Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Australias heritage
v How European settlers and Indigenous people
regarded each other
v What impact European settlement had on Indigenous people
v Why the land is so important to Indigenous Australians
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EUROPEANS rst settled in Australia in 1788, Indigenous people had been
living here for at least 40 000 years. The Indigenous people did not use the land
as most Australians do today, but this did not mean that they did not regard it as theirs.
However, this did not stop the European settlers from taking possession of it.
New Guinea
9000 BC
New Guinea
Torres Strait
Torres Strait
Philippines
SOUTH
CHINA
SEA
20 000 BC
New Guinea
Torres Strait
Land above sea level
Present coastline
N
0
500 1000 km
I
d
o
Torres Strait
P A C
CORAL SEA
N
A u s t r a l i a
!!
"
500
1000 km
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worksheet 3.1
Language groups
Clans
Language groups were made up of a number of
clans, each of which owned a part of the groups
land. A clan typically had about 100 people, and
was made up of one or two extended families, called
bands. Men commonly had more than one wife, and
so typically had lots of children. Each band hunted
for and gathered food in a particular section of
the clans land. Clans would often meet to trade,
arrange marriages, or hold ceremonies.
Each
language group
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with
By
Other groups,
especially those
with similar
languages
Exchanging
information, songs,
goods and
artefacts
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I CAN:
appreciate how long Indigenous people might have been
in Australia
understand something of the structure of Aboriginal
social groups
defend my own view and reect on how my opinions
might have changed over time.
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EUROPEANS explorers and settlers saw no evidence of settlement or cultivation in
the land we now call Australia. They believed, therefore, that it was land they could
claim. Bit by bit, the continent was claimed in the name of the British monarch, and
declared Crown land.
ARLY
0
60
10
00
11
00
00
000
17
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Approximate
number of
years before
the present
Whose land?
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34 000 Humans around
Hunter River (NSW)
31 000 Engravings
carved in Olary
region (SA)
90
00
40 000 Humans
in Lake Mungo (NSW)
50 000 Humans
in Arnhem Land
(NT) using ochre
23 000 People in
Arnhem Land using
ground edge grooved
axes; earliest in the world
40 0
00
50
00
30
00
80 0
60
00
10 000 Worlds
oldest boomerangs
used in Wyrie
Swamp (SA)
00
38 000 Humans reach
0
south-west WA and
camp on upper Swan
River near Perth
30 800 Humans in
Tasmania
70 000
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13 000 Australias
oldest ornaments,
bone beads, made in
Devils Lair (WA)
800 Stone
huts built in
semi-permanent
villages in
Victoria
2000 People
fishing with
hooks and lines
10
20 000
First non-Aboriginal
settlers arrive in
Sydney Cove (1788)
00
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worksheet 3.2
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<_hij7kijhWb_Wdi
I CAN:
appreciate how Indigenous people lived prior to their
contact with Europeans
empathise with the plight faced by Indigenous people
following European settlement
think about change over time, and how this change affects
peoples lives.
9edjWYj
26 January 1788, eleven British ships carrying about 1000 people sailed into
Port Jackson on Australias east coast. Most on board were convicts, about to start
life in a penal colony.
Reaction of
Indigenous people
Aboriginal people thought the rst
Europeans they saw might have
been ghosts, or evil spirits. Their
Dreaming provided them with no
clues as to who these pale-skinned,
strangely dressed people might
be. Some wondered if they might
be women, as they had no beards.
Some tried to nd a place for them
in their kinship system by treating
them as spirits of their dead, and
offering them food and women.
It soon became clear that the
visitors planned to stay. They
were clearing land near sacred
sites, fencing off properties,
which cut access to waterholes
and hunting grounds, and shing
without permission of the elders.
Besides, more and more of them
were arriving. Indigenous people
became increasingly worried.
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COMMUNICATE
7 K_\e`e\k\\ek_$Z\eklipZXikffeXYfm\j_fnjknf
@e[`^\efljg\fgc\d`d`Zb`e^<lifg\Xej%8kk_\k`d\#
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<_hij7kijhWb_Wdi
I CAN:
understand how cultural misunderstandings can lead
to conict
roleplay the presentation of a text, as an alternative
learning strategy to demonstrate empathy
analyse a painting to consider aspects of early
IndigenousEuropean contact.
:[WZbo[dYekdj[hi
Europeans was to prove deadly for Australias
Indigenous people. A great many died: introduced diseases
against which they had no immunity, alcohol, starvation and
depression all took their toll. Many others were killed. Estimates
vary, but some historians suggest that around 20 000 Indigenous
people may have been killed during raids and frontier battles.
