationalism, most recently of the US, are readily recalled, political communities
of various nations are shaped in so many diverse forms that we can't say that it will go instinct. One
example of the experience of "one world" might be a threat from global warming and it seems to call
for solidarity within the ecological community of mankind. However it doesn't seem incompatible with a
nationalist world view since many nations are striving for solving the problem. Only ideal perspectives
prevent us from taking a positive stance toward the value of nations in this century. I think it is so hard
to support the former stance.
~ Nuclear Summit
On the other hand, it would be so easy to come up with examples supporting the second point. Ardent
supporters of globalization might say that dehumanizing tendencies of economic globalization,
domination by private interests and a non-transparent global "governance without government" are just
the result of false perception and attributing global and economic convergence to the problems just
seemingly related to them is a type of logical fallacies.
Even if they (economics factors) are not the cause of the problems, I think those problems which are
just likely to be caused by globalization are sure to be solved politically. Just as (domestic) market
failures initiate governmental intervention, political decisions are readily justified if there aren't other
possible causes other than economic ones and alternative solutions by government.
Legitimacy issue set aside, government power seems positively related to globalization which usually
is described as and mostly stimulated by economic drives.
3.If you were a political leader in Korea, how would we cope with nationalism?
I would like to compare nationalism to a double-edge sword in that it is ambivalent. The question is not
whether nationalism is good or not but how we can maximize the positive side while minimizing the
negative.
Of course, I wouldn't support an offensive type of nationalism in Japan and China and another type
supported by some ultra right wing groups such as Neo-Nazis.
I have a hope that nationalism can be formed positively. Joseph Stiglitz, an American economist and a
professor at Columbia University and a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
(2001) once said that there could be a positive side of nationalism in Korea. As an economist known
for his critical view of the management of globalization and free-market economists (whom he calls
"free market fundamentalists"), he quoted nationalistic movement that Koreans showed the world
when overcoming the perils in 1997 IMF Crisis. Many usual citizens did some charities to overcome
the crisis.
The answer depends on whether the sword - nationalism - is defensive or offensive. While there is no
clear-cut line between the two, we can't categorize them into the same group ignoring the difference in
their potential.
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 3
[1] After watching the (Beijing) Olympic torch rally disturbed by westerners forcing China to be more
liberal, the Chinese got so angry. In an increasingly wired society, many, especially the Internet-savvy
young, have taken to the Web to express their feelings and demand action. One popular Chinese
online chatroom, Tianya, has called for donations of Chinese flags to support the relay on the
remaining legs of its international tour, which includes stops in South Korea, Japan and Vietnam.
Countrymen, let our five-star red flag fly high and welcome the Olympic torch!, one post proudly
proclaimed. We Chinese must unite. Let us show those superficial and short-sighted westerners the
style of our spirit! a netizen said.
[2] Mr Rogge (then president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC)) says international public
expectations about the country's pace of change are unrealistic.
"It took us 200 years to evolve from the French Revolution. China started in 1949. At that time it was
a country of famine, epidemics, floods and civil war. It had no economy, no health care, no education
system and there was 600m of them," he says.
Back in 1949, Mr Rogge pointed out, the UK was a colonial power. So too were Belgium, France and
Portugal, "with all the abuse attached to colonial powers. It was only 40 years ago that we gave liberty
to the colonies. Let's be a little bit more modest".
China may not be a role model in the west, Mr Rogge concedes, but "we owe China to give them
time".
1.Are the nationalism in China and that of Korea the same?

- If yes, how are they?
- If no, why not?
I think there is a significant difference between the nationalism of the two nations in that one is
offensive and the other is defensive.
Of course most people would think that nationalism of Korea is a defensive version. Korea has been
invaded by foreign powers more frequently than any other nations in the world. Historians don't
necessarily depend on a masochistic view of history which puts more emphasis on negative aspects of
history in order to support the idea that Koreans can't help being defensive and being rather
ethnocentric.
While there is an agreement on the idea that Korean nationalism is defensive, only some would
disagree to the argument that the Chinese one is offensive. Many Chinese nationalists seem to use a
defensive rhetoric when they go hostile when they felt offended in the case of the Olympic torch
disturbed and when they victimize their nation with the examples of the Opium Wars and the Nanjing
Massacre. However the cases seem to be the exception [that] are so rare that they unintentionally
supports rule opposite to the intended argument. Most Chinese textbooks praise their glorious history
with those rare exceptions to make their citizens feel proud while most Korean textbooks are trying to
awake people not to repeat the regrettable part of our history ever again. (~ Han zu)
I am not trying to say that defensive nationalism can and should always be excused. If defensive
mechanism should be supported all the time, we can't criticize the Nazi version persecuting Jews and
the North Korea trying to develop nuclear weapons. Their rationale was and is that Nazi said that they
had to protect themselves from the attack of greedy Jews and North Koreans say the weapons is not
for offense but for defense. Although we should be careful about the defensive rationale, a blanket
denial would be equally negative.
2.What do you think about Mr Rogge's defense for China?
I partially agree to his idea in that the value of general principle such as equality, democracy, and
human rights is one thing and how to promote and realize them in reality is another. Each nation has
its own sovereignty to make the lives of their people better. This is my partial support for the idea
suggested by the president of IOC.
While I mainly agree to the idea that we owe China to give them time, I think the development should
be significantly faster than more developed nations whose people are not so patient about the speed
of Chinese development. Giving them 40 years and expecting them to be the same with Western
nations is impatient but Chinese asking for 200 years is indolences. They should and must have got
the lessons from the Western world. The axiom that economic development without giving people
political rights is one of the serious causes of social instability is one thing.
I expect this with a reliable ground. Dung Xiaoping, one of the most respected leader of China, once
said he doesn't care about the colour of cats as long as it catches mice well when he had to face
negative responses against the mixture of communism and capitalism when he tried to promote.
3.How should we response to foreign nationalists? Tit for tat? Peaceful approach?
[W] As far as I know, tit for tat is an English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation". An agent using
this strategy will initially cooperate, then respond in kind to an opponent's previous action. If the
opponent previously was cooperative, the agent is cooperative. If not, the agent is not.
Though game theoretical approach is a popular among strategists of any kind, I think we should
carefully take a look at the premise of prisoner's dilemma, the most well-known dilemma in game
theory. The dilemma is useful if the number of participants is 2 and their power is almost equal.
However, I think Koreans (in this context people in South Korea) are relatively weaker and more
peaceful. This is the point at which the implication of tit for tat loses its power, at least to a certain
extent. Therefore retaliating Chinese nationalism and Japanese chauvinism would be an invitation for
more hostile East-Asian geopolitics.
This, however, doesn't necessarily leave us nothing. In international relations, a balance of power
exists when there is parity or stability between competing forces. The concept describes a state of
affairs in the international system and explains the behavior of states in that system.
I think we should take the balancer role in this region.

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As a term in international law for a 'just equilibrium' between the members of the family of nations, it
expresses the doctrine intended to prevent any one nation from becoming sufficiently strong so as to
enable it to enforce its will upon the rest.
"BoP" is a central concept in neorealist theory. Within a balance of power system, a state may choose
to engage in either balancing or bandwagoning behavior. In a time of war, the decision to balance or to
bandwagon may well determine the survival of the state.
Kenneth Waltz, a major contributor to neorealism, expressed in his book, "Theory of International
Politics" that "if there is any distinctively political theory of international politics, balance-of-power
theory is it.".[2] However, this assertion has come under criticism from other schools of thought within
the international relations field, such as the constructivists and the political economists[3][4]

AAA LECTURE 6 - NATIONALISM (2) - FOR DEFENDING THE COMMUNITY
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 2
The will to integrate the nation to global culture is questionable in Korea. Though Korea has won wide
praise for opening up to foreign investors since the 1997 financial crisis, collectivist nationalism
remains dominant in Korean public discourse. To its credit, the current government has resisted the
pull of collectivist nationalism, but it remains entrenched in the bureaucracy, academia, the media, the
labor movement, and most civic organizations. [A] The media and the educational system continue to
extol the virtues of a mythical "uri" based on ethnic and linguistic purity. It is, as Michael Breen,
author of a provocative book on Korea entitled "The Koreans: Who They are, What They Want, Where
Their Future Lies," wrote, [B] "While many foreigners have very warm experiences with some Koreans,
they often feel rejected by Koreans in general. [C] They are rejected because Koreans are so
nationalistic and have a racist obsession with their blood."
1.Summarize the passage above.
2.On [A]
2-1.Are Koreans extolling or praising the virtues of a mythical "uri" based on ethnic and linguistic
purity? What is your opinion?
Yes, I think Korean schools and media frequently praise the virtues of ethnic and linguistic purity.
However, I would describe the trend praising rather than extolling in that it is not that serious and/or
offensive.
Although many believe that ethnic purity is mythical because most ethnic groups must have been
through the history of migration and various exchanges including commercial trades, I think most
would agree that Koreans are relatively more homogeneous.
Linguistic purity?
Relative power of Korean language in phonetic representation and that of Chinese in semantic
representation.
- My opinion is mainly about the relationship between purity and superiority. I think they are
independent factors.
2-2. Is the virtues of a "uri" based on ethnic and linguistic purity mythical? What is your opinion?
Theoretically yes. Practically No. ~ Self-fulfilling prophecy
Constructivists are concerned with human consciousness, treat ideas as structural factors, consider
the dynamic relationship between ideas and material forces as a consequence of how actors interpret
their material reality, and are interested in how agents produce structures and how structures produce
agents.
Constructivism most concerns itself with the role of ideas in shaping the international system.
"Ideas"? the goals, threats, fears, identities, and other elements of perceived reality that influence
states and non-state actors within the international system.
3.On [B]
Why do you think many foreigners often feel rejected by Koreans in general, while they have very warm
experiences with some Koreans? What is your opinion?
Though I am not sure so about what it means by being rejected by Koreans 'in general', I can
speculate why they have warm experiences.
I think situational thinking is what we need here. Foreigners, especially Westerners, are used to
dispositional thinking by which people's behavior is attributed to their disposition and personality. This
doesn't help understand Asian culture. What Koreans and Japanese have in common is their
sensitivity to context. In socially formal setting, hiding or modestly revealing one's feeling is respected.
Even if we hate people, we don't get used to expressing the sentiment. We are and can be nice to
foreigners while hating them so deeply.
- If the expression 'in general' means negative media coverage and hostile cyber opinion, I would
rather say that many Koreans uses cyber space where anonymity is preserved in order to reveal their
true feelings.
4.What do you think about the following excerpt?