The good intentions of Captain Phillip, and the friendliness
initially shown by many Indigenous people towards European
settlers, soon soured into bitterness on both sides.
ONTACT WITH
K_\dfm`e^]ifek`\i
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8ljkiXc`X
Before 1820
182040
186080
184060
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after 1880
250
500 km
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'&
>kcWd_j_[i7b_l[)
:lckli\ZcXj_
worksheet 3.3
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REMEMBER
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COMMUNICATE
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Native troopers
In 1842, the Victorian
Government set up a body of
Native Police, made up of
Indigenous troopers under the
control of European ofcers.
Similar forces were set up in
New South Wales in 1855, and
in Queensland in 1859. Native
Police usually worked in areas
other than those where their own
communities lived. This meant
they did not have to attack their
own people. Because ofcers
frequently led from the rear
during a raid, those attacked did
not always associate the attack
with Europeans. This lessened
the likelihood of survivors taking
revenge on settlers.
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THINK
5 ;`jZljjXjXZcXjjkfn_Xk\ok\ek
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ICT
6 ;iXnXd`e[dXg#lj`e^
EXk`m\Gfc`Z\Xk:f\e`eHl\\ejcXe[`ek_\(/0'j%DXepEXk`m\Gfc`Z\\e[\[lg
X[fgk`e^<lifg\XemXcl\jXe[Xkk`kl[\j#Ylkn\i\e\m\ii\XccpXZZ\gk\[Ypn_`k\
jfZ`\kp%8^i\XkdXep[`\[cfe\cp[\Xk_j[l\kfXcZf_fcgf`jfe`e^%
''
<_hij7kijhWb_Wdi
B[Whd_d]
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JnXgpfliZfdgc\k\[dXg
n`k_XgXike\iXe[[`jZljjXep
[`]]\i\eZ\j%
I CAN:
appreciate why conict occurred
following European settlement
appreciate the impact of European
settlement on Aborigines
empathise with the way Indigenous
people felt at their treatment.
CWiiWYh[
gained control of most habitable Australian land by the end of
the nineteenth century. But this did not happen without a number of battles and
massacres. Some were in retaliation for attacks on settlers by Indigenous warriors, who
were angered by the loss of their land and the treatment of their people. Two Indigenous
massacres are briey presented here.
UROPEANS HAD
Kurnai massacres
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Traditional
land of the
Kurnai
Clan
boundaries
Vic.
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'(
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`jXYcXeb\kfeZ\Xp\Xi%
Who is the speaker in each case? Was each speaking from a position of strength or
weakness?
REMEMBER
1 N_Xkgifdgk\[k_\DpXcc:i\\b
dXjjXZi\6
2 9pn_XkXggifo`dXk\
g\iZ\ekX^\[`[k_\gfglcXk`fe
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THNK
3 Jkl[pjfliZ\8ZXi\]lccp%
X < ogcX`en_pk_\BlieX`
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Y Jl^^\jkn_pk_\XkkXZb
fek_\dYpk_\<lifg\Xe
j\kkc\ijnXjjfYilkXc%
Who do you think might have been the audience of each speaker? What reaction
might each speaker be hoping his words will create in the audience? Think about
how this would inuence what was said and what was not said.
Based on what you know, can you identify any gaps (left-out facts) in what each
speaker says? Why might these details have been left out?
The article on this attack reported that
every man who could nd a gun or
a horse joined in. The Kurnai people
were surrounded as they gathered
around a large waterhole. The attackers
kept shooting until they had run out of
ammunition. The report concludes: More
than a hundred of the blacks were killed.
There was no European law-enforcement
body in Gippsland until 1844. It was a
time of attack and counterattack: Kurnai
warriors plundered European barns and
crops and speared cattle (as access to
food sources on their traditional lands
had been denied) and Europeans formed
hunting parties to massacre groups of
Kurnai people.
Kurnai contact with Europeans was at
rst limited to a few sealers, sailors
and shipwreck survivors. After 1840,
they came increasingly into contact with
European settlers wanting to develop
Kurnai traditional lands.
')
<_hij7kijhWb_Wdi
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ICT
5 Lj\k_\@ek\ie\kkfgi\gXi\X
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kfd`e`d`j\\iifi%
B[Whd_d]
I CAN:
appreciate how brutally many
Indigenous people were treated
research details of some
Indigenous massacres
use ICT tools to research and
document a report.
on
CDthe R
OM
J`k\jkl[p1=ifek`\i
Zfe`ZkXk9iffd\
?dZ_][dekih[i_ijWdY[
about the conict between European colonists and Aboriginal people
suggest the latter were easy targets. Indigenous people may not have had the
guns of the Europeans, or often their manpower, but they did not lack courage or skill.