"Foreigners in Korea are rejected because Koreans are so nationalistic and have a racist obsession
with their blood."
I disagree to the except with two reasons. First of all, since I think it wouldn't be wise to categorize
foreigners in one group, I disagree to the first part of the excerpt that foreigners are rejected.
Capitalistic Nationalism.
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 3
[1] The critics of the book, "So Far from the Bamboo Grove" expressed that the book makes no
mention of Japanese war crimes, including forced labor and forced prostitution, and portrays Koreans
as the antagonists while victimizing Japanese women. Korean American arents have sought to remove
the book from the school curriculum since 2006. After the controversy arose in the Greater Boston
area, similar efforts in other parts of the U. S. have been successful in removing the book from the
curriculum and reading lists. Television program Neukkimpyo (Korean: Exclamation Mark), which
(A) criticized the book as an "unhesitant, outrageous distortion", was the first in the South Korean
media to report on this matter.
[2] There is a serious case in German book market. Not one but two books have become popular
through their descriptions of the Allied bombing of Dresden in 1945. It resulted in fires that caused
tens of thousands of deaths. (B) One of the authors used the word "crematoria" to describe the
burning buildings, described the Allied bomber pilots as the equivalents of Nazi police units that
murdered Jews and concluded by wondering whether Winston Churchill ought to have been condemned
as a war criminal.
These books have also been effective: [C] According to another opinion poll, more than a third of the
Germans now think of themselves as "victims" of the Second World War -- just like the Jews. Nor has
this new interpretation of history remained limited to books. [D] Lately momentum has gathered behind
a movement to build a new museum in Berlin dedicated to Germans expelled from their homes at the
end of the war -- just like the Holocaust museum. It's not wrong for Germans to remember their
relatives who suffered, but the tone of the campaigners is disturbing, because they seem, at times,
almost to forget why the war started in the first place. Their leader, for example, is the daughter of a
Nazi officer, and was born in occupied Poland. [E] Tragically, she was expelled from her childhood
home when German troops were defeated -- the adverb "tragically" representing a certain point of view
here, not an objective observation.
1.What do you think about the victimhood of Japan and Germany? ~ Sig dif bet guilt and vic
2.What do you think about the underlined parts ([A]~[E])?
3.What is wrong with freedom of expression in the context of history or history-related fiction?
~ sender vs perceiver
AAA Lecture 7 - Populism (1)
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 2
1.Have "we" seen this kind of picture? (The picture was taken in Germany in 1930s or 1940s. The
interpretation of the picture should be intellectually flexible.) How about now and here in Korea?
2.What makes people behave as the people did in the picture?
4.Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the interviewers questions.
a) "Many forms of Government have been tried, and will be tried in this world of sin and woe. No one
pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst
form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time."
b) The best argument against democracy is a five minute conversation with the average voter.
- Sir Winston Churchill
4-1.What do you think makes he/she say so?
4-2.What do you think about the excerpts?
4-3.How is the previous picture related with a and b?
4-4.TA's pop-up and follow-up questions.
1.Have "we" seen this kind of picture? (The picture was taken in Germany in 1930s or 1940s. The
interpretation of the picture should be intellectually flexible.) How about now and here in Korea?
Pictures similar to the excerpt is not so difficult to see. It would take 2 or 3 hours to see them if we
drive to the north. It is terribly sorry that the thrilling picture doesn't stop emerging even now and so
close.
However, if we adopt intellectual flexibility to interpret the meaning and implication of the picture,
People in the South Korea might have to stop thinking that we are superior to them. While North
Koreans are showing the off-line madness, we have a look of raving madness online. Many types of
cyber bullying seem to be on the rise. Though we can attribute the negative aspects to a small number
of crazy people, we might have to prepare for the case of cyber anonymity without which most people
wouldn't exert baneful acts.
"We" and its quotation mark can be meaningful. Though we think we are afraid to see the picture
whether it is online or offline, what we should worry about is the possibility that we were, might be, and
can be them in the picture.
2.What makes people behave as the people did in the picture?

As I mentioned, instead of criticizing people in the picture, it would be wiser to prepare for the case in
which we might be one of them. This is possible by thinking what factors contribute to the tragedies.
Neo-liberalists would say that the lack of economic stability and freedom is very important. They are
the thinkers who believe economic freedom is a necessary condition for democracy and political
freedom. They argue that economic aspect of society can be more important than political one in that
without economic freedom enabling us to buy things that we want, we can't choose our political
leaders. They keep quoting German hyper-inflation as the most important cause of the advent of Nazi
and Hitler. Even Hayek, the most pioneering thinker in the neo-liberal school, began his career as an
economist to fight for democracy.
I think they are right but half-right. If freedom is the cause of inequality, I think too much freedom
might invite us to similar situations in the picture. This was witnessed in Occupy Wall Street case. I am
not saying that there was a charismatic evil leader like Hitler. However, if we utilize the intellectual
flexibility we were given in the previous question, we can say that the picture is a metaphor of group
power and this is exactly what happened the case in Occupy Wall Street. People power based on rage
against lack of justice. This was expected by politicians but people were disappointed.
Though not ignoring the importance of economic freedom, what we have to ask is how to strike a
balance between that and political rights.
4.Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the interviewers questions.
a) "Many forms of Government have been tried, and will be tried in this world of sin and woe. No one
pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst
form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time."
b) The best argument against democracy is a five minute conversation with the average voter. - Sir
Winston Churchill
4-2.What do you think makes he/she say so?

Literacy. Corruption. unenlightended Self-interest.
4-1.What do you think about the excerpts?
I think the there are critical remarks not to condemn democracy but to support it and make it better.
As he was a leader of democracy and received the Nobel Prize in Literature, it is almost impossible to
think that he supported other then existing political systems such as monarchy and aristocracy.
Though he seems to have twisted the sentences in a), I think he supported the relative value of
democracy compared to alternative political systems.
In b), the case against democracy seems to be suggested. Democracy is the rule of people which
should be based on a set of beliefs on people's ability. Literacy and education level must have been
disappointing when he was in the office though today's voters don't seem to live up to his
expectations. If I should catch a positive point from b), I think he put an emphasis on educating voters
to achieve true democracy.
If the implications of a) and b) are mixed well, the importance of political literacy would be endorsed.
Literacy has been described as the ability to read for knowledge and write coherently and think
critically about the written word. This might be a necessary condition for democracy. However, I am
more demanding than that.
Political literacy is a set of abilities considered necessary for citizens to participate in a society's
government.
It includes an understanding of how government works and of the important issues facing society, as
well as the critical thinking skills to evaluate different points of view. Many organizations interested in
participatory democracy are concerned about political literacy.
This is not only about reading well and a lot but also about constantly revising what we believe not to
hurt our ego but to boost it by having better political systems.
4-3.How is the previous picture related with a and b?
4-4.TA's pop-up and follow-up questions.
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 3
[A] The will to integrate the nation to global culture is questionable in Korea. Though Korea has won
wide praise for opening up to foreign investors since the 1997 financial crisis, collectivist nationalism
remains dominant in Korean public discourse. The media and the educational system continue to extol
the virtues of a mythical "uri" based on ethnic and linguistic purity. It is, as Michael Breen, author of a
provocative book on Korea entitled "The Koreans: Who They are, What They Want, Where Their Future
Lies," wrote, "While many foreigners have very warm experiences with some Koreans, they often feel
rejected by Koreans in general. This is an example of nationalism driven by populism Koreans have.
[B] During the IMF crisis, pictures of Koreans contributing the gold rings and other valuables, in a
valiant effort to provide the resources, demonstrated to the whole world that there was something
unique about the Korean people. The country pulled together. Workers accepted cuts in wages. The
burden of adjustment was shared though as with any major downturn.
If Korea, going forward, can formulate a set of policies that reflect - and are seen to reflect basic
principles of social democracy, of social justice and solidarity, reflecting too a balance between
individual responsibility and freedom and democratic collective action, between the role of markets
and of government - a balance which has been the hallmark of several decades of Korea's evolution,
then I am confident that its success going forward will be as great as it has been in recent decades.
1.Summarize each passage.
2.How are the two passages related?