Their bush skills, for example, could not be matched by the Europeans. Here are the
stories of two Indigenous men who fought back.
ANY STORIES
Pemulwuy
The Bidjigal warrior Pemulwuy, sometimes called the
Rainbow Warrior, belonged to the Eora language
group (the area surrounding Sydney). Between
1790 and 1802, he led many attacks against colonial
farms and settlements, some of which were highly
organised, large-scale guerrilla operations. He and
his men fought so ercely in a battle in 1797 that he
almost gained control of the newly settled town of
Parramatta.
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Yagan
Yagan (see also page 10) was part of the Nyungar
tribe of south-western Western Australia. A tall man
(described as being over 1.8 metres), he was both
feared and admired by the British colonists.
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JnXeI`m\i%
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THINK
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m`fc\ek]\Xic\jjjXmX^\i\Y\cc`fljYfc[
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efYc\`ek\cc`^\ekdfk`mXk`e^
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f]m`\n6
TEAMWORK
5 Nfib`ejdXcc^iflgjkf[\j`^e&Zi\Xk\Xdfeld\ek
'+
B[Whd_d]
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`ek\i\jkj%Gi\j\ekpfliZfdgc\k\[nfibkfk_\ZcXjj
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c`b\cpZlckliXc`dgXZkj%
<_hij7kijhWb_Wdi
I CAN:
appreciate the contribution of people such as Yagan and
Pemulwuy in ghting for their rights
recognise that there will always be two or more
perspectives about historical events
use my creative thinking and skills to design a
commemorative monument to Pemulwuy.
J^[ijehoe\9ehWdZ[hha
an Aboriginal reserve set up in 1863. It was home for nearly
60 years to many Kulin people, who came from around the present-day Port
Phillip area. Farming, baking, schooling and house building were commonplace
activities during much of the reserves often thriving existence. Its closure in 1924 was
a severe blow to the Indigenous people.
ORANDERRK WAS
A thriving settlement
In 1863, around 40 Indigenous people moved to live
on what was then uncleared bushland at Coranderrk.
By 1874, the population had grown and the rich land
had been largely cleared, fenced and sown with crops.
Hop production began in 1872; two years later the
people were also managing 450 head of cattle and
running a dairy. The reserves superintendent, a
lay preacher named John Green, had been donating
money from his own salary to help the Indigenous
people develop their settlement. In 1874, however,
he was forced to resign after an argument with the
Victorian Government. He wanted the Indigenous
people to retain more of the prots from the reserves
hops farms.
A.C.T.
Cummeragunja
Ebenezer
Echuca
Coranderrk
Lake
Tyers
Lake
Condah
Framlingham
Aboriginal reserve
Bass Strait
0
125
250 km
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Coranderrk closes
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worksheet 3.4
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REMEMBER
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2 EXd\knf]XZkfijk_Xknfib\[X^X`ejk:fiXe[\iibj
THINK
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COMMUNICATE
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SELF-DISCOVERY
5 CffbZXi\]lccpXkk_\g_fkf^iXg_jf]:fiXe[\iibXe[
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'-
<_hij7kijhWb_Wdi
I CAN:
appreciate why Coranderrk was such a successful
Indigenous venture
understand the demoralising impact that the closure
of the reserve had on its residents
recognise the importance of keeping an open mind about
stereotypes.
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i\jfliZ\]lcnfdXe#k_fl^_g\k`k\j_\
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THINK
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SELF-DISCOVERY
The Black
Line
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fig\i]fid`k]fik_\ZcXjj%
Campbell Town
Oatlands
Bothwell
Hamilton
Richmond
Sorell
New Norfolk
Hobart
0
25
50 km
Eaglehawk Neck
Tasman
Peninsula
7 October
20 October
18 November
12 October
24 October
22 November
16 October
1 November
25 November
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COMMUNICATE
7 @ek_\c`^_kf]pflii\jgfej\
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B[Whd_d]
Fingal
6 ?fnnflc[pfl]\\ckfnXi[j
I CAN:
appreciate why Truganini was
such a signicant Australian
discuss how attitudes
towards Indigenous people
have changed
contribute to a class discussion.