Populism - compare and contrast
3.Which passage is closer to your opinion on people? What makes you think so?
reflection - B
4.How can we solve the problem generated from populism?
good kind and bad ones - literacy
AAA Lecture 8 - Digital Divide
"Read" the following graph carefully and answer the interviewers questions.
1.Point out important points and aspects of the graph.
2.Explain what kind of factors make those things happen and revealed.
3.Will it continue? What makes you think so?
4.How can and should we deal with the problems?
[1] There are plenty of signs of the growing gap between the information rich and the information poor
in our evermore complex, technology driven, so-called information society. If you do not have access to
information of knowledge as a new economic resource, you will be doomed to remain in the underclass
of what are otherwise visibly affluent societies. Surely, education and access to know-how have always
been a key to upward social mobility, but it seems that in our time with the structural changes in the
post-industrial economy, the lack of these capabilities leaves no feasible alternatives. You cannot
make a decent living with a strong back in an information society.
[2] The "digital divide" refers to the fact that certain parts of the population have better opportunities
to benefit from the new economy than other parts of the population. Most commentators view this in
purely economic terms.
Stage 1: Economic Divide
In its simplest form, the digital divide is manifested in the fact that some people can't afford to buy a
computer. We should recognize that for truly poor developing countries, computers will remain out of
the average citizen's reach for 20 years or more.
1.Why is knowledge so important?
2.Some critics say there are more stages to digital divide other than economic divide. What do you
think they can possibly be? What makes you think so?
3.One of the main principles of economics is scarcity of social resources. Do you think it is wise to
invest limited amount of social effort for building information society infrastructure while many of poor
people have difficulty finding things to eat?
AAA LECTURE 9 - COMPETITION IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 2
A lot of companies have chosen to downsize, and maybe that was the right thing for them. We chose a
different path. Our belief was that if we kept putting great products in front of customers, they would
continue to open their wallets. - Steve Jobs (Apple CEO)
Strong managers who make tough decisions to cut jobs provide the only true job security in today's
world. - Jack Welch (Former CEO of General Electric)
1.Which CEO do you like better as a shareholder of the company, employer, or person in other
situations? What makes you think so?
I would like to begin compare and contrast the two CEOs. Though Steve Jobs seems more familiar to
me, Jack Welch must be a well-known business person. I think Jobs is more innovative leader than
Welch is. This is because while Welch takes a rather passive stance of cutting jobs to be a good
manager, Jobs put more emphasis on great products for ceaseless consumer satisfaction which can
be considered as an active approach. This idea can be supported by Jobs saying in the quote that he
didn't take a path to downsize which a lot of companies have chosen.
The 1st hypothetical situation that I want to put myself in is that of shareholders. A shareholder is a
person who owns shares and stocks in a company. (Cobuild Dictionary) Though I don't want to explain
the general tendency for shareholders, they usually get to have a relatively narrower and short-term
based interests unless they are super rich investors such as George Soros and Warren Buffet. The
relative sensitivity to the short-term interest makes me think that Jack Welch might be a relatively
worse choice. Jack Welch seems to put more emphasis on safe business strategies. Though it might
be difficult to be certain that Jobs' strategy is better for the shareholders, it would be easy to
speculate that the safe strategy supported by Welch wouldn't give shareholders high return. This is the
reason I think Jobs might be a relatively better choice for them. And the most economists agree that
downsizing is the easiest and fastest way of cutting production cost, which can be very recognized
positively by accountants.
(But high risk high return in favor of Jobs')
A shareholder must be a stakeholder but you don't have to hold a stock to have a stake. There might
be other stakeholders whose interests go into the exactly opposite direction. They are employees who
have (possibly reluctantly) long-term interests for companies. I think we can't say that the long-term
goal can be served by only one of the two CEOs. There seem to be many considerations. For example,
even if Welch style management can make companies develop in the long-run by downsizing and tight
running, this can be disastrous for workers who happened to be fired. This rationale related to
contingencies can be applied to Jobs' idea. Though being a member of very innovative enterprises
such as Apple inc. can be an honor, surviving competition in it and harsh comments from a boss like
him might be as hard as not being fired by Welch style managers.
Persons in other situations

- Consumers
Employers
+ Waiting List
- Stakeholders and shareholders seems to be synonyms but have a difference. Stakeholders are
people who have an interest in a company's or organization's affairs.
- If you are a male, you must a son of your parents, might be a father of your children, and can be a
boyfriend or a husband of a woman. People need to behave according to the expectations others have.
There could be a lot of conflicts of interests. The same can be applied to what CEOs are expected to
do by stakeholders. The stakeholders are shareholders, employers, employees, and consumers and
they have very different interests.
2.The two CEOs in the passage above are so popular because of their excellent management. Why do
you think they have seemingly contrasting vision on the similar issue? What makes you think so?
(Extra information to answer the question?)
Though I think they have seemingly contrasting idea on the job security, I guess that they seem to
make a right choice depending on what their targeted markets require.
Q : Different markets? The market in which GE was in. Cuz of different market different idea for
sophisticated strategies.
A : General electronic appliances.
I think how harsh the competition is and how important innovation is are very important factors. If your
targeted market is related to that of state-of-the-art technologies in which innovative idea is not a
sufficient condition but a necessary condition, CEOs should push the limit beyond imaginable ones as
Steve Jobs did when he was alive. However we are in a market which is mature, CEOs should be more
careful and rather conservative because there mustn't be a lot of room for taking more.
3.What is your opinion of true job security? Do you think job security can be ensured through
downsizing (1) or do you think it can be ensured by improving the quality of the products (2) or is there
a third way? (3) Support your opinion using specific reasons and examples.
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 3
[A] In many economists' vision of capitalism based on creative destruction, innovative entry by
entrepreneurs was the force that sustained long-term economic growth, even as it destroyed the value
of established companies that enjoyed some degree of monopoly power.
Companies that once revolutionized and dominated new industries for example, Xerox in copiers or
Polaroid in instant photography have seen their profits fall and their dominance vanish as rivals
launched improved designs or cut manufacturing costs. They ended up being the draconian examples
of creative destruction. With creative destruction coming, layoffs of workers with obsolete working
skills can be one price of new innovations valued by consumers.
[B] According to the second principle of justice by John Rawls, social and economic inequalities are to
be arranged so that (Rawls, 1971, p.303):
a) they are to be of the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society.
[C] The Government of Denmark views flexicurity as entailing a golden triangle with a three-sided mix
of (1) flexibility (rights given to CEOs to fire and hire employess freely) in the labour market combined
with (2) social security (funded mainly but not only by the rich) and (3) an active and secure labour
market policy with rights and obligations for the unemployed (rights workers not to be fired easily).
1.What are good and bad things about creative destruction?
2.Are those who happen to lose jobs because of creative destruction just inevitable collateral damage
for growth?
3. Flexicurity is said to be made on the principle explained in [B]. How do you think they are related?
4.What are possible shortcomings of flexicurity?
AAA Lecture 10 Key Concepts 1
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 2
[1] Entrepreneurship is at the heart of economic dynamism. Unless there are entrepreneurs who seek
out new money-making opportunities by generating new products and meeting unmet demands, the
economy cannot develop. Indeed, one of the reasons behind the lack of economic dynamism in a
range of countries is the lack of entrepreneurship. Unless all those people who aimlessly loiter around
in poor countries change their attitudes and actively seek out profit-making opportunities, their
countries are not going to develop.
[2] The invention of microcredit is commonly attributed to Muhammad Yunus, the public face of the
microcredit industry since he set up the pioneering Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1983. Despite
lending to poor people, especially poor women, who were traditionally considered to be high-risk cases,
the Grameen Bank boasted a very high repayment ratio (95 per cent or more). For example, when in
1997 the Grameen Bank teamed up with Telenor, the Norwegian phone company, and gave out
microloans to women to buy a mobile phone rent it out to their villagers, these 'telephone ladies'
made handsome profits - $ 750 to $ 1,200 in a country whose annual average per capita income was
around 300.
1-1. What is the main point of [1]?
1-2. What do you think about microcredit?

My position for microcredit is overly positive. This is based on the potential microcredit seems to have
for enhancing empowerment of people in poor situations.
W - Empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social or economic strength of individuals
and communities. It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities.
Instead of being objects of anti-poverty programs, they can be subjects of their own lives through
microcredit since people in poor situations can overcome the obstacles through the programs.
Some say that people are poor because they are lazy. I just partially agree. It seems more likely that
people are lazy because they are poor and have nothing to be busy with. If the two cases seem to be
equally plausible, it wouldn't be the world worst idea to give them enough opportunities before
criticizing them. Condemning their laziness - if they are proven to be - after giving them chances
wouldn't be late.
The program shares some insights with workfare in more developed nations. [Wiki] - Workfare is an
alternative model to conventional social welfare systems. It was popularized by Richard Nixon in a
televised speech August 1969. (Peck, 1998, p. 137) Traditional welfare benefits systems, such as the
operated in the UK are usually awarded based on certain conditions, such as searching for work or
based on meeting criteria that would put the recipient in such a condition as being unavailable to seek
or be in employment.
M - This is certainly far from the potentially ultimate goals such as empowerment in that the welfare
only programs would result in lower self-confidence.
[W] - Under workfare, recipients have to meet certain participation requirements to continue to receive
their welfare benefits. These requirements are often a combination of activities that are intended to
improve the recipient's job prospects (such as training, rehabilitation and work experience) and those
designated as contributing to society (such as unpaid or low-paid work).
[M] - Though there might be not so negligible difference between developed nations with workfare
systems and developing ones with microcredit, it mustn't be big enough to ignore the similarity of
increasing confidence and empowerment.
2. How is microcredit related to the main point of [1]?
I think the key concept in [1] is entrepreneurship by which people in poor situations get themselves
out. The author of [1] would like the program in that it can boost entrepreneurship people in bad
situations might have or don't know they have.
Though leaders of microcredit can't guarantee that the program will change people's behavior, I think
the potential was assured by the Nobel committee when they gave Grameen Bank and its founder
Yunus Peace Prize.
3. There can be some possible limitations for microcredit. What do you think they are? Guess from
what you read in the passage above and the following information.
"It has been revealed that the Grameen Bank could initially charge reasonable interest rates only
because of the (hushed-up) subsides it was getting from the Bangladeshi government and international
donors."
1.From the quote
Though criticizing things and people based on their origins is called the genetic fallacy, the fact that
microcredit was possible because of government subsidies can give us negative prospects for the
program.
There are two grounds that make me think that subsidies can be bad in the long-run. Firstly, it is the
possibility of political motivation. If a ruling party and political leaders squeeze money out of banks to
get more votes, it would influence market so negatively that stable development can't be expected.
Secondly, it is important to note that the quality of political motives doesn't matter from time to time
when thinking about the effect of political intervention in the market. Even if government officials are
altruistic and conceal their support, government intervention is distorting how invisible hand works.
Though there are some justified intervention such as taxation and tariffs, not all economists agree on
the idea and most would be careful about new types of government intervention into which government
subsidies can be categorized.
2.Ceiling effect - Overcrowding
This isn't all. Even if there weren't problems related to government, there could be a problem of
overcrowding. I am somewhat worried about the future of the telephone ladies. I am not so sure about
the potential of phone renting market. If it seems lucrative, some beginners would get some benefit.
However, this would eventually attract more competitors including big companies and the interest rate
will go up because more potential telephone ladies would depend on the loans. Whether the market
size is too small or getting into the market is so easy that overcrowding might happen, we should have
a negative and/or realistic stance toward the prospect of microcredit since it is interpreted as the last
chance of standing up on their own economically.
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 3
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to a set of a "common but
differentiated responsibilities." The parties agreed that:
1.the largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases has originated in
developed countries;
2.the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to meet their social and
development needs, and
3.
In other words, China, India, and other developing countries were not included in any numerical
limitation of the Kyoto Protocol because they were not the main contributors to the greenhouse gas
emissions during the pre-treaty industrialization period. However, [A]
1.What is your general idea about common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR)?
2.What other areas can the principle of CBDR be applied to?
3.Fill in the blanks of 3 and [A]. What makes you think so?
AAA Lecture 10 Key Concepts 1
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 2
[1] Entrepreneurship is at the heart of economic dynamism. Unless there are entrepreneurs who seek
out new money-making opportunities by generating new products and meeting unmet demands, the
economy cannot develop. Indeed, one of the reasons behind the lack of economic dynamism in a
range of countries is the lack of entrepreneurship. Unless all those people who aimlessly loiter around
in poor countries change their attitudes and actively seek out profit-making opportunities, their
countries are not going to develop.
[2] The invention of microcredit is commonly attributed to Muhammad Yunus, the public face of the
microcredit industry since he set up the pioneering Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1983. Despite
lending to poor people, especially poor women, who were traditionally considered to be high-risk cases,
the Grameen Bank boasted a very high repayment ratio (95 per cent or more). For example, when in
1997 the Grameen Bank teamed up with Telenor, the Norwegian phone company, and gave out
microloans to women to buy a mobile phone rent it out to their villagers, these 'telephone ladies'
made handsome profits - $ 750 to $ 1,200 in a country whose annual average per capita income was
around 300.
1-1. What is the main point of [1]?
1-2. What do you think about microcredit?
2. How is microcredit related to the main point of [1]?
3. There can be some possible limitations for microcredit. What do you think they are? Guess from
what you read in the passage above and the following information.
"It has been revealed that the Grameen Bank could initially charge reasonable interest rates only
because of the (hushed-up) subsides it was getting from the Bangladeshi government and international
donors."
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 3
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to a set of a "common but
differentiated responsibilities." The parties agreed that:
1.the largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases has originated in
developed countries;
2.the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to meet their social and
development needs, and
3.
In other words, China, India, and other developing countries were not included in any numerical
limitation of the Kyoto Protocol because they were not the main contributors to the greenhouse gas
emissions during the pre-treaty industrialization period. However, [A]
1.What is your general idea about common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR)?
2.What other areas can the principle of CBDR be applied to?
3. Fill in the blanks of 3 and [A]. What makes you think so?
ACTUAL INTERVIEW 4 - Read the following table or chart carefully and answer the interviewers
questions.
The precautionary principle is a moral and political principle which states that if an action might cause
irreversible harm, the burden of proving that the action is acceptable falls on those who would
advocate taking the action.
1-1.Precaution is caution in advance, or caution practised in the context of uncertainty. There are four
cases in the chart. How would the principle advise us to do in the absence of full scientific certainty?
1-2. Fill in the blanks. What makes you think so?
The principle aims to provide guidance for