J^[Jehh[iIjhW_j?ibWdZ[hi
TORRES Strait Islands are the hundreds of islands, many tiny, scattered between
the tip of Cape York, in Queensland, and Papua New Guinea. Many have been
inhabited for thousands of years. Their
Indigenous people are a culturally unique
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
group, distinct from the Indigenous
Aborigines of mainland Australia. Little is
known of them prior to 1871, as written
Torres Strait
records do not exist and detailed study
of them and their culture was not carried
out until the early 1900s.
ARAFURA
HE
an
d
an
d
Daru Island
Bristow Island
Isl l
wa Is
Ka awa
K
a
t
Ma
Boigu
Island
Kaumag Island
Dauan
Island
Saibai
Island
Dalrymple
Islet
Turnagain Island
Gabba Island
SEA
Murray
Islands
Suarji Island
Getullai Island
Mt Ernest Island
Hawkesbury Island
Hammond Island
Goods Island
Friday Island
Prince of Wales
Island
End
Yorke
Islands
Tudu Island
Zagai Island
Sassie Island
Moa
Island
West Island
Darnley
Island
Yam Island
Mabuiag Island
Badu Island
Stephens
Island
CORAL
SEA
Wednesday Island
Horn Island
Mt Adolphus Island
r
ai
o
av
ur
St
Albany Island
Turtle Head Island
CAPE YORK
PENINSULA
AUSTRALIA
40
80 km
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Europeans as permanent
residents
There was no signicant
European impact on Islander life
until the arrival of the London
Missionary Society on Darnley
Island in 1871. The Islanders
generally embraced Christianity;
but this decision had a signicant
impact on the way they lived.
For example, women now had to
completely cover their bodies and
discard any traditional accessories.
In the hot, equatorial climate,
such clothing would have been
uncomfortable; however, they
risked being disciplined by the
mission court if they did not
conform.
Missionary teachers also
discouraged traditional songs
and dances in order to minimise
adherence to the old ways. Some
destroyed Islanders artefacts;
others were sold to passing ships or
buried.
Islanders were also required to
take a second name. These were
selected in a number of ways: some
because they were the name of
known Europeans (for example,
Joe, Tom), some by a connection
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European colonisation
and modern inuences
have had an enormous
impact on the retention
of traditional island
customs. Currently,
efforts are being made
to revitalise traditional
culture; Islanders are
being encouraged to
promote and observe
island customs, teaching
the younger generation, to ensure that the cultural
identity of Torres Strait Islanders remains intact.
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REMEMBER
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THINK
3 X :
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()
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7 ;fpflk_`ebk_\[\j`^ef]k_\Kfii\jJkiX`k@jcXe[\i
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pfld`^_kZ_Xe^\`k#Xe[n_p%
INQUIRE
8 ;`jZfm\idfi\XYflkfe\f]k_\cXi^\iKfii\jJkiX`k
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<_hij7kijhWb_Wdi
I CAN:
appreciate the similarities and differences between the
history of Australias Indigenous peoples
explain how Torres Strait Islanders and Europeans might
have reacted to each other and why
critically evaluate two sources of evidence to reach
conclusions.
9^[YaWdZY^Wbb[d][
<_hij7kijhWb_Wdi
(*
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on
(+
<_hij7kijhWb_Wdi
CDthe R
OM
K`d\kiXg1
=`ijk8ljkiXc`Xej
IkccWhoe\a[oj[hci
ancestral beings: ancestors of
Aboriginal people believed to have
emerged during the Dreamtime. They
created all life forms and landscape
features, some merging back into these
when their work was done.
artefact: an object made by humans
bias: a leaning towards one particular
view
brutalised: describes a person who has
been so cruelly and harshly treated
that they, in turn, become heartless
and unfeeling towards the suffering of
others
cannibalism: the act of eating ones own
species
clan: the part of an Indigenous language
group that owned a particular section
of land (about 100 people)
colony: a settlement whose ruling
authority is linked to or directly
controlled by that of another country
convict: a person declared guilty of
a crime and (during the nineteenth
century) sent to distant colonies to
serve out his/her term
Crown land: land belonging to the
government (the Crown)
cult: a branch of religious worship of
some kind, often (but not always)
associated with more extreme beliefs
and behaviour
dialect: a language that is a version of
another. Speakers of different dialects
will not necessarily understand one
another.
Dreaming: information that describes
the Dreamtime, explains Aboriginal
peoples relationship to the land and
sets out their traditional rules of
behaviour
economic resource: a resource that can
be used to make money
elder: an older Indigenous man or
woman highly respected for their
knowledge of culture and customs
exploit: to take full advantage of,
although this might mean disregarding
the rights of others
(,
>kcWd_j_[i7b_l[)