in the face of uncertain risks, stating that the absence of full scientific certainty shall not
be used as a reason to postpone protective measures where there is a risk of serious or irreversible
harm to
.
2.Pascal's Wager (or Pascal's Gambit) is a suggestion posed by the French philosopher,
mathematician, and physicist Blaise Pascal that even if the existence of God could not be determined
through reason, a rational person should wager as though God exists. What do you think his rationale
was? (It is so close to the precautionary principle.)
3.What other social issues do you think are linked to the principle?
<News briefing> Daegu suicide bullies arrested and detained
Summary :
A 13-yr-old boy killed himself after torturous bullying by his classmates in Daegu. The two bullies were
arrested and detained on New Year's Eve and given the time for repentance. The boy left a suicide
note detailing the abuse he suffered from the classmates, and it includes beating and extorting
money. He was also forced to play an online game using his friends' IDs to advance their characters'
standing is the game.
My opinion :
The problem of school bullying has always been a hot issue, but it hasn't regarded so serious up until
the accident above. The burst of this case was followed by the reveal of numerous similar cases
around the nation. While this has been a good opportunity to place a gravity on the issue of bullying,
the need for solutions to eradicate the problem is crucial, especially to avoid further tragedy.
The role of the school is significant in this matter. The current accident got worse by the teachers and
other school officials who failed to care what is going on with their students. Teachers should not
remain bystanders in terms of any student affairs, especially those of teenagers who are young,
sensitive and not sure of what they are doing. In this case alone, the problem worsened when the
victimized student could not cry out for help to his teacher because he was afraid of retaliation.
Therefore the mutual communication between teachers and students is one of the key solutions to
help out the outcasts in school around the nation.
The homework is following what I think the guidelines for thinking critically and logically. It is good for
the 1st trial. Keep up the good work and comment on other students' essay to boost this dynamic and
self-directed learning atmosphere.
It is good that you seem to understand that the easiest or the most rational method of finding
solutions is finding causes of problems.
The sentence ("Teachers should not remain bystanders...") might be an example attributing the
diffused responsibility to not intervening well.
However, I am sorry not to be able to your idea go further to find solutions by giving more responsibility
on teachers. You also keep in the mind the possibility that if you were with interviewers, s/he would
ask if putting more additional or marginal cost is rational since we all have already.
The second cause of the difficulty of solving the problems is the fear of retribution. Since the fear is
natural and understandable, how to fight it would be so hard. How about taking a detour? Instead of
depending only on the victims report, we can give the burden of reporting not only on victims and
teachers also on classmates who can be a good witness. Though there might be difficult technical
problems that would remain unsolved, the question is not whether the suggested solution is perfect or
not but whether it is better than trying nothing.
The next point is not about solutions but about having a fresh point. Some news say that the bullies
also are 'victims' of a failed society in that most of them are from families in poor situation. They
might replace the anger toward society on false victims' shoulders. Not wanting this idea to be used
as an excuse for the bullies, I think being concerned about these factors makes us focus on root
causes in schools leading us to fundamental solutions. Though I told you that this is a kind of fresh
stance, this is the most popularized fresh point. (You would know what I mean)
The homework's topic is not exactly related to international relations. However the frames of though
you (possibly subconsciously) used would and (I hope) should be used when facing professors.

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Answering My Question AAA

AAA - Lecture 1 Globalization

ACTUAL INTERVIEW 1 - PERSONAL QUESTION

Globalization has become a hotly debated topic.

Regionalization is the tendency to form regions, or the process of doing so.

Regionalization can be observed in various disciplines:

See Regionalism (politics) =

B. For underlined parts

1. What do you think about (a)?

2. Is (b) against globalization?

Yes and no.

If we define globalization the intensification of worldwide social relations and interdependence,

4. What are possible examples of (d)?

5. TA's pop-up and follow-up questions.

AAA Lecture 2 - GLOBALIZATION? WESTERNIZATION?

ACTUAL INTERVIEW 1 - PERSONAL QUESTION

2.Pros and cons of western standards as global standards.

1.Diverse political and economic belief

Nothing is perfect or nothing is considered perfect in democracy. If I am a government official, the

- logic v persuasion - politics

2.The lack of social schemes for unexpected negative results.

- Cost of job training and benefiting steady social growth

Questions About The Passage

- Mono vs Quality in cycle (Causal chain)

- Economics growth vs social development.

5. TA's pop-up and follow-up questions.

AAA Lecture 3 Cultural Relativism

ACTUAL INTERVIEW 1 - PERSONAL QUESTION

ACTUAL INTERVIEW 2 - PASSAGE 1

1.Dominant, or Preferred, Reading (dominant-hegemonic) is describing how the director/creator wants

I have two examples. One is foreign and the other is Korean.

3. TA's pop-up and follow-up questions.

1.What are examples related to cases in [1] & [2]?

1 - Touching the head of Thai children. Initiating hand-shaking

1. Defining the terms

3.TA's pop-up and follow-up questions.

ACTUAL INTERVIEW 1 - PERSONAL QUESTION

1. Summarize each passage above.

broader disciplines such as ethics and philosophy.)

Assimilation projects ; the concept of minjok ; a "rainbow society"

2) The concept of minjok

Failures - Too many

3.2.How to achieve our version of "rainbow society"?

ACTUAL INTERVIEW 1 - PERSONAL QUESTION

In globalization discourse, perspectives on nationalism are ambivalent.

On the other hand, perceived dehumanizing tendencies of economic globalization, domination by

2-2.What makes you think so?

1.Are the nationalism in China and that of Korea the same?

more hostile East-Asian geopolitics.

I think we should take the balancer role in this region.

4.TA's pop-up and follow-up questions.

ACTUAL INTERVIEW 1 - PERSONAL QUESTION

1.Summarize the passage above.

Theoretically yes. Practically No. ~ Self-fulfilling prophecy

foreigners while hating them so deeply.

4.What do you think about the following excerpt?

5.TA's pop-up and follow-up questions.

2.What do you think about the underlined parts ([A]~[E])?

ACTUAL INTERVIEW 1 - PERSONAL QUESTION

2.What makes people behave as the people did in the picture?

3.TA's pop-up and follow-up questions.

4-1.What do you think makes he/she say so?

4-2.What do you think about the excerpts?

4-3.How is the previous picture related with a and b?